scholarly journals Unequal From the Start? Poverty Across Immigrant Generations of Hispanic Children

Demography ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian C. Thiede ◽  
Matthew M. Brooks ◽  
Leif Jensen
Keyword(s):  
Generational Differences ◽  
Parental Education ◽  
Child Poverty ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Foreign Born ◽  
Hispanic Children ◽  
Poverty Measure ◽  
Immigrant Generations ◽  
The U.S

Abstract Recent cohorts of U.S. children increasingly consist of immigrants or the immediate descendants of immigrants, a demographic shift that has been implicated in high rates of child poverty. Analyzing data from the 2014–2018 Current Population Survey and using the U.S. Census Bureau's Supplemental Poverty Measure, we describe differences in child poverty rates across immigrant generations and assess how these disparities are rooted in generational differences in the prevalence and impact of key poverty risk factors. Our estimates show that poverty rates among Hispanic children are very high, particularly among first-generation children and second-generation children with two foreign-born parents. Low family employment is the most significant risk factor for poverty, but the prevalence of this risk varies little across immigrant generations. Differences in parental education account for the greatest share of observed intergenerational disparities in child poverty. Supplemental comparisons with third+-generation non-Hispanic White children underscore the disadvantages faced by all Hispanic children, highlighting the continued salience of race and ethnicity within the U.S. stratification system. Understanding the role of immigrant generation vis-à-vis other dimensions of inequality has significant policy implications given that America's population continues to grow more diverse along multiple social axes.

scholarly journals The Contours and Correlates of Child Poverty Across Immigrant Generations

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian C. Thiede ◽  
Matthew M Brooks ◽  
Leif Jensen
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Race And Ethnicity ◽  
Generational Differences ◽  
Child Poverty ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Foreign Born ◽  
Demographic Shift ◽  
Poverty Measure ◽  
First And Second Generation ◽  
Immigrant Generations

Recent cohorts of U.S. children increasingly consist of immigrants or the immediate descendants of immigrants, a demographic shift that has been implicated in high rates of child poverty. Analyzing data from the 2014-2018 Current Population Survey (CPS) and using the U.S. Census Bureau’s Supplementary Poverty Measure, we describe differences in child poverty rates across immigrant generations (first-, second-, and third+-generation immigrant children) and how these are rooted in generational differences in the prevalence and impact of key poverty risk factors. We find that (1) poverty rates among Hispanic children are very high, particularly among first- and second- generation with two foreign-born parents children; (2) limited parental employment is by far the greatest risk factor for child poverty compared to having a young or poorly educated parent, living in a single-headed family or disadvantaged place of residence; (3) inter-generational differences in risk factor prevalence explain non-trivial shares of corresponding child poverty gaps; and (4) the patterns observed among the Hispanic population are moderated by race and ethnicity. Understanding the intersection of poverty risks, immigrant generation, and race has significant policy implications has America’s population continues to grow more diverse along multiple social axes.

scholarly journals Work Hours Instability and Child Poverty: Response of the Safety-Net Programs

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie Y. Cai
Keyword(s):  
Single Mothers ◽  
Child Poverty ◽  
Safety Net ◽  
Work Hours ◽  
Program Participation ◽  
Hispanic Children ◽  
Poverty Measure ◽  
Percent Increase ◽  
The Face ◽  
Cash Benefits

This paper uses data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation to investigate how intra-year caregiver work-hours volatility is related to child poverty, measured through both the official poverty measure (OPM) and the supplemental poverty measure (SPM). I further assess varying degrees of buffering effects of cash benefits, in-kind benefits, and tax transfers on income in the context of work-hours volatility. Results indicate that Black and Hispanic children, as well as those living with unpartnered single mothers, faced substantially higher variability in household market hours worked. Hispanic children experienced not only greater volatility in their caregivers’ work hours, but also higher poverty levels, even after taking government programs into account. I find that a 10 percent increase in intra-year hours volatility is linked to roughly a 2 percent and 1.6 percent increase in OPM and SPM child poverty, respectively. In-kind benefits are more effective in buffering household income declines resulting from unstable caregiver work hours, followed by tax transfers and cash benefits, which each offer somewhat less of a buffering effect. The effectiveness of near-cash benefits is particularly salient among Black children and children of unpartnered single mothers. Hispanic children also benefited from these transfers’ compensating effects, but to a lesser degree. These results provide new evidence to inform public policy discussions surrounding the best ways to help socioeconomically disadvantaged families to retain benefits and smooth their income in the face of frequent variation in work hours and, thus, earnings.

scholarly journals Acculturation Is Associated with Higher VO2max in Overweight Hispanic Children

2006 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noé C. Crespo ◽  
Geoff D.C. Ball ◽  
Gabriel Q. Shaibi ◽  
Martha L. Cruz ◽  
Marc J. Weigensberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Pediatric Population ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Longitudinal Analyses ◽  
Place Of Birth ◽  
Foreign Born ◽  
Hispanic Children ◽  
Treadmill Protocol ◽  
The U.S

Acculturation has been implicated to be associated with physical activity (PA) behaviors in adults; little is known, however, with respect to the pediatric population. The purpose of this study was to determine whether cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2max) and/or PA were associated with acculturation status in overweight Hispanic children. In a sample of 144 children 8–13 years old, acculturation status was determined by place of birth: foreign born (n = 17), 1st generation (n = 101), or 2nd/3rd generation (n = 26), and by questionnaire: less assimilated (n = 76) or more assimilated (n = 34). VO2max was measured using a treadmill protocol, PA was assessed by questionnaire, and body composition by DEXA. ANOVA and ANCOVA were used to determine unadjusted and adjusted group differences, respectively. After adjusting for covariates, the 2nd/3rd generation group had significantly higher VO2max compared with the 1st generation group: 2.26 ± 0.20 L/min vs. 2.15 ± 0.19 L/min, p = .03. No differences were noted for PA, however. Acculturation to the U.S. is associated with higher VO2max in overweight Hispanic children. Longitudinal analyses are needed to determine whether these fitness differences confer protective health effects in this at-risk population.

Cross-Nativity Partnering and the Political Participation of Immigrant Generations

2015 ◽  
Vol 662 (1) ◽  
pp. 188-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monica Boyd ◽  
Amanda Couture-Carron
Keyword(s):  
Political Participation ◽  
The Political ◽  
Foreign Born ◽  
Federal Election ◽  
Political Activities ◽  
Socioeconomic Characteristics ◽  
The Third ◽  
Immigrant Generations

This article defines cross-nativity intermarriage in four generations of Canadians and explores whether cross-nativity partnering is associated with political assimilation—in this case, similarity in voting and political activities between immigrants with native-born partners and third-plus-generation immigrants. We find that foreign-born residents with Canadian-born partners do not differ from third-plus-generation residents who have Canadian-born partners in their propensities to vote or in the number of political activities in which they participate. Conversely, the foreign-born with foreign-born partners are less likely than the third-plus generation to have voted in a previous federal election; if the foreign-born immigrated later in adolescence or in adulthood, they also are less likely to participate in other political activities. Differences in demographic and socioeconomic characteristics underlie the greater likelihood that second and third-plus generations will engage in political activities.

Diaspora in the United States: Chinese and Indians Compared

2010 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 286-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily Skop ◽  
Wei Li
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Racial Discrimination ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
The United States ◽  
Foreign Born ◽  
Migration Rates ◽  
China And India ◽  
History Of ◽  
Migrant Groups ◽  
The U.S

AbstractIn recent years, the migration rates from both China and India to the U.S. have accelerated. Since 2000 more than a third of foreign-born Chinese and 40% of foreign-born Indians have arrived in that country. This paper will document the evolving patterns of immigration from China and India to the U.S. by tracing the history of immigration and racial discrimination, the dramatic transitions that have occurred since the mid-20th century, and the current demographic and socioeconomic profiles of these two migrant groups.

scholarly journals A Balanced Portfolio Can Have a Higher Geometric Return than the Risky Asset

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (9) ◽  
pp. 409
Author(s):  
Miriam Arden ◽  
Tiemen Woutersen
Keyword(s):  
Risk Premium ◽  
Large Fraction ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Government Bonds ◽  
Stock Portfolios ◽  
Bond Portfolio ◽  
Target Date ◽  
Stock Portfolio ◽  
The U.S

In the U.S., the geometric return on stocks has been higher than the geometric return on bonds over long periods. We study whether balanced portfolios have a larger geometric return (and expected log return) than stock portfolios when the risk premium is low. We use a theoretical model and historical data and find that this is the case. This low-risk premium is often observed in other developed countries. Further, in the past two decades, a balanced portfolio with 70% or 90% invested in the U.S. stock market (with the remainder invested in U.S. government bonds) performed better than a 100% stock or bond portfolio. The reason for this is that a pure stock portfolio loses a large fraction of its value in a downturn. We show that this result is not driven by outliers, and that it occurs even when the returns are log normally distributed. This result has broad policy implications for the construction of pension systems and target-date mutual funds.

Global Displacement of ISIS Activities and the Effectiveness of Police Arrests as a Means of Deterrence

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ismail Onat ◽  
Serdar San
Keyword(s):  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Online News ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
News Source ◽  
The World ◽  
Significant Achievement ◽  
The U.S

U.S.-led coalition forces liberated all of the territory ISIS held in Syria and Iraq in the first quarter of 2019. Although the defeat was a significant achievement, ISIS continues its activities outside the Syria and Iraq region. Turkey matters to ISIS because the group carries out attacks and uses the country to move fighters and supplies. However, Turkey relies heavily on police crackdowns to deter terrorism. Drawing on data from the Armed Conflict Event and Location Database, the Turkish Ministry of Interior, and an online news source, the current study first analyzed trends in ISIS attacks around the world. Then, it explored the extent to which police arrests prevent ISIS from further deadly attacks in Turkey. Results from the study suggest that ISIS activities are likely to decrease in Syria and Iraq after the U.S.-led military operations but increase in other countries. Also, mass arrests were ineffective in preventing subsequent deadly attacks in Turkey. Policy implications are discussed.

scholarly journals 1167. Dialysis-Related Bloodstream Infections: A Pre- and Post-ClearGuard HD Cap Conception Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. S417-S418
Author(s):  
William Li ◽  
Caitlin Otto ◽  
Mohamed Nakeshbandi ◽  
Michael Augenbraun
Keyword(s):  
Event Rate ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Bloodstream Infections ◽  
Hospital Length Of Stay ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
Ratio Test ◽  
Foreign Born ◽  
Post Intervention ◽  
Average Hospital

Abstract Background 25% of patients on hemodialysis receive therapy via a tunneled dialysis catheter (TDC). Bacteremia is one of the most feared complications with an all-cause mortality rate of 12–25%, Medicare spending costs amounting nearly $600 million annually and average hospital length of stay of 12 days per episode. The ClearGuard HD chlorhexidine impregnated catheter (ClearGuard cap) has recently shown potential to significantly reduce rates of bacteremia. Methods Retrospective review of 150 patients receiving hemodialysis at a single outpatient center in Brooklyn, NY from January 1, 2015 to January 31, 2019. As of February 1, 2019, the ClearGuard cap was implemented for all patients. Poisson regression was used to estimate crude event rate for both pre- and post-intervention periods, with 95% Wald-based confidence intervals (CI). Follow-up for pre-intervention cases terminated at the date the intervention was introduced. A likelihood ratio test of difference in incidence pre vs. post-intervention was conducted. A Kaplan–Meier (K-M) plot of time from the first dialysis since January 2015 to first infection was constructed (pre-intervention cases only). Subsequent subgroup analyses distinguished TDC vs. other patients. The log-rank test was used to test differences between subgroups; Bonferroni corrections to P-values were applied to address the multiple testing problem. Results Median total tracking period (including post-infection follow-up) was 1.75 years (range 0.02–4.26) for pre-intervention cases; 0.19 years (range 0.08–0.21) for post-intervention cases. Event rate was estimated as 9.7 events per 100 person-years (95% CI 6.7, 14.1) for pre-intervention cases; zero (95% CI 0.0, infinity) for post-intervention cases (P = 0.318 for pre- vs. post-comparison) with a clear limitation being lack of power given recent implementation date. We found a statistically significant risk for infection in patients with TDC (P < 0.001). Conclusion In an underserved, poorly health literate, largely foreign-born, socioeconomically challenged population such as ours, we not only established a significant risk of bacteremia with TDC’s but preliminary post-ClearGuard cap conception data currently being followed is promising for a significant reduction in catheter-related bacteremia. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

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