scholarly journals Comparative interactomics analysis reveals potential regulators of α6β4 distribution in keratinocytes

Biology Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. bio054155
Author(s):  
Lisa te Molder ◽  
Liesbeth Hoekman ◽  
Maaike Kreft ◽  
Onno Bleijerveld ◽  
Arnoud Sonnenberg
Keyword(s):  
Close Association ◽  
Cortical Microtubule ◽  
Focal Adhesions ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Essential Components ◽  
Integrin Α6β4 ◽  
Alternative Type ◽  
Labeling Approach ◽  
Integrin Α3β1

ABSTRACTThe integrin α6β4 and cytoskeletal adaptor plectin are essential components of type I and type II hemidesmosomes (HDs). We recently identified an alternative type II HD adhesion complex that also contains CD151 and the integrin α3β1. Here, we have taken a BioID proximity labeling approach to define the proximity protein environment for α6β4 in keratinocytes. We identified 37 proteins that interacted with both α6 and β4, while 20 and 78 proteins specifically interacted with the α6 and β4 subunits, respectively. Many of the proximity interactors of α6β4 are components of focal adhesions (FAs) and the cortical microtubule stabilizing complex (CMSC). Though the close association of CMSCs with α6β4 in HDs was confirmed by immunofluorescence analysis, CMSCs have no role in the assembly of HDs. Analysis of the β4 interactome in the presence or absence of CD151 revealed that they are strikingly similar; only 11 different interactors were identified. One of these was the integrin α3β1, which interacted with α6β4 more strongly in the presence of CD151 than in its absence. These findings indicate that CD151 does not significantly contribute to the interactome of α6β4, but suggest a role of CD151 in linking α3β1 and α6β4 together in tetraspanin adhesion structures.

scholarly journals Genetic basis of the formation and identity of type I and type II neurons in Drosophila embryos

Development ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 124 (14) ◽  
pp. 2819-2828 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Vervoort ◽  
D.J. Merritt ◽  
A. Ghysen ◽  
C. Dambly-Chaudiere
Keyword(s):  
Cell Communication ◽  
Sense Organ ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Neuronal Fate ◽  
Late Step ◽  
Alternative Type ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Dependent Lineages ◽  
Multidendritic Neurons

The embryonic peripheral nervous system of Drosophila contains two main types of sensory neurons: type I neurons, which innervate external sense organs and chordotonal organs, and type II multidendritic neurons. Here, we analyse the origin of the difference between type I and type II in the case of the neurons that depend on the proneural genes of the achaete-scute complex (ASC). We show that, in Notch- embryos, the type I neurons are missing while type II neurons are produced in excess, indicating that the type I/type II choice relies on Notch-mediated cell communication. In contrast, both type I and type II neurons are absent in numb- embryos and after ubiquitous expression of tramtrack, indicating that the activity of numb and the absence of tramtrack are required to produce both external sense organ and multidendritic neural fates. The analysis of string- embryos reveals that when the precursors are unable to divide they differentiate mostly into type II neurons, indicating that the type II is the default neuronal fate. We also report a new mutant phenotype where the ASC-dependent neurons are converted into type II neurons, providing evidence for the existence of one or more genes required for maintaining the alternative (type I) fate. Our results suggest that the same mechanism of type I/type II specification may operate at a late step of the ASC-dependent lineages, when multidendritic neurons arise as siblings of the external sense organ neurons and, at an early step, when other multidendritic neurons precursors arise as siblings of external sense organ precursors.

scholarly journals Solar Radio Emission of Spectral Type IV and its Association with Geomagnetic Storms

1959 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 404 ◽  
Author(s):  
DJ McLean
Keyword(s):  
Solar Flares ◽  
Solar Radio ◽  
Geomagnetic Storms ◽  
Close Association ◽  
Solar Radio Emission ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
New Type ◽  
Radio Event

A new type of solar radio event, the type IV storm, first described by Boischot, has been identified on Dapto radio.spectrographic records. It has been shown to be distinguishable from type I storms by (i) its smooth spectrum, (ii) its close association with type II bursts, and (iii) its remarkably close association with geomagnetic storms. In common with some type I storms, all type IV storms are found to be associated with very large solar flares.

scholarly journals Pyocin S2 (Sa) Kills Pseudomonas aeruginosa Strains via the FpvA Type I Ferripyoverdine Receptor

2007 ◽  
Vol 189 (21) ◽  
pp. 7663-7668 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Denayer ◽  
Sandra Matthijs ◽  
Pierre Cornelis
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Specific Receptor ◽  
Immunity Protein ◽  
Immunity Gene ◽  
Gene Comparison ◽  
Signal Type ◽  
Alternative Type ◽  
Resistant Strains

ABSTRACT Soluble (S-type) pyocins are Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteriocins that kill nonimmune P. aeruginosa strains via a specific receptor. The genes coding for pyocin Sa (consisting of a killing protein and an immunity protein) were cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. Sequence analysis revealed that Sa is identical to pyocin S2. Seventy-nine strains of P. aeruginosa were tested for their sensitivity to pyocins S1, S2, and S3, and their ferripyoverdine receptors were typed by multiplex PCR. No strain was found to be sensitive to both S2 and S3, suggesting that the receptors for these two pyocins cannot coexist in one strain. As expected, all S3-sensitive strains had the type II ferripyoverdine receptor fpvA gene, confirming our previous reports. S1 killed strains irrespective of the type of ferripyoverdine receptor they produced. All S2-sensitive strains had the type I fpvA gene, and the inactivation of type I fpvA in an S2-sensitive strain conferred resistance to the S2 pyocin. Accordingly, complementation with type I fpvA in trans restored sensitivity to S2. Some S2-resistant type I fpvA-positive strains were detected, the majority (all but five) of which had the S1-S2 immunity gene. Comparison of type I fpvA sequences from immunity gene-negative S2-sensitive and S2-resistant strains revealed only a valine-to-isoleucine substitution at position 46 of type I FpvA. However, both type I fpvA genes conferred the capacity for type I pyoverdine utilization and sensitivity to S2. When these two type I fpvA genes were introduced into strain 7NSK2 carrying mutations in type II fpvA (encoding the type II pyoverdine receptor) and fpvB (encoding the alternative type I receptor), growth in the presence of type I pyoverdine was observed and the strain became sensitive to S2. We also found that type I pyoverdine could signal type II pyoverdine production via the type I FpvA receptor in 7NSK2.

scholarly journals Type I and II Interferons in the Anti-Tumor Immune Response

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 1037
Author(s):  
Sarah E. Fenton ◽  
Diana Saleiro ◽  
Leonidas C. Platanias
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Tumor Response ◽  
Cancer Surveillance ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Malignant Cells ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Feedback Mechanisms ◽  
Essential Components

The interferons (IFNs) are essential components of the immune response against infections and malignancies. IFNs are potent promoters of the anti-tumor response, but there is also evidence that feedback mechanisms regulated by IFNs negatively control immune responses to avoid hyper-activation and limit inflammation. This balance of responses plays an important role in cancer surveillance, immunoediting and response to anticancer therapeutic approaches. Here we review the roles of both type I and type II IFNs on the control of the immune response against malignancies in the context of effects on both malignant cells and cells of the immune system in the tumor microenvironment.

scholarly journals Dynamics of keratin assembly: exogenous type I keratin rapidly associates with type II keratin in vivo

1993 ◽  
Vol 122 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
RK Miller ◽  
S Khuon ◽  
RD Goldman
Keyword(s):  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Close Association ◽  
Immunogold Electron Microscopy ◽  
Type I ◽  
Post Injection ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Rapid Formation ◽  
Double Label ◽  
Keratin Intermediate Filaments

Keratin intermediate filaments (IF) are obligate heteropolymers containing equal amounts of type I and type II keratin. We have previously shown that microinjected biotinylated type I keratin is rapidly incorporated into endogenous bundles of keratin IF (tonofilaments) of PtK2 cells. In this study we show that the earliest steps in the assembly of keratin subunits into tonofilaments involve the extremely rapid formation of discrete aggregates of microinjected keratin. These are seen as fluorescent spots containing both type I and type II keratins within 1 min post-injection as determined by double label immunofluorescence. These observations suggest that endogenous type II keratin subunits can be rapidly mobilized from their endogenous state to form complexes with the injected type I protein. Furthermore, confocal microscopy and immunogold electron microscopy suggest that the type I-type II keratin spots from in close association with the endogenous keratin IF network. When the biotinylated protein is injected at concentrations of 0.3-0.5 mg/ml, the organization of the endogenous network of tonofilaments remains undisturbed during incorporation into tonofilaments. However, microinjection of 1.5-2.0 mg/ml of biotinylated type I results in significant alterations in the organization and assembly state of the endogenous keratin IF network soon after microinjection. The results of this study are consistent with the existence of a state of equilibrium between keratin subunits and polymerized keratin IF in epithelial cells, and provide further proof that IF are dynamic elements of the cytoskeleton of mammalian cells.

scholarly journals Uncovering the distinct properties of a bacterial type I-E CRISPR activation system

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Claudia Villegas Kcam ◽  
Annette J. Tsong ◽  
James Chappell
Keyword(s):  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Activation Patterns ◽  
Activation Domains ◽  
Control Gene Expression ◽  
Activation System ◽  
Alternative Type ◽  
Regulatory Properties ◽  
Bacterial Type ◽  
Crispr Activation

ABSTRACTSynthetic gene regulators based upon CRISPR-Cas systems offer highly programmable technologies to control gene expression in bacteria. Bacterial CRISPR activators (CRISPRa) have been developed that use engineered type II CRISPR-dCas9 to localize transcription activation domains near promoter elements to activate transcription. However, several reports have demonstrated distance-dependent requirements and periodical activation patterns that overall limit the flexibility of these systems. Here, we demonstrate the potential of using an alternative type I-E CRISPR-Cas system to create a CRISPRa with distinct and expanded regulatory properties. We create the first bacterial CRISPRa system based upon a type I-E CRISPR-Cas, and demonstrate differences in the activation range of this system compared to type II CRISPRa systems. Furthermore, we characterize the distance-dependent activation patterns of type I-E CRISPRa to reveal a distinct and more frequent periodicity of activation.

scholarly journals Actin in peripheral rat lung: S1 labeling and structural changes induced by cytochalasin.

1983 ◽  
Vol 31 (11) ◽  
pp. 1289-1297 ◽  
Author(s):  
E C Tsilibary ◽  
M C Williams
Keyword(s):  
Actin Filaments ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Close Association ◽  
Thick Layer ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii Cells ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Lamellar Bodies ◽  
Adult Rat ◽  
Capillary Endothelial Cells

Actin was identified with S1-labeling in type I and II cells, pericytes, and capillary endothelial cells in the peripheral lung of the adult rat. In type II cells abundant actin was present in the apex of cells, in microvilli, and in close association with lamellar bodies near the cell surface. Lamellar bodies secreting their content into the lumen of alveoli were always surrounded by a thick layer of actin-like material. In specimens treated with cytochalasin D the surface of type I, type II and contractile interstitial cells became irregular. In type II cells, lamellar bodies were no longer surrounded by actin-like material and no exocytic profiles of lamellar bodies were encountered. In type II cells actin filaments may be involved in moving lamellar bodies through the cytoplasm and/or in their secretion into alveoli. These observations also suggest that intact actin filaments may be required for maintenance of cell shape in various lung cells and that cells containing actin may be capable of limited contraction.

Heat-Etching with a Bullivant Type II Simple Freeze-Cleave Device

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 106-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald S. Weinstein ◽  
N. Scott McNutt
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
General Hospital ◽  
Massachusetts General Hospital ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Collaborative Effort ◽  
Temperature And Pressure ◽  
The University

The Type I simple cold block device was described by Bullivant and Ames in 1966 and represented the product of the first successful effort to simplify the equipment required to do sophisticated freeze-cleave techniques. Bullivant, Weinstein and Someda described the Type II device which is a modification of the Type I device and was developed as a collaborative effort at the Massachusetts General Hospital and the University of Auckland, New Zealand. The modifications reduced specimen contamination and provided controlled specimen warming for heat-etching of fracture faces. We have now tested the Mass. General Hospital version of the Type II device (called the “Type II-MGH device”) on a wide variety of biological specimens and have established temperature and pressure curves for routine heat-etching with the device.

Labelling of non-A, non-B hepatitis infected chimpanzee hepatocytes with nuclease-gold conjugates

1984 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 250-251
Author(s):  
G. D. Gagne ◽  
M. F. Miller ◽  
D. A. Peterson
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Experimental Infection ◽  
Uranyl Acetate ◽  
Type I ◽  
Cellular Injury ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Tubular Structures ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Infected Chimpanzee

Experimental infection of chimpanzees with non-A, non-B hepatitis (NANB) or with delta agent hepatitis results in the appearance of characteristic cytoplasmic alterations in the hepatocytes. These alterations include spongelike inclusions (Type I), attached convoluted membranes (Type II), tubular structures (Type III), and microtubular aggregates (Type IV) (Fig. 1). Type I, II and III structures are, by association, believed to be derived from endoplasmic reticulum and may be morphogenetically related. Type IV structures are generally observed free in the cytoplasm but sometimes in the vicinity of type III structures. It is not known whether these structures are somehow involved in the replication and/or assembly of the putative NANB virus or whether they are simply nonspecific responses to cellular injury. When treated with uranyl acetate, type I, II and III structures stain intensely as if they might contain nucleic acids. If these structures do correspond to intermediates in the replication of a virus, one might expect them to contain DNA or RNA and the present study was undertaken to explore this possibility.

Comparative surface and ultrastructural views of methylotrophic bacteria by TEM, STEM, SE, and freeze-etch electron microscopy.

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 792-793
Author(s):  
T.A. Fassel ◽  
M.J. Schaller ◽  
M.E. Lidstrom ◽  
C.C. Remsen
Keyword(s):  
Cytoplasmic Membrane ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Methylotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Membrane Complex ◽  
Oxidation Of Methane ◽  
Methane Oxidizing Bacteria ◽  
Wall Structures ◽  
Methylomonas Albus

Methylotrophic bacteria play an Important role in the environment in the oxidation of methane and methanol. Extensive intracytoplasmic membranes (ICM) have been associated with the oxidation processes in methylotrophs and chemolithotrophic bacteria. Classification on the basis of ICM arrangement distinguishes 2 types of methylotrophs. Bundles or vesicular stacks of ICM located away from the cytoplasmic membrane and extending into the cytoplasm are present in Type I methylotrophs. In Type II methylotrophs, the ICM form pairs of peripheral membranes located parallel to the cytoplasmic membrane. Complex cell wall structures of tightly packed cup-shaped subunits have been described in strains of marine and freshwater phototrophic sulfur bacteria and several strains of methane oxidizing bacteria. We examined the ultrastructure of the methylotrophs with particular view of the ICM and surface structural features, between representatives of the Type I Methylomonas albus (BG8), and Type II Methylosinus trichosporium (OB-36).

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