The Possible Calcification Mechanisms in some Reptilian Egg-shells

1959 ◽  
Vol s3-100 (52) ◽  
pp. 529-538
Author(s):  
K. SIMKISS ◽  
C. TYLER
Keyword(s):  
Toluidine Blue ◽  
Organic Matrix ◽  
Acid Mucopolysaccharide ◽  
Amino Group ◽  
Carboxylate Group ◽  
Shell Matrix ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Egg Shells ◽  
Egg Shell ◽  
Comparison Of The Results

Studies have been made of the organic matrix of certain reptilian egg-shells. The interaction between egg-shell-matrix and various metal ions has been considered by noting the effect of these ions on the staining of the matrix by toluidine blue. A comparison of the results with those for the hen indicates that the chelating mechanism in the Chelonia is similar to that in the hen, but that that in the Crocodilia is different. It is suggested that in the Crocodilia the acid mucopolysaccharide of the matrix is embedded in, but not combined with, the protein and that its chelating mechanism is carboxylate group to carboxylate group, while in the hen and Chelonia, the acid mucopolysaccharide is combined with the protein and that its chelating mechanism is carboxylate group to amino group.

scholarly journals A Histochemical Study of the Organic Matrix of Hen Egg-Shells

1957 ◽  
Vol s3-98 (41) ◽  
pp. 19-28
Author(s):  
K. SIMKISS ◽  
C. TYLER
Keyword(s):  
Organic Material ◽  
Histochemical Study ◽  
Organic Matrix ◽  
Acid Mucopolysaccharide ◽  
The Core ◽  
Spongy Layer ◽  
Egg Shells ◽  
Egg Shell ◽  
Protein Portion ◽  
Hen Egg

A study of the organic material of the hen egg-shell has been made by the use of recognized histochemical techniques. It has been found that, in the so-called spongy layer of the shell, the organic matrix consists of a protein / acid mucopolysaccharide complex. The organic material of the mammillary layer appears to be more concentrated in a central core, and is somewhat different in that it contains fat and a reducing substance. The protein / acid mucopolysaccharide complex is a collagen-like material, but is probably not collagen itself because the protein portion is low in hydroxyproline and the acid mucopolysaccharide is most likely mucoitin and not chondroitin sulphuric acid. The results are discussed in relation to shell calcification and it is suggested that the protein / acid mucopolysaccharide complex is first firmly attached to the keratin of the membrane, but once this is accomplished it links on to material of its own kind. Calcification proceeds simultaneously, but near the points of contact with the membrane (i.e. in the core of each mammilla) calcification is not so intense as it is in the rest of the shell.

scholarly journals Reactions between Egg-shell Matrix and Metallic Cations

1958 ◽  
Vol s3-99 (45) ◽  
pp. 5-13
Author(s):  
K. SIMKISS ◽  
C. TYLER
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Toluidine Blue ◽  
Chelating Agent ◽  
Main Hypothesis ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Shell Matrix ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Metallic Cations ◽  
Egg Shell ◽  
Influence Of Ph

The interaction between egg-shell matrix and various metal ions has been studied by considering the effect of these ions on the staining of the matrix by toluidine blue. The validity of the procedure and the influence of pH and various anions were tested. The main hypothesis to emerge was that the matrix acts as a chelating agent. Curves obtained when quantities of sodium hydroxide added to matrix were plotted against pH values were found to vary in position according to the absence or presence of cations and with different cations. This also supports the hypothesis that the matrix acts as a chelating agent. The significance of this in relation to the deposition of calcium carbonate as egg-shell is briefly discussed.

scholarly journals Fabrication and Mechanical Testing of Egg Shell Particles Reinforced Al-Si Composites

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anjali, Razia Anjali, Razia ◽  
Shivani Bhandari ◽  
Ankur Pant ◽  
Arpit Saxena ◽  
Seema ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Waste Materials ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Egg Shells ◽  
Egg Shell ◽  
Shell Particles ◽  
Industrial Level ◽  
Chicken Eggs ◽  
Scanning Electron

The production of chicken eggs on a widespread industrial level has led to the generation of a large amount of egg shells. These egg shells are considered to be bio-hazardous waste materials although they are a rich source of amino acids and minerals. In the present investigation, effort has been made to incorporate waste poultry egg shell particles (ESP) both in carbonized (C) as well as uncarbonized (UC) form into the matrix of an Aluminum-Silicon (Al-Si) alloy to improve its mechanical properties. Various mechanical properties of the resulting composites such as tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, hardness, toughness, impact and compressive strengths have been determined and found to increase after the addition of the ESPs confirming that the incorporation of waste ESPs in the Al-Si matrix serve as reinforcements. The increase in mechanical properties such as the hardness (10.2% - UC, 19% - C), tensile (6.61% - UC, 10.61% - C), compressive (9.12% - UC, 63.94% - C) and impact strengths (30.07% - UC, 302.35% - C) is more pronounced in the case of carbonized ESPs. Field-Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM) has been conducted to determine the compositions of the matrix materials as well as the composites.

Matrix-Mineral Relationships-A. Morphologist's Viewpoint

1979 ◽  
Vol 58 (2_suppl) ◽  
pp. 922-929 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.U. Nylen
Keyword(s):  
Organic Material ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Crystal Surface ◽  
Organic Matrix ◽  
The Other ◽  
Enamel Matrix ◽  
Initial Cell ◽  
Cell Product ◽  
Ultrastructural Morphology ◽  
The Matrix

The literature on the ultrastructural morphology of the enamel matrix and its relationship to the crystals is reviewed. Two morphological entities of the matrix are discussed: One is the so-called stippled material which may be the initial cell product; the other, variously described as fibrillar, lamellar, tubular or helical, is thought by many to play a crucial role in nucleation and orientation of the crystals. A number of observations, however, suggest that the latter structures form secondarily to the crystals and that in reality they represent organic material adsorbed to the crystal surface and maintained as independent structures upon removal of the mineral. The need for additional studies is stressed including systematic studies of interactions between constituents of the organic matrix and the apatite crystals.

NOTES ON CERTAIN BUTTERFLIES, THEIR HABITS, ETC

1882 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 49-56
Author(s):  
W. H. Edwards
Keyword(s):  
New Born ◽  
Egg Shells ◽  
Egg Shell ◽  
The Way

8. On Young Caterpillars Eating their Egg Shells.Mr. Scudder, Butterflies, p. 101, says, after describing the way in which the caterpillar eats out of the egg: “The taste he has gained of egg-shell seems to allure him; for, strange as it may seem, although placed by the provident parent within immediate reach of choice and succulent food, he will not taste it until he has devoured the last remmant of his prison-walls. Strange food this for a new born babe! The act, however, is plainly a provision of nature by which the tender animal is rid of a sure token to his enemies of his immediate proximity.” Surely here is an error in fact, and a wrong conclusion whatever the fact may be. I read the above statement on the 25th July last, and at once went to my garden to search for eggs of Libythea Bachmanni, on Hackberry leaves. The young caterpillars of this species are green, of a shade so near that of the leaves they feed on, that it is very difficult to discover them. Even where the tip of the leaf has been eaten, and their presence is suspected, it is easy to overlook them. I found at once three eggs and one young caterpillar. The egg from which this caterpillar had come was present at the base of the leaf on the extreme tip of which the little creature rested. A hole was in its side near the top, and no more had been eaten than just enough to permit egress.

Special transport and neurological significance of two amino acids in a configuration conventionally designated as D.

1994 ◽  
Vol 196 (1) ◽  
pp. 297-305 ◽  
Author(s):  
H N Christensen ◽  
A A Greene ◽  
D K Kakuda ◽  
C L MacLeod
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Receptor Site ◽  
Amino Group ◽  
Carboxylate Group ◽  
Gamma Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Imino Group ◽  
Group A ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Lower Homolog ◽  
Alpha Amino Acid

We point out an ability of certain amino acids to be recognized at a biological receptor site as though their amino group bore, instead of an alpha relationship to a carboxylate group, a beta, gamma or delta relationship to the same or a second carboxylate group. For aspartate, the unbalanced position of its amino group between a pair of carboxylates allows its occasional biorecognition as a beta-rather than as an alpha-amino acid, whereas for proline and its homologs, their cyclic arrangement may allow the imino group, without its being replicated, to be sensed analogously as falling at either of two distances from the single carboxylate group. The greater separation might allow proline to be seen as biologically analogous to gamma-aminobutyric acid. This more remote positioning of the imino group would allow the D-form of both amino acids to present its amino group in the orientation characteristic of the natural L-form. The dual modes of recognition should accordingly be signalled by what appears to be low stereospecificity, actually due to a distinction in the enantiorecognition of the two isomers. Competing recognition for transport between their respective D- and L-forms, although it does not prove that phenomenon, has been shown for proline and, significantly, even more strongly for its lower homolog, 2-azetidine carboxylate. Such indications have so far revealed themselves rather inconspicuously for the central nervous system binding of proline, reviewed here as a possible feature of a role suspected for proline in neurotransmission.

scholarly journals Effect of barium loading on CaO derived from waste egg shell heterogeneous catalyst for canola oil biodiesel

2018 ◽  
Vol 192 ◽  
pp. 03006
Author(s):  
Jakkrapong Jitjamnong
Keyword(s):  
Microwave Irradiation ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalyst ◽  
Canola Oil ◽  
Catalytic Performance ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Catalyst Loading ◽  
Impregnation Method ◽  
Egg Shells ◽  
Infrared Spectrometer ◽  
Egg Shell

The purpose of this research was to investigate the catalytic activity of Ba loading on calcium oxide (CaO) catalyst by varying the amount of barium added during the synthesis: 5-15 wt%. The waste egg shells were utilized as a CaO heterogeneous catalyst by calcined at 900 °C for 2 h. The Ba/CaO catalysts were prepared by impregnation method and were used as a catalyst in transesterification reaction of canola oil via microwave irradiation under microwave power 300 W. The characterization of catalyst and FAME composition of biodiesel were determined by X-ray fluorescence (XRF), scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR), and gas chromatography (GC-FID). The conditions of biodiesel production were operated at 60 °C, 3 wt% of catalyst loading, 9:1 methanol-to-canola oil ratio, and microwave irradiation power was 300W for 2 min. The experimental results found that, the waste egg shells consist mainly of CaCO3, which was decomposed to CaO more than 88 wt% after cacination step. The 15 wt% Ba/CaO catalysts exhibited the best catalytic performance with the FAME conversion higher than 97.68%.

scholarly journals Differences in Wear and Material Integrity of NAO and Low-Steel Brake Pads under Severe Conditions

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (19) ◽  
pp. 5531
Author(s):  
Edouard A. T. Davin ◽  
Anne-Lise Cristol ◽  
Arnaud Beaurain ◽  
Philippe Dufrénoy ◽  
Neomy Zaquen
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Gray Cast Iron ◽  
Organic Matrix ◽  
Third Body ◽  
Test Program ◽  
Brake Pads ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Disc Configuration ◽  
Crack Faces ◽  
Reduced Scale

In this study, through severe reduced-scale braking tests, we investigate the wear and integrity of organic matrix brake pads against gray cast iron (GCI) discs. Two prototype pad materials are designed with the aim of representing a typical non-metal NAO and a low-steel (LS) formulation. The worn surfaces are observed with SEM. The toughness of the pad materials is tested at the raw state and after a heat treatment. During braking, the LS-GCI disc configuration produces heavy wear. The friction parts both keep their macroscopic integrity and wear appears to be homogeneous. The LS pad is mostly covered by a layer of solid oxidized steel. The NAO-GCI disc configuration wears dramatically and cannot reach the end of the test program. The NAO pad suffers many deep cracks. Compacted third body plateaus are scarce and the corresponding disc surface appears to be very heterogeneous. The pad materials both show similar strength at the raw state and similar weakening after heat treatment. However, the NAO material is much more brittle than the LS material in both states, which seems to favor the growth of cracks. The observations of crack faces suggest that long steel fibers in the LS material palliate the brittleness of the matrix, even after heat damage.

scholarly journals Adsorption of Phenol from Aqueous Solution by Aminated Hypercrosslinked Polymers

2005 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 335-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yue Sun ◽  
Jin-Long Chen ◽  
Ai-Min Li ◽  
Fu-Qiang Liu ◽  
Quan-Xing Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
Adsorption Process ◽  
Kinetic Studies ◽  
Amino Group ◽  
Commercial Resin ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Basic Anion Exchange Resin ◽  
Tertiary Amino ◽  
Basic Anion ◽  
Hypercrosslinked Polymeric Adsorbent

The adsorption of phenol from aqueous solution onto the hypercrosslinked polymeric adsorbent NDA-100 and its dimethylamine aminated derivatives AH-1, AH-2 and AH-3, the commercial resin Amberlite XAD-4 and the weakly basic anion-exchange resin D301 was compared. Of the tested polymers, the aminated hypercrosslinked resins had the highest adsorption capacities. The empirical Freundlich equation was successfully employed to describe the adsorption process. The specific surface area and the micropore structure of the adsorbent together with the tertiary amino group on the matrix affected the adsorption performance towards phenol. Furthermore, these factors also influenced the thermodynamic properties. Kinetic studies demonstrated that the presence of the tertiary amino group on the polymer matrix decreased the adsorption rate and increased the apparent activation energy of the adsorption process.

Studies of the Egg of Bacillus libanicus (Orthoptera, Phasmidae)

1950 ◽  
Vol s3-91 (14) ◽  
pp. 195-203
Author(s):  
A. MOSCONA
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Mineral Content ◽  
Calcium Deficiency ◽  
Egg Shells ◽  
Egg Shell ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Initial Mineral

1. Weight, moisture content, and mineral content of freshly laid and of fully developed eggs of Bacillus libanicus (Uv.) were studied. During development of the embryo the egg-shell loses 19 per cent, of its initial mineral content, while the weight of mineral materials in the embryo increases correspondingly. 2. These changes can be explained only as resulting from transfer of minerals from the shell to the embryo. The mineral materials are derived from the calcium carbonate layer of the shell, which, owing to this loss, becomes thinner during embryonic development. 3. It is suggested that the mechanism of this transfer is based on the production of bicarbonate by the reaction of water and carbon dioxide, given off by the embryo, with the calcium carbonate of the shell. 4. Experimental calcium deficiency in the egg-shells results in a marked lowering of the viability of the embryos; although embryogenesis may sometimes proceed till the hatching stage, the few emerging nymphs survive only for a short time. 5. The possible occurrence of mineral transfer in other phasmid eggs is indicated.

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