Mesoderm-inducing properties of INT-2 and kFGF: two oncogene-encoded growth factors related to FGF

Development ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 106 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.D. Paterno ◽  
L.L. Gillespie ◽  
M.S. Dixon ◽  
J.M. Slack ◽  
J.K. Heath
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factors ◽  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Xenopus Laevis ◽  
Dna Synthesis ◽  
Signalling Pathways ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Animal Pole ◽  
Receptor Signalling ◽  
Mammalian Embryogenesis ◽  
Mesoderm Formation

Many theories of neoplasia suggest that oncogenic transformations result from aberrations in the control mechanisms which normally regulate growth and differentiation during embryonic development. It has recently become clear that many proto-oncogenes are differentially expressed during embryonic development and may thus be important embryonic regulatory molecules. We report here that the products of two transforming oncogenes int-2 and hst/ks (now called kfgf) can, with different potencies, induce mesoderm formation in isolated Xenopus laevis animal pole explants and stimulate DNA synthesis in mammalian fibroblasts. The results suggest that these proteins may function as mesoderm inducers in mammalian embryogenesis and that similar receptor/signalling pathways may be utilized for developmental and oncogenic processes. Finally, we have shown that the Xenopus assay system used in this study provides a powerful screen for protein factors that are active in development.

scholarly journals Elevated and sustained reactive oxygen species levels facilitate mesoderm formation during early Xenopus development

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yue Han ◽  
Yaoyao Chen ◽  
Nick R. Love ◽  
Shoko Ishibashi ◽  
Enrique Amaya
Keyword(s):  
Reactive Oxygen Species ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Reactive Oxygen ◽  
Signalling Pathways ◽  
Mesoderm Induction ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Mesoderm Formation ◽  
Growth Factor Signalling

ABSTRACTFertilisation triggers embryonic development culminating with the activation of a number of highly co-ordinated and evolutionarily conserved signalling pathways, which induce and pattern the mesoderm of the developing embryo. Previous studies in invertebrates have shown that hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a reactive oxygen species (ROS), can act as a signalling molecule for axis specification during early development. Using a HyPer transgenic Xenopus laevis line that expresses a H2O2-sensitive fluorescent protein sensor maternally, we recently found that fertilisation triggers a rapid increase in ROS production. Here we show that this increase in ROS levels is sustained throughout early embryogenesis, lasting until the tailbud stages. In addition we show that lowering ROS levels from the blastula stage through the gastrula stages via antioxidant treatments disrupts mesoderm formation. Furthermore, we show that attenuating ROS levels during the blastula / gastrula stages affects some, but not all, growth factor signalling pathways involved in mesoderm induction and patterning, including the PI3K/Akt, TGF-β/Nodal, and Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathways. These data suggest that sustained elevated ROS levels during the blastula and gastrula stages are essential for early vertebrate embryonic development, at least partly, through their roles in promoting growth factor signalling.

scholarly journals Reproductive biology, embryonic development and matrotrophy in the phylactolaemate bryozoan Plumatella casmiana

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julian Bibermair ◽  
Andrew N. Ostrovsky ◽  
Andreas Wanninger ◽  
Thomas Schwaha
Keyword(s):  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Embryo Sac ◽  
The Body ◽  
Transcellular Transport ◽  
Cell Contacts ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Distal Side ◽  
Early Embryos ◽  
Mesoderm Formation ◽  
Cytoplasmic Processes

AbstractBryozoa is a phylum of aquatic, colonial suspension-feeders within the Lophotrochozoa. In the Phylactolaemata embryonic development occurs in an internal brood sac on the body wall accompanied by extraembryonic nutrition. Owing to previous contradictive descriptions, many aspects of their sexual reproduction require restudy. Consequently, this study analyses embryogenesis of the freshwater bryozoan Plumatella casmiana by serial sections, 3D reconstruction and transmission electron microscopy. Early embryos cleave and soon develop into blastulae with a small central cavity. The mesoderm forms by delamination starting from the distal side towards the proximal end. In later embryos two polypides form on the posterior side that ultimately will be covered by a ciliated mantle in the larva. Embryos increase in size during development and form temporary cell contacts to the embryo sac. Mesodermal cells of the embryo sac show signs of transcellular transport indicating that embryos are nourished by transferring nutrients from the maternal coelom towards the brood cavity. This study clarifies several details such as mesoderm formation and the onset of bud development. Embryos are connected to their respective embryo sacs by a variety of temporary cytoplasmic processes formed by both tissues during embryogenesis, including a ‘placental’ ring zone. Although ultrastructural data of these cell contacts are not entirely conclusive about their function, we suggest that embryos absorb nutrients via the entire surface. The close opposition of embryos to the embryo sac implies placentation as matrotrophic mode in phylactolaemate bryozoans, with embryo sacs acting as placental analogues.

Hyperthermia can enhance the initiation of DNA synthesis stimulated by growth factors in Swiss mouse 3T3 cells

1984 ◽  
Vol 153 (2) ◽  
pp. 522-527 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roeland Van Wijk ◽  
Angela M. Otto ◽  
Luis Jimenez De Asua
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factors ◽  
Dna Synthesis ◽  
Swiss Mouse ◽  
3T3 Cells

Lyn kinase plays important roles in erythroid expansion, maturation and erythropoietin receptor signalling by regulating inhibitory signalling pathways that control survival

2014 ◽  
Vol 459 (3) ◽  
pp. 455-466 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neli S. Slavova-Azmanova ◽  
Nicole Kucera ◽  
Alison Louw ◽  
Jiulia Satiaputra ◽  
Adley Handoko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Survival ◽  
Cell Development ◽  
Erythropoietin Receptor ◽  
Erythroid Cell ◽  
Signalling Pathways ◽  
Erythroid Cells ◽  
Src Family Kinase ◽  
Receptor Signalling ◽  
Lyn Kinase ◽  
Control Survival

In erythroid cells both positive viability signals and feedback inhibitory signalling require the Src family kinase Lyn, influencing cell survival and their ability to differentiate. This illustrates that Lyn is critical for normal erythropoiesis and erythroid cell development.

Translocation of a store of maternal cytoplasmic c-myc protein into nuclei during early development

1989 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 5395-5403
Author(s):  
M Gusse ◽  
J Ghysdael ◽  
G Evan ◽  
T Soussi ◽  
M Méchali
Keyword(s):  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Xenopus Laevis ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Mature Oocyte ◽  
Gastrula Stage ◽  
Cleavage Stage ◽  
Midblastula Transition ◽  
Phosphorylation State ◽  
Growing Cell ◽  
Delayed Translation

The c-myc proto-oncogene is expressed as a maternal protein during oogenesis in Xenopus laevis, namely, in nondividing cells. A delayed translation of c-myc mRNA accumulated in early oocytes results in the accumulation of the protein during late oogenesis. The oocyte c-myc protein is unusually stable and is located in the cytoplasm, contrasting with its features in somatic cells. A mature oocyte contains a maternal c-myc protein stockpile of 4 x 10(5) to 6 x 10(5) times the level in a somatic growing cell. This level of c-myc protein is preserved only during the cleavage stage of the embryo. Fertilization triggers its rapid migration into the nuclei of the cleaving embryo and a change in the phosphorylation state of the protein. The c-myc protein content per nucleus decreases exponentially during the cleavage stage until a stoichiometric titration by the embryonic nuclei is reached during a 0.5-h period at the midblastula stage. Most of the maternal c-myc store is degraded by the gastrula stage. These observations implicate the participation of c-myc in the events linked to early embryonic development and the midblastula transition.

Ultrastructural changes in the avian vitelline membrane during embryonic development

Development ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 467-484
Author(s):  
Cynthia Jensen
Keyword(s):  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Mechanical Strength ◽  
Dual Role ◽  
Early Embryonic Development ◽  
Ultrastructural Changes ◽  
Vitelline Membrane ◽  
Entire Surface ◽  
Animal Pole ◽  
The Third ◽  
Vegetal Pole

The vitelline (yolk) membrane of the avian egg plays a dual role during early embryonic development; it encloses the yolk and provides a substratum for expansion of the embryo (Fig. 1). Expansion appears to be dependent upon the movement of cells at the edge of the blastoderm which is intimately associated with the inner layer of the vitelline membrane (New, 1959; Bellairs, 1963). The blastoderm (embryonic plus extraembryonic cells) has almost covered the entire surface of the yolk by the third and fourth days of incubation, and when this stage has been reached the vitelline membrane ruptures over the embryo and slips toward the vegetal pole. Rupture of the membrane during development appears to be the consequence of a decrease in its mechanical strength (Moran, 1936), which changes most rapidly at the animal pole (over the embryo).

An ultrastructural study of the effects of wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) on cell cortex organization during the first cleavage of Xenopus laevis eggs. II. Cortical wound healing

1979 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-67
Author(s):  
M. Geuskens ◽  
R. Tencer
Keyword(s):  
Wound Healing ◽  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Xenopus Laevis ◽  
Ultrastructural Study ◽  
Wheat Germ Agglutinin ◽  
Wheat Germ ◽  
Cell Cortex ◽  
Animal Pole ◽  
Annular Zone

Uncleaved fertilized eggs of Xenopus laevis treated with wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) have been pricked at the animal pole both inside and outside the regressed furrow region. The wounded cortex of both regions has been studied with the electron microscope and compared with the same region of wounded, untreated eggs. In all 3 cases, filaments are organized in an annular zone in the damaged cortex. When the surface is pricked outside the regressed furrow of WGA-treated embryos, bundles of microfilaments radiate from the ring and extend in deep folds which form a ‘star’ around the wound at the surface of the embryo. However, when the surface is pricked in the new membrane of the regressed furrow, filaments are intermingled with internalized portions of the plasma membrane. It is suggested that, when the surface is pricked outside the furrow region, more filaments are mobilized to counteract the tangential retraction of the membrane which has acquired more rigidity after WGA binding.

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