Cerebrospinal Fluid Shunts Interfere with Host Defenses

Abstract Despite advances in neurosurgical therapeutics, cerebrospinal fluid shunt infections have continued to complicate the management of patients with shunted hydrocephalus. Although various factors have been proposed to explain the pathogenesis of these infections, they have remained poorly understood. This in vitro study determined the ability of human neutrophils and monocytes to adhere to two types of shunt catheters and to phagocytose bacteria. These white blood cells failed to adhere in normal numbers to the catheters and failed to ingest fully a bacterial innoculum on the catheters' surfaces. While in contact with the shunt apparatus, the neutrophils also exocytosed myeloperoxidase, a major component of the intracellular microbicidal system. These observations suggest that the shunt apparatus may diminish the effectiveness of the hosts' defenses at the site of implantation.

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Infections of the Central Nervous System

Mayo Clinic Infectious Diseases Board Review ◽

10.1093/med/9780199827626.003.0032 ◽

2012 ◽

pp. 319-340

Author(s):

Michael R. Keating

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽

Nervous System ◽

Blood Cells ◽

White Blood Cells ◽

Chronic Encephalitis ◽

System P ◽

The Central Nervous System ◽

The Brain ◽

Shunt Infections

Infections of the central nervous system include meninigitis (acute and chronic), encephalitis, myelitis, abscesses, and cerebrospinal fluid shunt infections. Meningitis is diagnosed by the presence of white blood cells in the cerebrospinal fluid. Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain caused by infection. Myelitis is infection or inflammation of the spinal cord. The diagnosis and treatment of various types of central nervous system infections are reviewed.

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Use of whole blood directly for single-cell gel electrophoresis (comet) assay in vivo and white blood cells for in vitro assay

Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis ◽

10.1016/j.mrgentox.2004.07.013 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 564 (1) ◽

pp. 75-82 ◽

Cited By ~ 46

Author(s):

Cheng-Hung Chuang ◽

Miao-Lin Hu

Keyword(s):

Comet Assay ◽

Whole Blood ◽

Blood Cells ◽

Gel Electrophoresis ◽

White Blood Cells ◽

In Vitro Assay ◽

Vitro Assay ◽

Single Cell Gel Electrophoresis

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Candida albicans Shunt Infection: Report of Two Cases

Neurosurgery ◽

10.1227/00006123-198607000-00018 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

pp. 111-113 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

David J. Gower ◽

Kerry Crone ◽

Eben Alexander ◽

David L. Kelly

Keyword(s):

Candida Albicans ◽

Blood Cells ◽

White Blood Cells ◽

Shunt Infection ◽

Cerebrospinal Fluid Shunts ◽

Previous Therapy ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Relationship ◽

Overall Mortality

Abstract Infection of cerebrospinal fluid shunts with Candida albicans is reported in two patients. Scanning electron microscopy in one case demonstrates the relationship of the Candida hyphae to the white blood cells and to silicone plastic. A review of 10 previously reported cases of Candida shunt infection indicates that the infection usually follows a major bacterial infection or direct contamination or occurs spontaneously, Previous therapy has usually involved removal of the shunt, and the role of parenteral antifungal therapy is still unclear. Overall mortality to date is 25%.

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NORMAL GRANULOCYTE INFUSION THERAPY FOR ASPERGILLOSIS IN CHRONIC GRANULOMATOUS DISEASE

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.51.2.230 ◽

1973 ◽

Vol 51 (2) ◽

pp. 230-233

Author(s):

Andrew A. Raubitschek ◽

Alan S. Levin ◽

Daniel P. Stites ◽

Edward B. Shaw ◽

H. Hugh Fudenberg

Keyword(s):

Adverse Effects ◽

Chronic Granulomatous Disease ◽

Blood Cells ◽

White Blood Cells ◽

Infusion Therapy ◽

Granulomatous Disease ◽

Transient Improvement ◽

Life Threatening ◽

Granulocyte Function

An 8-year-old boy with chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) was admitted in moribund condition with aspergillus pneumonia. Because of the gravity of the situation, normal granulocyte infusions were used as adjuncts to the more conventional antimicrobial therapy. White blood cells, derived from a total of 58 units of whole blood obtained by leukophoresis of the father, were given in two separate doses. The first dose, totaling 2.8 x 1010 granulocytes, was coincident with significant improvement, and the second, totaling 3.0 x 1010 granulocytes, was coincident with the onset of clinical improvement and interim recovery. Transient improvement in in vitro granulocyte function was noted in cells taken from the patient's blood immediately after infusion. No adverse effects of the infusions were noted in either the patient or the donor. Although it is impossible to divorce the therapeutic effect of the granulocyte infusions from the more conventional therapy, we conclude that normal granulocyte infusions can be considered a valid adjunct in children with CGD who are suffering from a life-threatening infection.

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Abstract TP35: Estimation of Red Blood Cells in the Thrombus Using MRI. A Phantom Study with Predetermined Thrombus Components

Stroke ◽

10.1161/str.48.suppl_1.tp35 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 48 (suppl_1) ◽

Author(s):

Ana Paula Narata ◽

Isabelle Filipiak ◽

Richard Bibi ◽

Jean Philippe Cottier ◽

Kevin Janot

Keyword(s):

Red Blood Cells ◽

Blood Cells ◽

Spin Echo ◽

In Vitro Study ◽

Fibrin Clot ◽

Fluid Attenuated Inversion Recovery ◽

Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽

C 50 ◽

D 20

Background and Purpose: Better understanding about thrombus composition seems necessary, as treatment of acute ischemic stroke (AIS) is focus on clot chemical dissolution and mechanical extraction. We propose to evaluate whether magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can differentiate white from red clots and estimate red blood cells percentage (RBC%) using clots with predetermined components and an index based on MRI signal intensity (SI). Material and Methods: 5 clots (A=100% fibrin, B=80% RBC, C=50% RBC, D=20% RBC, E=unknown) were fixed in gelatin-manganese solution and studied by: high-resolution 3D T1-weighted (T1MPR), T2-weighted turbo spin echo (T2TSE), T2-weighted gradient echo (T2GE), susceptibility weighted (SWI), fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) and diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) with apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC). SI index was calculated with clot SI and gelatin SI. Statistical analysis compared RBC-clots to fibrin-clot SI index and the correlation of RBC% and SI index in each MRI sequence. Results: Each red clot was different from clot A except clot D in FLAIR. Correlation between clots SI index and RBC concentration were found in T1MPR (r=-0.84), SWI (r=-0.79), T2GE (r=-0.72) and FLAIR (r=0.80). Linear regression resolution provided an indirect RBC estimation for clot E: 47.3 % in T1MPR, SWI 41.5%, T2GE 45.1% and FLAIR 50.9%. Histological analysis confirmed clot E composition. Conclusion: This in vitro study suggests that MRI can differentiate white from red clots except clots with low RBC% in FLAIR and also provide approximate RBC%.

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Utility of 8 h and time decay-corrected acquisition scintigraphy with in-vitro labeled white blood cells for the diagnosis of osteoarticular infection

Nuclear Medicine Communications ◽

10.1097/mnm.0000000000000678 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 38 (6) ◽

pp. 500-508 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Edel Noriega-Álvarez ◽

Guillermo A. Martínez Pimienta ◽

Ana M. Benítez Segura ◽

María T. Bajén Lázaro ◽

Alba Rodríguez-Gasén ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Cells ◽

White Blood Cells ◽

Time Decay ◽

Osteoarticular Infection

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Adult Mice With Targeted Mutation of the Interleukin-11 Receptor (IL11Ra) Display Normal Hematopoiesis

Blood ◽

10.1182/blood.v90.6.2148 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 90 (6) ◽

pp. 2148-2159 ◽

Cited By ~ 118

Author(s):

Harshal H. Nandurkar ◽

Lorraine Robb ◽

David Tarlinton ◽

Louise Barnett ◽

Frank Köntgen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bone Marrow ◽

Peripheral Blood ◽

Blood Cells ◽

Bone Marrow Cells ◽

White Blood Cells ◽

Null Mutation ◽

Wild Type ◽

Normal Numbers ◽

Interleukin 11 ◽

Marrow Cells

Abstract Interleukin-11 (IL-11) is a pleiotropic growth factor with a prominent effect on megakaryopoiesis and thrombopoiesis. The receptor for IL-11 is a heterodimer of the signal transduction unit gp130 and a specific receptor component, the α-chain (IL-11Rα). Two genes potentially encode the IL-11Rα: the IL11Ra and IL11Ra2 genes. The IL11Ra gene is widely expressed in hematopoietic and other organs, whereas the IL11Ra2 gene is restricted to only some strains of mice and its expression is confined to testis, lymph node, and thymus. To investigate the essential actions mediated by the IL-11Rα, we have generated mice with a null mutation of IL11Ra (IL11Ra−/−) by gene targeting. Analysis of IL11Ra expression by Northern blot and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, as well as the absence of response of IL11Ra−/− bone marrow cells to IL-11 in hematopoietic assays, further confirmed the null mutation. Compensatory expression of the IL11Ra2 in bone marrow cells was not detected. IL11Ra−/− mice were healthy with normal numbers of peripheral blood white blood cells, hematocrit, and platelets. Bone marrow and spleen contained normal numbers of cells of all hematopoietic lineages, including megakaryocytes. Clonal cultures did not identify any perturbation of granulocyte-macrophage (GM), erythroid, or megakaryocyte progenitors. The number of day-12 colony-forming unit-spleen progenitors were similar in wild-type and IL11Ra−/− mice. The kinetics of recovery of peripheral blood white blood cells, platelets, and bone marrow GM progenitors after treatment with 5-flurouracil were the same in IL11Ra−/− and wild-type mice. Acute hemolytic stress was induced by phenylhydrazine and resulted in a 50% decrease in hematocrit. The recovery of hematocrit was comparable in IL11Ra−/− and wild-type mice. These observations indicate that IL-11 receptor signalling is dispensable for adult hematopoiesis.

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EFFECTS OF BLOOD CELLS ON PLATELET AGGREGATION BY IMPEDANCE METHOD

10.1055/s-0038-1644870 ◽

1987 ◽

Author(s):

L Mannucci ◽

R Redaelli ◽

E Tremoll

Keyword(s):

Platelet Aggregation ◽

Whole Blood ◽

Blood Cells ◽

White Blood Cells ◽

Normal Subjects ◽

Impedance Method ◽

Induced Aggregation ◽

Vitro Data ◽

In Vitro Data

To evaluate the effects of blood cells on the response of platelets to aggregating agents using whole blood impedance aggregometer, studies were carried out on whole blood (WB) of normal subjects and of patients with: polycythemia vera (PV), iatrogenic anemia (IA), primary thrombocytosis (PT), idiopathic thrombotic purpura (ITP), myeloid chronic leukemia (MCL), iatrogenic leukopenia (IL). The in vitro effects of red blood cells (RBC) and of white blood cells (WBC) on platelet rich plasma (PRP) aggregation were also evaluated. WB, PRP, WBC and RBC were prepared by conventional methods. Aggregation was performed using the impedance aggregometer (mod. 540, Chrono Log Corp). In normal subjects the concentration of collagen giving 50 % aggregation (AC50 ) found in PRP did not differ from that of WB, indicating that hematocrit values within the normal range did not appreciably affect platelet aggregation. The results obtained in WB of patients are summarized in the table: In vitro data showed that aggregation in prp in wb of normal subjects was related to the number of platelets present in the sample. RBC added to PRP significant reduced aggregation only when the RBC number was greater than 4.101 cells. No effect of WBC on collagen induced aggregation of PRP was observed, whereas significant inhibition was detected after ADP. It is concluded that the aggregation evaluated in WB with impedance method is dependent on the platelet number. Also, in vitro data and studies in WB of patients indicate that aggregation is significantly affected by the presence of cells other than platelets only in conditions of changes of the ratio between platelets and leukocytes and/or red cells.

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Identification of phosphatidylserine-binding proteins in human white blood cells

Biochemical Journal ◽

10.1042/bj2690723 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 269 (3) ◽

pp. 723-728 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

M Wolf ◽

M Baggiolini

Keyword(s):

Protein Kinase C ◽

Blood Cells ◽

Binding Proteins ◽

White Blood Cells ◽

Human Neutrophils ◽

Kinase C ◽

Sds Page ◽

Molecular Masses ◽

Human White Blood Cells ◽

Monocytes And Lymphocytes

Cytosol and membrane fractions from human neutrophils, monocytes, lymphocytes and platelets were separated by SDS/PAGE, blotted on to nitrocellulose and assayed for selective binding of phosphatidylserine (PS). Two PS-binding proteins with apparent molecular masses of 115 kDa and 100 kDa were identified in the cytosol of neutrophils, monocytes and lymphocytes. Corresponding bands along with other PS-binding proteins were detected in platelets in both cytosol and membrane fractions. These proteins were also found to bind protein kinase C (PKC) provided that PS was present. The 115 kDa and 100 kDa proteins (PS-p115/110) were partially purified from neutrophils and were used for the study of PS and PKC binding. The binding of PS did not require Ca2+ or Mg2+ and was inhibited by phosphatidic acid, by 1-alkyl-2-acetylphosphocholine and, to a lesser extent, by other lipids. The binding of PKC, however, was strictly PS- and Ca2(+)-dependent and seems to occur secondarily to PS binding.

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