Bodycams and Gender Equity

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 625-644 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kim Shayo Buchanan ◽  
Phillip Atiba Goff
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Gender Equity ◽  
Sex Workers ◽  
Sex Trafficking ◽  
Video Recording ◽  
Institutional Commitment ◽  
Racial Justice ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
Gender Nonconforming ◽  
And Gender

Law enforcement agencies, community advocates and policymakers hope that the widespread adoption of police bodycams will alleviate racial disparities and reduce misconduct and use of force. Racial justice has been central to this conversation, but gender justice has not. This essay takes an intersectional, gendered look at bodycam policies, challenging the assumption that officers will act more fairly when they know they are being recorded. Bodycam policies typically ensure that cameras are turned off during investigations of gendered crimes such as domestic violence, sexual assault, and sex work or sex trafficking. Thus women, sex workers, and gender-nonconforming people may be disproportionately excluded from any benefits of bodycam surveillance. But privacy and dignity interests, as well as investigatory realities, preclude the indiscriminate recording of every police-citizen interaction. More importantly, video recording will not promote accountability unless the recorded behavior is meaningfully prohibited. Unfortunately, many of the abusive practices that arise in gendered investigations are allowed by law, policy, or custom. Bodycams can promote accountability only where they are accompanied by an institutional commitment to fair and professional policing.

scholarly journals Sex and gender differences in nutrition research: considerations with the transgender and gender nonconforming population

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Whitney Linsenmeyer ◽  
Jennifer Waters
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Sex And Gender ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Nutrition Interventions ◽  
Step Method ◽  
Gender Nonconforming ◽  
Nutrition Research ◽  
Surveillance Programs ◽  
And Gender

AbstractA sex- and gender-informed approach to study design, analysis and reporting has particular relevance to the transgender and gender nonconforming population (TGNC) where sex and gender identity differ. Notable research gaps persist related to dietary intake, validity and reliability of nutrition assessment methods, and nutrition interventions with TGNC populations. This is due in part to the conflation of sex and gender into one binary category (male or female) in many nutrition surveillance programs worldwide. Adoption of the Sex and Gender Equity In Research (SAGER) guidelines and the two-step method of querying sex and gender has the potential to exponentially increase the body of research related to TGNC health.

Veto Power

2021 ◽  
pp. 131-194
Author(s):  
Noah Tsika
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Police Officers ◽  
Sex Workers ◽  
Motion Pictures ◽  
The United States ◽  
Veto Power ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
Deep Roots ◽  
Black Residents ◽  
White Supremacists

Throughout the first half of the twentieth century, police censorship of motion pictures was a significant and always controversial index of the expansion of law enforcement agencies to include activities that many Americans deemed unbecoming of cops. As such, it offers considerable insight into contemporary debates over the scope of police power in the United States. Today’s arguments have deep roots, including in a practice that was far more prevalent—and far more contentious—than conventional histories allow. When it came to vetting motion pictures, the methods of municipal police departments varied widely. But they often illuminated broader problems: Detroit police officers who voted to ban anti-Nazi films were themselves outspoken white supremacists; Chicago cops who balked at cinema’s suggestions of eroticism were also, outside of departmental screening rooms, aggressively targeting sex workers; and Southern lawmen who sought to eliminate intimations of racial equality were known for their brutal treatment of Black residents. Police censorship of motion pictures took place not in a vacuum but within the ever-widening ambit of law enforcement, and it merits scrutiny as a measure of the authority, influence, and cultural identities of municipal cops.

scholarly journals The Prevalence and Correlates of Labor and Sex Trafficking in a Community Sample of Youth Experiencing Homelessness in Metro-Atlanta

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 32
Author(s):  
Eric R. Wright ◽  
Ana LaBoy ◽  
Kara Tsukerman ◽  
Nicholas Forge ◽  
Erin Ruel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Trafficking ◽  
Homeless Youth ◽  
Community Sample ◽  
Sexual Exploitation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Gender Nonconforming ◽  
Labor Trafficking ◽  
Runaway And Homeless Youth ◽  
And Gender

Research suggests that runaway and homeless youth (RHY) in the United States are vulnerable to sex and labor trafficking. In this paper, we report and analyze estimates of sex and labor trafficking collected as part of the Atlanta Youth Count 2018, a community-based field survey of RHY between the ages of 14 and 25 in the metro-Atlanta area. A total of 564 participants were recruited and completed a survey that included questions about their backgrounds as well as the Human Trafficking Screening Tool (HTST). We found that 39.9% experienced some form of trafficking while homeless. While 15.6% of the youth reported commercial sexual exploitation while homeless, coerced labor (29.3%) or fraud (25.2%) were even more common experiences. Women, transgender, and gender nonconforming youth, as well young people who had prior system involvement and those who had been homeless for more than a year were the most likely to report having been trafficked. The significance of these findings for research and policy on RHY and trafficking are discussed.

“Hear That Lonesome [Police] Whistle Blow”

2020 ◽  
Vol 97 (2) ◽  
pp. 27-58
Author(s):  
Richard J. Orsi
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Criminal Organization ◽  
Information And Communications Technologies ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
Communications Technologies ◽  
Time Distance ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Railroad Company ◽  
Shed Light

When introduced in the nineteenth century, railroads were one of humankind's most transformational technologies. Like similar transformations such as the printing press and the automobile, railroads did more than advance technology. They fundamentally altered the entire social and cultural fabric, including basic relationships between people and time, distance, geography, class, and gender. Railroads also introduced new types of crime and criminal organization to the nineteenth-century West, and indeed to the entire nation and globe. These criminal activities quickly spread across wide geographic expanses. Railroads and society at large responded by altering the measures of social control through new forms of law enforcement, only one of which was the creation of private railroad-company police forces. In our own era, similar revolutionary information and communications technologies erupted upon a cultural and institutional world woefully unprepared to deal with them. As was true for nineteenth-century railroading, the results today have been new, ever-evolving forms of crime that plague individuals, companies, institutions, and governments, while baffling ill-equipped law enforcement agencies. The internet spammers, hackers, phishers, stalkers, swindlers, pedophiles, money launderers, identity thieves, election fixers, and cyberterrorists of today share a lineage with the railroad pickpockets, arsonists, ticket forgers, train robbers and wreckers, and hatchet-wielding hoboes of yesterday. Examining the railroads' transformation of crime and violence can shed light on today's tribulations with information technology, as well as on possible ways to deal with them.

Gender and Sexuality in Taiwan Schools

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lien Fan Shen
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equity ◽  
Holistic Approach ◽  
Gender And Sexuality ◽  
Education Reforms ◽  
Legislative Process ◽  
Martial Law ◽  
Disciplinary Power ◽  
Gender Nonconforming ◽  
Education Act ◽  
And Gender

Issues of sexuality and gender equity in schools are often entangled with education reforms in Taiwan. Since 1949, when martial law was enacted by the Chinese Nationalist Party, schools had exercised disciplinary power over and exhibited forms of gendered oppression on students’ gender and sexuality. Since martial law was lifted in 1987, Taiwan has undergone several educational reforms. Taiwan’s education system was criticized for its focus on standardization, memorization, and lack of creativity, thus reformers pushed a more holistic approach, and gender equity education was included through the implementation of the Gender Equity Education Act in 2004. In general, gender equity education reforms were catalyzed by a series of social events, including two honor students’ suicide; students’ protesting a hair ban (how it is referred to in Taiwan) and gender-specific uniforms; a gender-nonconforming boy’s accidental death on campus; and anti-LGBTQ cases in a 2018 referendum to eliminate gender equity education in schools. These events exemplified the complexity of discursive practices that encompass struggles of gender and sexual minority individuals in schools, negotiations between the legislative process and public opinion, and media attention on and representation of adolescent gender and sexuality in Taiwan. Taiwan’s movements and progression of gender equity education may be seen as a magnifier through which issues of gender and sexuality are revealed not only in schools but also in society at large.

scholarly journals Using the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) to Study Animal Cruelty: Preliminary Results (2016–2019)

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 378
Author(s):  
Julie M. Palais
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Reporting System ◽  
The United States ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Animal Cruelty ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
Federal Bureau Of Investigation ◽  
Preliminary Results ◽  
The People ◽  
And Gender

On 1 January 2016, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) began collecting data on crimes involving animal cruelty from law enforcement agencies that participate in the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) in the United States (U.S.). Prior to 2016, such crimes either went unreported or were lumped into an “all other offenses” category, making it difficult to understand who was committing these crimes and whether there were any connections between crimes perpetrated against animals and crimes in which there was a human victim. Animal cruelty has cruelty has been linked to certain types of human violence and, therefore, it is important for authorities to know more about the people committing these crimes. Preliminary results from an analysis of the first four years (2016–2019) of data are presented. The age and gender of animal cruelty offenders, the time of day when most crimes occur, and the most common locations where offenses take place are presented. The type of animal cruelty involved and details of the other crimes that co-occur with animal cruelty are discussed. The limitations of the data are shared and recommendations are made about other types of data that could be collected in the future to add value to the data.

scholarly journals PERCEPTION AND USE OF VERBAL AND NON-VERBAL INFORMATION WHEN CONDUCTING INVESTIGATIVE ACTIONS

2019 ◽  
pp. 169-179
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Interpersonal Communication ◽  
Video Recording ◽  
Direct Perception ◽  
Joint Analysis ◽  
Verbal Information ◽  
Criminal Proceedings ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
Verbal Behaviour ◽  
Evaluation Of Evidence

Non-verbal information is indicative. Most scientists believe that it can not be considered as a source of evidence and has only a tactical value. In general, we can agree with this, but the connection between non-verbal information and evidence exists that it is necessary to take into account and use in criminal proceedings. Non-verbal information may suggest where and what sources of evidence can be found (the corresponding human response to certain irritants from the investigator: logical arguments, presented objects or documents, evidence of accomplices, etc.); point to the attitude of a person to other participants in criminal proceedings, to the motives of the crime, etc. It can strengthen the evidentiary value of the testimony of a person or, conversely, enter into conflict with them. Non-verbal information is an important component in the system of interpersonal communication and is closely connected with verbal information, forming a complex means of communication, significantly influencing the content, character, goals and results of investigative tactics. Direct perception of non-verbal manifestations (appearance, non-verbal behaviour, manner of communication) along with linguistic (verbal) characteristics creates a certain image of the recipient and determines the range of tactical methods and psychological means of influence that will be most effective in this situation. Proper decoding of non-verbal information should be based on the study of psychological and forensic literature. It would be desirable for criminalists and psychologists to jointly develop appropriate educational and methodical manuals, reference books, and for law enforcement agencies to introduce special courses on the basis of legal institutions to provide relevant knowledge and skills to practitioners in a comprehensive perception and use of verbal and non-verbal information. Special attention in the study of non-verbal behaviour and other manifestations of non-verbal information should be paid to the methods of observation, analysis of verbal information and non-verbal manifestations in their comparison, as well as an emotional experiment to stimulate non-verbal behaviour. It is advisable to use the results of studying non-verbal information in constructing tactics of investigative actions, psychological and forensic diagnostics of their participants, awareness of the circumstances of a crime, signs of giving false testimony. They may also influence the evaluation of evidence, increasing their strength or pointing out their possible fallacy. In each case of an investigative action, it is necessary to consider whether it is advisable for a specialist psychologist to participate in it – a specialist in non-verbal information and its interpretation, as well as a joint analysis of such behaviour after the investigative action, which should be accompanied by video recording. Key words: verbal information, non-verbal information, investigation (search) action, criminal proceedings, criminalistics.

scholarly journals GETTING CRIMINALLY SIGNIFICANT BY ANALYSIS OF OPEN INTERNET SOURCES

2020 ◽  
Vol 73 (4) ◽  
pp. 144-155
Author(s):  
Oleksiy Oderiy ◽  
◽  
Oleksiy Kozhevnikov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Open Source ◽  
Video Recording ◽  
Criminal Proceedings ◽  
Government Officials ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
Special Equipment ◽  
Video Images ◽  
Open Source Intelligence ◽  
Internal Affairs

The article considers OSINT (Open source intelligence) technology, which is intelligence based on open sources. Development of digital means of photo and video recording, led to the emergence of a large number of media files that reproduce the objective situation at different intervals of time and space. Based on the analysis, it is proved that Open source intelligence can be successfully used by law enforcement agencies to solve specific forensic problems. Its advantages are identified, which are as follows: 1) its use does not require additional financial costs for: a) purchase of special equipment and software, because it is enough to have access to the World Wide Web and PC workstation (smartphone, tablet); b) training of certain specialists, as OSINT technology is quite simple both in mastering and in processing the source and obtaining forensic information; 2) it is freely available, and therefore can be used not only by law enforcement agencies (government officials), but also by private detectives, volunteers, etc.; 3) its use (under certain conditions) does not violate the rights of citizens. Practical examples of application of online services on search of the persons fixed on a photo or video images on anthropometric data are resulted. There are four main stages of the process of searching for people by appearance on the mentioned technology. It was stated that using OSINT technology, forensic experts of the Kharkiv Research Forensic Center of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine in the period from October 2019 to February 2020 identified 22 people (from more than 95 researched materials), evidence in criminal proceedings. Of course, the information obtained during the monitoring of social networks can be used in the investigation of criminal proceedings, in which to solve the problem of identifying a person by appearance, appropriate examinations will be appointed. It is proposed to create interdepartmental analytical and search groups m the system of bodies of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine.

scholarly journals Drug Policy in Hungary: Current Trends and Future Prospects

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 485-494
Author(s):  
M. Tihanyi ◽  
S. Mátyás ◽  
V. Vári ◽  
K. A. Krasnova
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
National Level ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
Psychotropic Substances ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Illicit Traffic

The authors consider the theoretical and applied problems of preventing illicit traffic in drugs and psychotropic substances in Hungary in the legal and criminological aspects. The relevance of the study is determined by the fact that the Hungary's third drug strategy expires in 2020 (2013-2020), so a new strategy needs to be developed, but it is not yet known what guidelines it will have, what priorities will be offered to set in it.The study was conducted with a view to considering the legal framework for the prevention of illicit traffic of drugs and psychotropic substances and the problem of its improvement in Hungary. To achieve this goal, the authors analysed statistics on drug use, types and quantity of drugs seized by law enforcement agencies for the last five years. The authors give a description of the drug situation, territorial features of drug use and a multilevel system of measures to counter illegal traffic in drugs and psychotropic substances at the national level. The authors pay special attention to the age and gender characteristics of drug use, which makes it possible to identify the most vulnerable groups, which should be supported by state preventive programs. The authors also analysed data on mortality from drug use and concluded that from 2010 onwards methadone and other non-opiate drugs predominated in death.Based on the results of the study, current trends in drug use in Hungary were summarized. The results obtained are important for the development of an anti-drug strategy and the improvement of legislation, as well as for the prevention of law enforcement agencies, both Hungary and other European countries.

scholarly journals Syrian brides and the Global Compact on Refugees: How Canada’s FIAP can reimagine refugee women’s empowerment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dina Taha
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equity ◽  
Sex Trafficking ◽  
Women's Empowerment ◽  
Women’S Empowerment ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
Forced Marriage ◽  
Global Compact ◽  
Refugee Women ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
And Gender

The current Liberal government has publicly endorsed a feminist agenda which has led to initiatives such as Canada’s feminist international assistance policy (FIAP), initiated in 2017. At the same time, the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada Report (TRC) of 2015 reiterates how the histories of colonialism are still persistent and need to be addressed in our curriculum, research, and policy. This essay argues that a fully feminist agenda must be anti-colonial in nature, rejecting Eurocentric, stereotypical and universalizing explanations and leaving space for cultural interpretations, local solutions and listening to the voices of marginalized groups as experts. In short, FIAP and the TRC must be brought together in practical and policy-orientated ways to promote women’s empowerment and gender equity through a decolonizing framework. In support of Canada’s leading role in the advancement of refugee issues and the implementation of the Global Compact on Refugees (GCR), and informed by its feminist approach to foreign policy and FIAP which “comes with “aggressive” funding targets for gender equality and women’s empowerment” (CCIC, 2017), it is important to scrutinize the notion of gender empowerment and related notions, such as forced marriage and sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV). Drawing on doctoral fieldwork conducted in Egypt summer of 2017, this paper uses the case of Syrian refugee women who marry ‘for refuge’ to explore how certain groups of refugee women and their stories challenge international humanitarian perceptions that often stigmatize similar arrangements as exploitation, sex trafficking and/or forced marriages. I use what I refer to as marriage for refuge and marriage immobility to demonstrate how humanitarian notions such as empowerment and related notions such as SGBV and forced marriage can be reimagined. The study aims to offer insights for a gender-responsive refugee policy that is feminist, decolonizing and sensitive to culture, context and diversity.

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