Malformation of the Extremity in the Mouse Foetus Caused by X-radiation of the Mother During Pregnancy

Development ◽  
1963 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 549-569
Author(s):  
Ujihiro Murakami ◽  
Yoshiro Kameyama ◽  
Hiroshi Nogami
Keyword(s):  
Congenital Malformations ◽  
Long Bones ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Critical Stage ◽  
Early Stages

While producing malformations in the mouse foetus with X-rays, the authors recognized an abnormal shortening of the extremities in a group treated on the 11th day of pregnancy. Such shortenings were caused by the absence, shortening, curvature, flexure or synostosis of the long bones of the extremities. Furthermore, in foetuses treated on the 12th day of pregnancy, numerous cases of ectrodactylism were found. Recently it has been noted that thalidomide taken during the early stages of pregnancy is liable to produce congenital malformations of the extremities such as phocomelia, defects of radii and thumbs, ectrodactylism, etc. in human beings. Lenz & Knapp (1962) pointed out that there is a critical stage when such serious malformations of the extremities caused by the use of the drug become manifest. The critical stage for the onset of serious malformation of extremities in the mouse foetus resulting from X-radiation corresponded well with the critical stage of the reduction malformations of the extremity caused by thalidomide.

scholarly journals Tissue Engineering Strategies for Treating Avascular Necrosis of the Femoral Head

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 200
Author(s):  
Sumit Murab ◽  
Teresa Hawk ◽  
Alexander Snyder ◽  
Sydney Herold ◽  
Meghana Totapally ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Stem Cells ◽  
Femoral Head ◽  
Avascular Necrosis ◽  
Hip Replacement ◽  
Surgical Techniques ◽  
Significant Activity ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Surgical Methods

Avascular necrosis (AVN) of the femoral head commonly leads to symptomatic osteoarthritis of the hip. In older patients, hip replacement is a viable option that restores the hip biomechanics and improves pain but in pediatric, adolescent, and young adult patients hip replacements impose significant activity limitations and the need for multiple revision surgeries with increasing risk of complication. Early detection of AVN requires a high level of suspicion as diagnostic techniques such as X-rays are not sensitive in the early stages of the disease. There are multiple etiologies that can lead to this disease. In the pediatric and adolescent population, trauma is a commonly recognized cause of AVN. The understanding of the pathophysiology of the disease is limited, adding to the challenge of devising a clinically effective treatment strategy. Surgical techniques to prevent progression of the disease and avoid total hip replacement include core decompression, vascular grafts, and use of bone-marrow derived stem cells with or without adjuncts, such as bisphosphonates and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), all of which are partially effective only in the very early stages of the disease. Further, these strategies often only improve pain and range of motion in the short-term in some patients and do not predictably prevent progression of the disease. Tissue engineering strategies with the combined use of biomaterials, stem cells and growth factors offer a potential strategy to avoid metallic implants and surgery. Structural, bioactive biomaterial platforms could help in stabilizing the femoral head while inducing osteogenic differentiation to regenerate bone and provide angiogenic cues to concomitantly recover vasculature in the femoral head. Moreover, injectable systems that can be delivered using a minimal invasive procedure and provide mechanical support the collapsing femoral head could potentially alleviate the need for surgical interventions in the future. The present review describes the limitations of existing surgical methods and the recent advances in tissue engineering that are leading in the direction of a clinically effective, translational solution for AVN in future.

Sex determination by discriminant function analysis using the human tibia in a Central Indian population

2019 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 171-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Preetika M Chatterjee ◽  
Kewal Krishan ◽  
RK Singh ◽  
Tanuj Kanchan
Keyword(s):  
Sex Determination ◽  
Discriminant Function ◽  
Discriminant Function Analysis ◽  
Function Analysis ◽  
Articular Surface ◽  
Transverse Diameter ◽  
Long Bones ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Biological Profile ◽  
Nutrient Foramen

In human beings, sexual dimorphism can be well distinguished in almost every bone of the skeleton. Establishing a reliable biological profile is the foremost step in identifying human skeletal remains. Sex determination along with the estimation of age, stature and ancestry comprise the important parameters in establishing a biological profile. The pelvis and skull are considered the most reliable bones in sexing human remains. In the absence of the pelvis and skull, forensic scientists must rely upon other parts of the skeleton for sex assessment. Determination of sex from long bones based on morphological traits can be a challenging task, as there are a few morphological differences between the sexes for long bones. However, metric variations can prove to be helpful, as they are reproducible and more reliable. Metric analysis also has the added benefit of being less biased than nonmetric analysis. This study aimed to establish sex determination standards from tibiae using discriminant function analysis. A total of 17 measurements were taken on 162 dry tibiae (116 males and 46 females) of known sex and in the age range 20–60 years. Discriminant function analysis was performed to derive models for sexing of the tibiae. The breadth of the medial articular surface was observed to be the best parameter for sex prediction from metric measurements of the tibia. In stepwise analysis, only seven parameters – namely, the breadth of the medial articular surface, the condylo-malleolar length, the circumference at the nutrient foramen, the breadth of the lateral articular surface, the maximum length, the transverse diameter in the middle of the bone and the transverse diameter at the level of the nutrient foramen – were entered into the discriminant functions. Overall, the accuracy of sexing was observed to be 93.8% and 95% with the direct method and the stepwise method, respectively. This study provides a database and standards for sex estimation from tibiae based on discriminant function models. This investigation further concludes that tibiae can be used for sex determination in forensic examinations.

Background Radiation: Detection, Measurement and Hazards

2017 ◽  
pp. 119-122
Author(s):  
Rajan Paudel Chhetri
Keyword(s):  
Background Radiation ◽  
Radiation Detection ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Alpha Particles ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Radiation Level ◽  
Beta Particles ◽  
Agriculture Industry ◽  
Ionizing Radiations

Radiation is a form of energy. It is of two types: non-ionizing and ionizing. Among them, ionizing radiations have hazardous health effects upon human beings. Different types of cancers may arise from the overexposure to ionizing radiations like alpha- particles, beta-particles, gamma- rays, x-rays etc. Further, ionizing radiations have very important utilities in case of paper handling and use. Radiations can be used for various beneficial purposes like medical imaging, radiation therapy, improvement of quality of agriculture, industry etc. The overall radiation from various sources on a specific location on earth's surface refers to the background radiation level of that zone. Exposure to background radiation is an inescapable feature of the environment. A portable GM counter was used to quantify the total radiation level at different places. The finding of this shows a variation of radiation level. Comparatively large values of radiation counts at high altitude and low values at river side. There is no any abnormal value of radiation counts for all sample places. So, there is, generally, no significant risk of public exposure to the background radiation for sample places.The Himalayan Physics Vol. 6 & 7, 2017 (119-122)

MACHINE LEARNING APPLICATION: IMAGE PROCESSING

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayush Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Image Processing ◽  
Computer Vision ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Significant Information ◽  
Helpful Tool ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Literature Reviews ◽  
Current Scenario

-In the current scenario of the data world, the data holds significant information if processed correctly. The data can be in the form of images which can prove to be a boon in deriving the useful insights from it in order to get the knowledge of things at an early stage itself. But the matter of concern is deriving the information from the images will be a tedious task for human beings and would incur a heavy cost and time. So, an easy and cheaper technique is to teach a machine efficiently to do the task for us. The concept of using Machines to do human tasks is known as Machine Learning. In this paper, I present various literature reviews regarding image processing in Machine learning and how image processing has helped in identifying the issues at early stages so that they can be resolved easily without causing much harm. Also, image processing has been a helpful tool in computer vision.

Problems in Applying Teratologic Observations in Animals to Man

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 53 (5) ◽  
pp. 820-820
Author(s):  
Josef Warkany
Keyword(s):  
Congenital Malformations ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Animal Experiments ◽  
Strain Differences ◽  
The Other ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Vitamin Deficiencies ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors ◽  
Experimental Teratology

In teratology you will have to deal with the question of the relation between animal experiments and legislative regulation. As one who has long been interested in human malformations and who has been in experimental teratology for 35 years, I will tell you about the application of animal experiments to human situations. Thirty-five years ago it was discovered that vitamin deficiencies were reliable teratogenic procedures, yet I have not seen any comparable effects in human beings. In 1959 we found that salicylates are excellent teratogens in rats. I still have not seen a child who was deformed by salicylates. With thalidomide, the situation is the other way around; its teratogenicity was first discovered in man and then one had to find susceptible animals. These experiences exemplify how cautious one must be in applying animal observations to man. I do not say that the animal studies were in vain. They gave us important concepts about general principles of teratogenesis, but one cannot simply apply observations in mice, rats, or monkeys to man. Yet, it is done all the time. We have also learned from experimentation about the variability of response in different species, and even within species there are strain differences in susceptibility. Furthermore, we have learned that a combination of genetic and environmental factors play an important role in the production of congenital malformations, as has been well demonstrated in mice in which cleft palate was produced by cortisone in certain but not all strains. Those who have been in the field for a long time are most hesitant in applying animal results to man.

In vivo repair of DNA damage induced by X-rays in the early stages of mouse fertilization, and the influence of maternal PARP1 ablation

2011 ◽  
Vol 714 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 44-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Pacchierotti ◽  
R. Ranaldi ◽  
A.A. Derijck ◽  
G.W. van der Heijden ◽  
P. de Boer
Keyword(s):  
Dna Damage ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Early Stages

scholarly journals Thanatophoric dysplasia- a rare cause of stillbirth and perinatal mortality: a case report

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 1232
Author(s):  
Priti Agrawal ◽  
Rishi Agrawal ◽  
Anandi Lobo
Keyword(s):  
Nasal Bone ◽  
Rare Event ◽  
Breech Presentation ◽  
Radiographic Examination ◽  
Type I ◽  
Long Bones ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Second Trimester ◽  
Thanatophoric Dysplasia ◽  
Cardiothoracic Ratio

Lethal skeletal dysplasia is estimated to occur in 0.95 per 10,000 deliveries. Thanatophoric dysplasia affects about 1in 25000 to 50000 births. The term thanatophoric is Greek word for “death bearing”. Children with this condition are usually stillborn or die shortly after birth from respiratory failure. We report a case of LSD (Thanatophoric dysplasia), in an unbooked patient where previous two children and couple were absolutely normal.  Our patient, 31 years old, unbooked case presented with history of amenorrhea 8 months and unable to perceive fetal movements. Her husband’s age was 33 years. This was her third pregnancy. She had previous 2 deliveries by LSCS. Ultrasonography revealed single intrauterine live fetus in breech presentation with multiple fetal anomalies. There was shortening and deformity of all four limbs (micromelia) with poor mineralization of all bones. Thorax was pear shaped with short horizontal ribs and abnormal cardiothoracic ratio. LSCS was done in emergency for impending rupture of previous LSCS scar. Post-delivery examination and X-ray of the fetus revealed decreased skull mineralization, frontal bossing, hypoplastic nasal bone, midface hypoplasia, mandibular hypoplasia, pear shaped chest, protuberant abdomen, micromelia, dumbbell shaped appearance of all long bones. TD is caused due to mutation of the fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 gene (FGFR3), which is located on the short arm of chromosome 4. Type I TD is characterized by marked underdeveloped skeleton and short-curved long bones. Conventional radiographic examination remains the most useful means of studying the dysplastic skeleton. Bony evaluation is best done on X-rays or ultrasonography. The diagnosis of TD can be established with ultrasound and molecular confirmation in the second trimester can help in genetic counselling and termination of such lethal pregnancies. LSD’s are rare event. If our patient had undergone anomaly scan in second trimester of pregnancy, this defect could have been detected earlier. The outcome of fetus is lethal but maternal morbidity can be reduced if diagnosed early.

scholarly journals Stature estimation based on vertebral morphometry by dual energy X-rays absorptiometry imaging in Italian females

2017 ◽  
Vol 90 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chantal Milani ◽  
Marco Di Stefano ◽  
Giancarlo Isaia ◽  
Gian Luigi Panattoni
Keyword(s):  
Dual Energy ◽  
Long Bones ◽  
Italian Population ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Vertebral Morphometry ◽  
Mathematical Methods ◽  
Stature Estimation ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Vertebral Bodies ◽  
Preliminary Study

Anthropological profile in forensic context includes the assessment of parameters as ancestry, sex, age and stature of an individual by the analysis of skeletal remains. Stature can be estimated from decomposed and fully or partially skeletonized remains by means of anatomical or mathematical methods applied on the whole skeleton or single bones. Many authors calculated regression formulae for the living stature estimation by these methods, in particular based on a population similar to the remains recovered. Long bones are commonly used for stature estimation, but, when they are missing, methods involving different parts of the skeleton are needed. In this preliminary study we measured heights of the vertebral bodies in a female Caucasian Italian population, evaluated by images of morphometric X-ray absorptiometry based on dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in living subjects investigated for routine diagnostic purposes. Thoracic and lumbar segments of the spine were measured and statistical analysis was performed, thus obtaining regression formulae for estimated living stature from thoraco-lumbar spine segments (T<sub>6</sub>-T<sub>12</sub>, L<sub>1</sub>-L<sub>4</sub> and T<sub>6</sub>-L<sub>4</sub>). We propose this method for stature evaluation in physical or forensic anthropology when the spine is available and long bones are missing.

Near-surface in vitro studies of plasma sprayed hydroxyapatite coatings

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 138-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. P. Ntsoane ◽  
M. Topic ◽  
R. Bucher
Keyword(s):  
Body Fluid ◽  
Quantitative Phase Analysis ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Tetracalcium Phosphate ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Opposite Trend ◽  
Hydroxyapatite Coatings ◽  
Plasma Sprayed

Coatings of plasma sprayed hydroxyapatite (HAp), incubated in simulated body fluid for periods varying from 1 to 56 days, were characterized using conventional laboratory X rays. Quantitative phase analysis, employing TOPAS software, showed an opposite trend in the two main phases of the coating, viz., HAp and tetracalcium phosphate (TTCP). The former increased within the first 7 days of incubation whilst the latter decreased during the same period; both phases stabilized with further incubation. The crystallinity of the coatings exhibited a trend similar to that of HAp i.e., an increase in the early stages of incubation stabilization with further incubation. Results of residual stress determined with Bruker’s D8 Discover and analyzed with LEPTOS software, showed both the normal stress tensor components, σ11 and σ22, to be tensile, relaxing significantly in the early stages of incubation before stabilizing with further incubation.

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