Regulation of epithelial cell surface polarity reversal by beta 1 integrins

1994 ◽  
Vol 107 (3) ◽  
pp. 561-576 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.K. Ojakian ◽  
R. Schwimmer
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Cell Surface ◽  
Outer Membrane ◽  
Collagen Gel ◽  
Polarity Reversal ◽  
Integrin Subunit ◽  
Membrane Remodeling ◽  
Surface Polarity ◽  
Beta 1 Integrin

The role of extracellular matrix in the regulation of epithelial cell surface polarity development was studied using MDCK cells. Previous work has demonstrated that MDCK cells cultured in suspension form epithelial cysts having polarized cell surface distributions of several membrane proteins. When MDCK suspension cysts are incubated within collagen gel, a dynamic epithelial membrane remodeling occurs that is accompanied by the reversal of cell surface polarity (Wang et al., 1990b, J. Cell Sci. 95, 153–165), suggesting that extracellular matrix is important in the modulation of epithelial polarity development. To determine if members of the integrin receptor family were involved, MDCK cyst binding studies were done utilizing antifunctional monoclonal antibodies (AIIB2 and AJ2) against the beta 1 integrin subunit. These antibodies inhibited cyst binding to type I collagen, type IV collagen and laminin, providing evidence that functional beta 1 integrin heterodimers were present on the cyst outer membrane. Integrin localization on suspension cysts demonstrated that the alpha 2, alpha 3 and alpha 6 integrin subunits had a non-polarized cell surface distribution and were localized to both the apical and basolateral membranes. Interestingly, immunofluorescence microscopy determined that the beta 1 subunit had a polarized, basolateral membrane distribution although cyst binding studies using inhibitory monoclonal antibodies suggested that functional beta 1 subunits were present on the cyst outer membrane. After incubation of suspension cysts in collagen gel for 8 hours, the beta 1 integrin subunit was detected on the outer membrane, suggesting that the formation of additional integrin alpha/beta heterodimers could be involved in epithelial remodeling. To establish the role of beta 1 integrins in polarity reversal, experiments were done on cysts incubated in collagen gel. After 6 hours in collagen gel, considerable membrane remodeling had occurred as determined by a reduction in outer membrane microvilli. However, the presence of monoclonal antibody AIIB2 inhibited membrane remodeling by preventing both microvillar loss and the endocytosis of the apical membrane glycoprotein gp135. These results provide strong evidence that members of the beta 1 integrin family are involved in the regulation of epithelial polarity reversal, and demonstrate that MDCK cysts constitute an excellent model system for studying the role of cell-extracellular matrix interactions in the regulation of epithelial plasticity and cell surface polarity development.

The alpha 2 beta 1 integrin regulates collagen-mediated MDCK epithelial membrane remodeling and tubule formation

1995 ◽  
Vol 108 (6) ◽  
pp. 2487-2498 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Schwimmer ◽  
G.K. Ojakian
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibody ◽  
Monoclonal Antibodies ◽  
Cell Surface ◽  
Apical Membrane ◽  
Apical Cell ◽  
Collagen Gel ◽  
Integrin Subunit ◽  
Membrane Remodeling ◽  
Tubule Formation ◽  
Beta 1 Integrin

Previous studies have demonstrated that incubation of MDCK cell epithelial cysts in collagen gel induced a reversal in cell surface polarity that was regulated by beta 1 integrins. Further experiments were done to identify the specific collagen binding integrin involved by applying collagen gel overlays to the apical membrane of subconfluent MDCK monolayers. Cell surface levels of the apical membrane glycoprotein gp135 were monitored by ELISA to quantitate the extent of collagen-mediated membrane remodeling. After an 8 hour incubation with collagen, there was a 35% reduction in gp135 while the cell surface levels of the alpha 2, alpha 3 and beta 1 integrin subunits were not affected. Immunofluorescence microscopy confirmed the loss of gp135 from selected regions of the apical cell surface while the alpha 2 and beta 1 integrin subunits were distributed in small clusters over the entire apical membrane in both control and collagen-treated monolayers. Collagen-mediated loss of gp135 was inhibited by monoclonal antibodies which recognize either the alpha 2 or beta 1 integrin subunits but not by a monoclonal antibody against the alpha 6 beta 1 integrin. These results demonstrated that remodeling of the apical membrane had occurred, allowing the selective retention of beta 1 integrins but not gp135. They were supported by the observation that collagen-mediated loss of apical membrane microvilli was inhibited by the monoclonal antibody against the alpha 2 integrin subunit. Incubation of confluent monolayers with collagen gel induced the formation of polarized epithelial tubules within 16 hours. Epithelial tubule biogenesis was completely inhibited by monoclonal antibodies against either the alpha 2 or beta 1 integrin subunits, providing strong evidence that the alpha 2 beta 1 integrin is essential for collagen-mediated epithelial membrane remodeling and tubule formation.

scholarly journals The size of the intracellular β 1-integrin precursor pool regulates maturation of β 1-integrin subunit and associated α-subunits

1994 ◽  
Vol 300 (3) ◽  
pp. 771-779 ◽  
Author(s):  
L Koivisto ◽  
J Heino ◽  
L Häkkinen ◽  
H Larjava
Keyword(s):  
Cell Surface ◽  
Antisense Rna ◽  
Integrin Subunit ◽  
Integrin Receptors ◽  
Transfected Cells ◽  
Precursor Pool ◽  
Cell Clones ◽  
Beta 1 Integrin ◽  
Α Subunits

A large pool of precursor beta 1-integrin subunits is frequently found intracellularly. During malignant transformation this pool often disappears. Concomitantly, integrin-mediated cell-adhesion functions are disturbed, even though no change in the number of beta 1-integrin receptors on the cell surface can be observed. Here, we have studied the role of an intracellular pre-beta 1-integrin pool by transfecting human MG-63 osteosarcoma cells with plasmid construction producing an antisense RNA for the beta 1-integrin subunit. Stable cell clones expressing beta 1-integrin antisense RNA were shown to have a reduced intracellular pool of pre-beta 1-integrin subunits. In the antisense-transfected cells, the synthesis of the beta 1-integrin chain was reduced by 65% compared with non-transfected or vector-transfected MG-63 cells. The decreased synthesis of the beta 1-integrin chain was associated with accelerated maturation of the beta 1-integrin chain (half-maturation time about 5 h in antisense-transfected cells compared with about 10.5 h in control cells), whereas maturation of the alpha-integrin chain slowed down. The amount of beta 1-integrins on the cell surface, however, remained unaltered. Cell clones with the largest decrease in the relative amount of the pre-beta 1-integrin subunit also showed altered integrin function. They were found to synthesize fibronectin, but were unable to assemble it into a fibronectin matrix on the cell surface. Thus we conclude that the repression of biosynthesis of the beta 1-integrin chain leads to alterations in receptor maturation and may be connected with altered receptor function.

A novel role for alpha 3 beta 1 integrins in extracellular matrix assembly

1995 ◽  
Vol 108 (6) ◽  
pp. 2511-2523 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Wu ◽  
A.E. Chung ◽  
J.A. McDonald
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Cell Adhesion ◽  
Binding Activity ◽  
Integrin Subunit ◽  
Pericellular Matrix ◽  
Matrix Assembly ◽  
Amino Terminal ◽  
Beta 1 Integrin ◽  
Fibronectin Deposition

To study the biological role of alpha 3 beta 1 integrins in cell adhesion, migration, and in the deposition of extracellular matrix, we stably expressed the human alpha 3 integrin subunit in the alpha 4, alpha 5 integrin deficient CHO cell line B2. The expression of alpha 3 beta 1 integrins enhanced cell adhesion on entactin (also known as nidogen), but not on fibronectin. Using recombinant GST-fusion proteins that span the entire length of the entactin molecule, we located cell adhesive activity to the G2 domain of entactin. These results suggest that the alpha 3 beta 1 integrin functions as an adhesion receptor interacting with the G2 domain of entactin. On the other hand, the expression of alpha 3 beta 1 integrins did not confer the ability to migrate on entactin. Strikingly, the expression of alpha 3 beta 1 dramatically increased the deposition of entactin and fibronectin into the pericellular matrix. This was accompanied by increased binding activity of the 29 kDa amino-terminal domain of fibronectin. Thus, similar to alpha 5 beta 1 integrins, alpha 3 beta 1 integrins can play an important role in modulating the assembly of pericellular matrices. However, unlike fibronectin deposition supported by alpha 5 beta 1, alpha 3 beta 1 supported fibronectin deposition into pericellular matrix was not inhibited by antibodies binding to the RGD containing cell adhesion domain of fibronectin, demonstrating that the two processes are mechanistically distinct. The role of alpha 3 beta 1 in pericellular matrix assembly potentially implicates this receptor in the assembly and/or recognition of entactin-containing pericellular matrices, an observation consistent with its apparent role in the renal glomerulus of the mammalian kidney.

scholarly journals Cell adhesion to extracellular matrix regulates the life cycle of integrins.

1995 ◽  
Vol 6 (12) ◽  
pp. 1781-1791 ◽  
Author(s):  
S L Dalton ◽  
E Scharf ◽  
R Briesewitz ◽  
E E Marcantonio ◽  
R K Assoian
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Cell Surface ◽  
Matrix Protein ◽  
Type Iv Collagen ◽  
Surface Expression ◽  
Extracellular Matrix Protein ◽  
Integrin Subunit ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Beta 1 Integrin

The expression of alpha 5 beta 1 integrin on the surface of fibroblasts requires adhesion to substratum. We have examined the basis for this adhesion-dependent surface expression by comparing the life cycle of integrins in parallel cultures of adherent and nonadherent cells. Results of biosynthetic labeling experiments in NRK fibroblasts showed that the synthesis and biosynthetic processing of the beta 1 integrin subunit proceed in the absence of cell attachment; however, when examining the behavior of preexisting cell surface integrins, we observed that the alpha beta 1 integrins are internalized and degraded when adhesion to substratum is blocked. A kinetic analysis of integrin internalization in cycloheximide-treated NRK cells showed that each of the fibroblast integrins we examined (in both the beta 1 and beta 3 families) are lost from the cell surface after detachment from substratum. Thus, the default integrin life cycle in fibroblasts involves continuous synthesis, processing, transport to the cell surface, and internalization/degradation. Interestingly, studies with NIH-3T3 cells expressing alpha 1 beta 1 integrin showed that the loss of cell-surface alpha 5 beta 1 integrin is blocked by adhesion of cells to dishes coated with type IV collagen (a ligand for alpha 1 beta 1 integrin) as well as fibronectin. Similarly, adhesion of these cells to dishes coated with type IV collagen stabilizes the surface expression of alpha 5 beta 1 as well as alpha 1 beta 1 integrin. We propose that the adhesion of fibroblasts to extracellular matrix protein alters the integrin life cycle and permits retention of these proteins at the cell surface where they can play important roles in transmitting adhesion-dependent signals.

scholarly journals Integrins as architects of cell behavior

2016 ◽  
Vol 27 (19) ◽  
pp. 2885-2888 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles H. Streuli
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Cell Surface ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
External Environment ◽  
Cell Behavior ◽  
Cell Surface Receptors ◽  
Surface Receptors ◽  
Mammary Gland Differentiation

Integrins are cell surface receptors that bind cells to their physical external environment, linking the extracellular matrix to cell function. They are essential in the biology of all animals. In the late 1980s, we discovered that integrins are required for the ability of breast epithelia to do what they are programmed to do, which is to differentiate and make milk. Since then, integrins have been shown to control most other aspects of phenotype: to stay alive, to divide, and to move about. Integrins also provide part of the mechanism that allows cells to form tissues. Here I discuss how we discovered that integrins control mammary gland differentiation and explore the role of integrins as central architects of other aspects of cell behavior.

Determinants of apical membrane formation and distribution in multicellular epithelial MDCK cysts

1994 ◽  
Vol 267 (2) ◽  
pp. C473-C481 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Z. Wang ◽  
J. C. Wang ◽  
G. K. Ojakian ◽  
W. J. Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Proteins ◽  
Cell Surface ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Apical Membrane ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Collagen Gel ◽  
Free Cell ◽  
Surface Polarity ◽  
Marker Proteins ◽  
Spinner Culture

Madin-Darby canine kidney epithelial cells form three-dimensional cysts in spinner culture with a defined cell surface polarity. Transfer of cysts from spinner culture to a collagen gel matrix results in rapid loss of apical membrane proteins from the outside surface of the cyst, degradation of extracellular matrix (ECM) from the cyst lumen, and de novo formation of the apical membrane at the luminal surface. Degradation of endogenous ECM was inhibited with 1,10-phenanthroline, an inhibitor of metalloproteinases, resulting in cysts in which cells are surrounded by either cell-cell or cell-substratum contacts. The consequence of the lack of a free cell surface on the formation of a new apical membrane domain in these cysts was analyzed. Changes in cell surface polarity were followed with antibodies to marker proteins of the apical or basolateral membranes. In the absence of a free cell surface, the apical membrane formed de novo by accumulation and fusion of presorted vesicles containing apical membrane proteins; the coalescence of these vesicles results in the formation of a central lumen. These results provide novel insights into the generation of membrane domains and formation of a lumen in complex, three-dimensional epithelial structures in development.

scholarly journals Physiological Characterization of SusG, an Outer Membrane Protein Essential for Starch Utilization byBacteroides thetaiotaomicron

1999 ◽  
Vol 181 (23) ◽  
pp. 7206-7211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph A. Shipman ◽  
Kyu Hong Cho ◽  
Hilary A. Siegel ◽  
Abigail A. Salyers
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Protein ◽  
Cell Surface ◽  
Outer Membrane ◽  
Outer Membrane Protein ◽  
Main Role ◽  
Binding Assays ◽  
Bacterial Surface ◽  
Physiological Characterization ◽  
Starch Utilization

ABSTRACT Results from previous studies had suggested that Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron utilizes starch by binding the polysaccharide to the bacterial surface and subsequently degrading the polymer by using cell-associated enzymes. Most of the starch-degrading activity was localized to the periplasm, but a portion appeared to be membrane associated. This raised the possibility that some breakdown might occur in the outer membrane prior to exposure of the polysaccharide to the periplasmic polysaccharide-degrading enzymes. In this study, we show that SusG, an outer membrane protein which has been shown genetically to be essential for starch utilization, has enzymatic activity. Results of protease accessibility experiments support the hypothesis that SusG is exposed on the cell surface. Results of [14C]starch binding assays, however, show that SusG plays a negligible role in binding of starch to the cell surface. Consistent with this, SusG has a relatively high Km for starch and by itself is not sufficient to allow cells to grow on starch or to bind starch. Hence, the main role of SusG is to hydrolyze starch, but the binding of starch to the cell surface is evidently mediated by other proteins presumably interacting with SusG.

scholarly journals Altered glycosylation and cell surface expression of beta 1 integrin receptors during keratinocyte activation

1992 ◽  
Vol 103 (3) ◽  
pp. 743-753 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.T. Kim ◽  
S. Ishihara ◽  
C.C. Lee ◽  
S.K. Akiyama ◽  
K.M. Yamada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Culture ◽  
Cell Surface ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Cell Surface Expression ◽  
Activation Process ◽  
Integrin Subunit ◽  
Integrin Receptors ◽  
Serum Factors ◽  
Keratinocyte Proliferation ◽  
Beta 1 Integrin

We studied the mechanism by which cell adhesiveness becomes activated when keratinocytes are removed from skin and placed into cell culture. Our results suggest that activation involves altered beta 1 integrin subunit glycosylation accompanied by an increase in cell surface beta 1 integrin receptors. Activated keratinocytes contained two forms of the beta 1 integrin subunit, approximately 93 kDa and approximately 113 kDa. As shown by pulse-chase experiments, the smaller represented the cytoplasmic precursor of the larger, and only the 113 kDa mature form was detected in integrin receptors expressed at the cell surface. Pre-activated keratinocytes contained beta 1 integrin subunits ranging from approximately 97 to 110 kDa. These beta 1 subunits had been processed through the Golgi, based on resistance to endoglycosidase-H treatment, and were not converted to 113 kDa subunits during subsequent cell culture. Experiments with endoglycosidase-F showed that differences in the apparent sizes of beta 1 integrin subunits observed in pre-activated and activated keratinocytes could be attributed to differences in subunit glycosylation. Smaller beta 1 subunits found in pre-activated keratinocytes, like the precursor beta 1 subunits of activated cells, appeared to be less efficient in reaching the cell surface. Overall, a approximately 10-fold increase in the level of cell surface integrin receptors occurred concomitant with the increased proportion of 113 kDa beta 1 subunits found in activated cells. Endoglycosidase-F experiments also indicated that there were changes in keratinocyte alpha subunits associated with beta 1. In related experiments, keratinocytes cultured in low Ca2+, serum-free MCDB medium for 4 days proliferated but their adhesiveness did not become activated. Therefore, keratinocyte proliferation and activation of adhesion are regulated separately. Finally, substantial activation of keratinocytes was observed when serum was added to cells cultured in MCDB with serum, indicating a role for serum factors in the activation process.

scholarly journals Adhesion properties of human bladder cell lines with extracellular matrix components: the role of integrins and glycosylation.

2002 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 643-650 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Lityńska ◽  
Malgorzta Przybyło ◽  
Ewa Pocheć ◽  
Piotr Laidler
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Cell Line ◽  
Cell Lines ◽  
Integrin Subunit ◽  
Human Bladder ◽  
Specific Antibodies ◽  
Ecm Proteins ◽  
Extracellular Matrix Components ◽  
Beta 1 Integrin

Integrin subunits present on human bladder cells displayed heterogeneous functional specificity in adhesion to extracellular matrix proteins (ECM). The non-malignant cell line (HCV29) showed significantly higher adhesion efficiency to collagen IV, laminin (LN) and fibronectin (FN) than cancer (T24, Hu456) and v-raf transfected (BC3726) cell lines. Specific antibodies to the alpha(2), alpha(5) and beta(1) integrin subunits inhibited adhesion of the non-malignant cells, indicating these integrin participation in the adhesion to ECM proteins. In contrast, adhesion of cancer cells was not inhibited by specific antibodies to the beta(1) integrin subunit. Antibodies to alpha(3) integrin increased adhesion of cancer cells to collagen, LN and FN, but also of the HCV29 line with collagen. It seems that alpha(3) subunit plays a major role in modulation of other integrin receptors especially in cancer cells. Differences in adhesion to ECM proteins between the non-malignant and cancer cell lines in response to Gal and Fuc were not evident, except for the v-raf transfected cell line which showed a distinct about 6-fold increased adhesion to LN on addition of both saccharides. N-Acetylneuraminic acid inhibited adhesion of all cell lines to LN and FN irrespective of their malignancy.

scholarly journals Adhesion of committed human hematopoietic progenitors to synthetic peptides from the C-terminal heparin-binding domain of fibronectin: cooperation between the integrin alpha 4 beta 1 and the CD44 adhesion receptor

Blood ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 84 (6) ◽  
pp. 1802-1811 ◽  
Author(s):  
CM Verfaillie ◽  
A Benis ◽  
J Iida ◽  
PB McGlave ◽  
JB McCarthy
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Monoclonal Antibodies ◽  
Cell Adhesion ◽  
Cell Surface ◽  
Synthetic Peptides ◽  
Progenitor Cell ◽  
Core Protein ◽  
Heparin Binding ◽  
Hematopoietic Progenitors ◽  
Beta 1 Integrin

Close interaction of human hematopoietic progenitors with the bone marrow microenvironment is important for the ordered progression of human hematopoiesis. Progenitor cell adhesion to stroma has a complex molecular basis, involving various cell-extracellular matrix and cell- cell interactions. We have previously shown that adhesion of colony- forming cells (CFC) to fibronectin, present in stromal extracellular matrix, involves multiple sites, including two heparin-binding synthetic peptides (FN-C/H I and FN-C/H II) and the alpha 4 beta 1 integrin-binding peptide CS1. These synthetic peptides are located in close proximity in the type III repeat 14 and the immediately adjacent type IIIcs region of fibronectin. In the current study, we evaluate receptors expressed by CFC responsible for their adhesion to fibronectin. We show that the alpha 4 beta 1 integrin mediates adhesion to CFC to the peptides FN-C/H I and CS1. Adhesion of CFC to fibronectin is also mediated by proteoglycans, because removal of cell surface chondroitin-sulfate proteoglycans resulted in decreased adhesion of CFC to FN-C/ I and FN-C/H II. The core protein of this proteoglycan was identified by immunoprecipitation as a 90-kD member of the CD44 group of adhesion molecules. Interestingly, although the proteoglycan core protein failed to adhere to FN-C/H II affinity columns, anti-CD44 monoclonal antibodies blocked CFC adhesion to FN-C/H II, indicating that these monoclonal antibodies may interfere with core protein- mediated intracellular signalling. Finally, we show that CD44 and alpha 4 beta 1 may cooperate in establishing progenitor adhesion, because anti-CD44 antibodies potentiated the adhesion-inhibitory effects of suboptimal concentrations of anti-alpha 4 or anti-beta 1 monoclonal antibodies. These results provide a working model for progenitor cell recognition of fibronectin (and possibly the marrow micro-environment) in which the coordinated action of integrins and cell surface proteoglycans is necessary for cell adhesion. This model can now be used to study the complex relationship between progenitor cell adhesion and the regulation of their proliferation and differentiation.

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