scholarly journals Employment Instability and Fertility in Europe: A Meta-Analysis

Demography ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giammarco Alderotti ◽  
Daniele Vignoli ◽  
Michela Baccini ◽  
Anna Matysiak
Keyword(s):  
Social Protection ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
The Great Recession ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Partner Characteristics ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
The Unemployed ◽  
Employment Instability

Abstract The relationship between employment instability and fertility is a major topic in demographic research, with a proliferation of published papers on this matter, especially since the Great Recession. Employment instability, which most often manifests in unemployment or time-limited employment, is usually deemed to have a negative effect on fertility, although different fertility reactions are hypothesized by sociological theories, and micro-level evidence is fragmented and contradictory. We used meta-analytic techniques to synthesize European research findings, offer general conclusions about the effects of employment instability on fertility (in terms of direction and size), and rank different sources of employment instability. Our results suggest that employment instability has a nonnegligible negative effect on fertility. Men's unemployment is more detrimental for fertility than men's time-limited employment; conversely, a woman having a fixed-term contract is least likely to have a child. Next, the negative effect of employment instability on fertility has become stronger over time, and is more severe in Southern European countries, where social protection for families and the unemployed is least generous. Finally, meta-regression estimates demonstrate that failing to account for income and partner characteristics leads to an overestimation of the negative effect of employment instability on fertility. We advance the role of these two factors as potential mechanisms by which employment instability affects fertility. Overall, this meta-analysis provides the empirical foundation for new studies on the topic.

scholarly journals The Role of Foreign Credentials and Ethnic Ties in Immigrants’ Economic Performance

2008 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter S Li
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Economic Performance ◽  
Ethnic Diversity ◽  
Strong Ties ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Different Origins ◽  
Immigrant Men

The literature has identified foreign credential devaluations and the shifting origins of immigrants to non-European sources as two factors that explain why some immigrants earn more than others. This study uses data from the Ethnic Diversity Survey to see how foreign credentials affect immigrants’ earnings, and whether immigrants with disadvantaged foreign credentials may be able to use ethnic social capital to mitigate the negative effect. Substantial gross earnings disparities exist among immigrant men and women of different origins, but much difference is due to human capital variations and duration of work. The study produces three major findings. First, foreign credentials benefit majority member immigrants but penalize visible minority immigrants. Second, immigrant men and women who maintain weak ethnic ties earn more than their counterparts with strong ties, suggesting that the enabling capacity of social capital for immigrants has been overstated. Third, there is no evidence of ethnic social capital being able to mitigate the negative effect of a credential deficit.

scholarly journals The Role of Public Defenders Within the American Justice System

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Brianna Fisher ◽  
Patti Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Work Ethic ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Weighted Mean ◽  
Public Defenders ◽  
Weighted Means ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
American Cities ◽  
Positive Effect

This paper examines the inner workings of the legal system in connection with public defenders and their duties. The factors of total caseload, plea deals, waivers, and bench verdicts were implemented to create a comprehensive means of measuring work ethic, due to their significant presence in the everyday workings of public defenders. Through a meta-analysis of the five most densely populated African American cities within the state of Michigan, the combined and individual weighted mean effect sizes were calculated to determine if there was a strong positive or negative effect of the four factors mentioned above on work ethic. Additionally, both the upper and lower credibility levels were calculated to analyze their proximity to the weighted means. For all four factors tested, the weighted mean effect sizes relate a positive effect of the factors on work ethic, with all means falling closer to their upper credibility levels. These results confirm that the factors of total caseload, plea deals, waivers, and bench verdicts affect how cases are being handled and how clients are being treated.

The Role of Governance in Teledensity and Economic Growth

2013 ◽  
pp. 262-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chali Nondo ◽  
Mulugeta S. Kahsai ◽  
Peter V. Schaeffer
Keyword(s):  
Political Stability ◽  
Gdp Growth ◽  
Telecommunications Infrastructure ◽  
Telecommunication Infrastructure ◽  
Multiplier Effect ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Positive Effect

The objective of this chapter is to highlight the role played by governance in GDP growth and changes in telephone density in Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries. The contribution of these two factors to aggregate output and telephone density is examined using the dynamic system GMM estimation that accounts for the endogeneity of GDP and telephone density. GMM estimations reveal that government effectiveness is positively associated with GDP growth, while political stability has a negative effect on telecommunications penetration. In addition, the estimations indicate that changes in telephone density have a positive effect on GDP growth. From a policy standpoint, the empirical model results suggest that telecommunications infrastructure-driven growth can be augmented if telecommunications infrastructure investment can generate a multiplier effect through job creation, both directly related and indirectly related to telecommunication infrastructure.

scholarly journals THE ROLE OF INFORMATION ASYMMETRY IN MODERATING THE INFLUENCE OF ORGANIZATIONAL COMMITMENTS AND BUDGETING PARTICIPATION TOWARDS BUDGETING GAP IN PIUI IN EAST JAVA

2019 ◽  
pp. 64-70
Author(s):  
Mujiono Mujiono ◽  
Grahita Chandrarin ◽  
Prihat Assih
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Commitment ◽  
Information Asymmetry ◽  
Study Program ◽  
Work Area ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Assistant Director ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Role Of Information

This study aims to examine the effect of organizational commitment and budgeting participation on budgeting gap at the Private Islamic University Institutions (PIUI) in the work area of Kopertais IV Pantura Cluster, using information asymmetry as a moderating variable. The analysis was conducted on 136 lecturers as respondents who served as deans, vice deans, chairpersons and secretaries of the study program, director and assistant director of the postgraduate program, and heads of administration from 20 PIUIs in East Java province spread across Gresik, Lamongan, Tuban, and Bojonegoro regions. The research hypothesis testing was carried out by MRA analysis. The research findings show that: organizational commitment has a significant negative effect on budgeting gap, budgeting participation has a positive effect on budgeting gap, information asymmetry does not play a role in moderating the influence of organizational commitment on budgeting gap, and information asymmetry provide weakening effect of budgeting participation on budgeting gap.

scholarly journals Can Higher Capital Discipline Bank Risk: Evidence from a Meta-Analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Quang T. T. Nguyen ◽  
Son T. B. Nguyen ◽  
Quang V. Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Model Specification ◽  
Bank Risk ◽  
Bank Capital ◽  
Holding Companies ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Sample Characteristics

Capital regulation has been among the most important tools for regulators to maintain the credibility and stability of the financial systems. However, the question whether higher capital induce banks to take lower risk remains unanswered. This paper examines the effect of capital on bank risk employing a meta-analysis approach, which considers a wide range of empirical papers from 1990 to 2018. We found that the negative effect of bank capital on bank risk, which implies the discipline role of bank capital, is more likely to be reported. However, the reported results are suffered from the publication bias due to the preference for significant estimates and favored results. Our study also shows that the differences in the previous studies’ conclusions are primarily caused by the differences in the study design, particularly the risk and capital measurements; the model specification such as the concern for the dynamic of bank risk behaviors, the endogeneity of the capital and unobserved time fixed effects; along with and the sample characteristics such as the sample size, and whether banks are bank holding companies or located in high-income countries.

scholarly journals Impacts of culture differences on a brand community – a cross study in sweden, Taiwan and Vietnam

2013 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-96
Author(s):  
Luong Phuoc Le ◽  
Mai Kieu Phuong Hua
Keyword(s):  
National Culture ◽  
Brand Loyalty ◽  
Brand Community ◽  
Cross Culture ◽  
Quantitative And Qualitative Research ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Culture Differences

This study questions the impact of cultural differences on Apple Inc. brand community in three countries: Sweden, Taiwan and Vietnam. On the basis of quantitative and qualitative research, two component factors of brand community are assessed: brand loyalty and psychological attachment to brand community. While the Taiwanese highly evaluate the role of brand loyalty for the formation of brand community and psychological attachment to a brand at moderate level; the Vietnamese consumers highly appreciate both the roles of two factors. In comparison, the Swedish have lowest level assessments. In brief, there are significant differences in the evaluations of these factors of the brand community in cross culture context. Besides, Hofstede’s national culture theory is applied as the explanation for the research findings. Last but not least, some implications are given to a brand marketer, especially for Apple Inc’s.

scholarly journals Professional Training of the Unemployed: Foreign and Native Tendencies

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-73
Author(s):  
Olena Voliarska
Keyword(s):  
Professional Training ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Cultural Changes ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
Education Market ◽  
State Employment ◽  
Close Cooperation ◽  
Long Term Forecasting ◽  
The Unemployed

Abstract The article summarizes foreign and native tendencies in modern adult education. Their impact on the renovation of training the unemployed in Ukraine has been analyzed. It has been established that the system of adult training must meet the socio-economic, political and cultural changes in Ukraine. It has been indicated that defined tendencies should be considered when developing a strategy to modernize our system of training the unemployed. It has been pointed out that the organization and improvement of training the unemployed are caused by the interaction of three blocks: governance, social protection against unemployment, education market. Organized professional training in the employment sphere provides for developed infrastructure, which covers a range of organizations and agencies providing educational services and close cooperation of training with directions of socio-economic and educational policy. The role of the State Employment Service of Ukraine in professional training for the unemployed has been defined. Activities of specialists in professional training for adults is built according to the short-term and long-term forecasting and analytical-predictive control based on the world’s economic, cultural and educational tendencies. Based on the theoretical analysis of foreign and native scientists’ works we have concluded that the main tendencies include proper educational tendencies and extra educational tendencies caused by global processes in the world, the problems of humanity, the growing role of education in the development of social consciousness in the professional development of modern competitive specialist

The Hamilton and Zuk Hypothesis Revisited: a Meta-Analytical Approach

Behaviour ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 134 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 299-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Poulin ◽  
William J. Hamilton
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Selection ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Parasite Load ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Fish Morphology ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Host Parasite

AbstractThe Hamilton & Zuk (1982) hypothesis of parasite-mediated sexual selection has been the subject of both inter- and intraspecific tests. Past reviews have used vote counting to determine whether this hypothesis is supported by empirical evidence. This study reanalysed 199 separate quantitative assessments of a central prediction of the Hamilton & Zuk hypothesis using meta-analytical techniques. Overall, our meta-analysis showed that there was a significant negative effect of parasites on male showiness as predicted. However the magnitude of this effect varied between host taxa and between endo and ectoparasitic taxa. As a whole intraspecific correlations between parasite load and male showiness provided very little support for the hypothesis with only the effect of parasites on fish morphology matching the Hamilton & Zuk prediction. There was more support for the hypothesis from interspecific studies especially those based upon the original Hamilton & Zuk (1982) data set, although other bird studies provided weaker support. The generality of the Hamilton & Zuk hypothesis in respect to parasite mediated sexual selection across taxa is thrown into doubt by these results. However, in some specific host-parasite systems the role of parasites appears important and future intraspecific tests of parasite-mediated sexual selection should perhaps focus on such systems.

Unemployment in Spain: The failure of wage devaluation

2021 ◽  
pp. 103530462110238
Author(s):  
Paloma Villanueva ◽  
Luis Cárdenas
Keyword(s):  
Gross Domestic Product ◽  
Unemployment Rate ◽  
Domestic Product ◽  
Okun’S Law ◽  
Okun's Law ◽  
Labour Relations ◽  
The Great Recession ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Positive Effect

This article analyses from a Keynesian approach the effect of wage devaluation on the Spanish labour market during the Great Recession post-2008. It challenges the pro-flexibility literature, which attributes to labour relations reforms the prevention of larger job destruction in the recession and a larger reduction in unemployment during the subsequent expansion. Instead, we examine the role of wage devaluation in the operation of Okun’s law and gross domestic product, using an extended version of the Bhaduri–Marglin model. We find that wage devaluation has not significantly modified Okun’s law and that through its impact on income distribution, the unemployment rate rose by 1.9 percentage points. We therefore provide evidence for the negative effect of wage devaluation on gross domestic product and the positive effect on the unemployment rate. JEL Codes: C22, E11, E24

Chronic Pain: Fundamental Scientific Considerations, Specifically for Legal Claims

2013 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. Barth
Keyword(s):  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Pain Perception ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Psychological Treatment ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
General Medicine ◽  
Pain Syndrome ◽  
Problematic Relationship

Abstract Scientific findings have indicated that psychological and social factors are the driving forces behind most chronic benign pain presentations, especially in a claim context, and are relevant to at least three of the AMA Guides publications: AMA Guides to Evaluation of Disease and Injury Causation, AMA Guides to Work Ability and Return to Work, and AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment. The author reviews and summarizes studies that have identified the dominant role of financial, psychological, and other non–general medicine factors in patients who report low back pain. For example, one meta-analysis found that compensation results in an increase in pain perception and a reduction in the ability to benefit from medical and psychological treatment. Other studies have found a correlation between the level of compensation and health outcomes (greater compensation is associated with worse outcomes), and legal systems that discourage compensation for pain produce better health outcomes. One study found that, among persons with carpal tunnel syndrome, claimants had worse outcomes than nonclaimants despite receiving more treatment; another examined the problematic relationship between complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) and compensation and found that cases of CRPS are dominated by legal claims, a disparity that highlights the dominant role of compensation. Workers’ compensation claimants are almost never evaluated for personality disorders or mental illness. The article concludes with recommendations that evaluators can consider in individual cases.

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