Memoirs: The Structure and Chemical Composition of the Golgi Element

1944 ◽  
Vol s2-85 (337) ◽  
pp. 1-71
Author(s):  
JOHN R. BAKER
Keyword(s):  
Primary Spermatocyte ◽  
Close Relation ◽  
Neutral Red ◽  
Accurate Picture ◽  
Mesenteric Ganglion ◽  
Golgi Element ◽  
Early Spermatid ◽  
The Common ◽  
Golgi Network ◽  
Snail Helix Aspersa

Structure 1. Reasons are given for believing that the methods used to produce the classical Golgi network cannot be relied upon to give an accurate picture of the structure of the Golgi element during life. 2. In this investigation reliance has been placed chiefly on vital observations and on the results of the formal-sudan-black technique. Sudan black is a colouring agent with an intense affinity for lipoids,1 whether ‘masked’ or not. 3. The Golgi element was studied in the following cells: (1) the primary spermatocyte and early spermatid of the common snail, Helix aspersa; (2) the absorptive cell of the intestinal epithelium of the smooth or common newt, Triturus vulgaris ; (3) the nerve cell of the anterior mesenteric ganglion of the rabbit, Oryctolagus cuniculus. 4. In its fully developed condition, the Golgi element of diverse cells consists of four parts: (1) the ‘neutral-red vacuoles’; (2) the dense lipoid-containing substance, generally in close relation to the vacuoles in the form of strands, ‘lepidosomes’, caps, crescents, rings, or complete investments; (3) the diffuse lipoid-containing substance, which fills all the space in the Golgi element not occupied by the other constituents; (4) the Golgi-product, which arises in the vacuoles and is the result of the synthesis achieved by the Golgi element.

The use of methyl green as a histochemical reagent

1965 ◽  
Vol s3-106 (73) ◽  
pp. 3-13
Author(s):  
JOHN R. BAKER ◽  
ELIZABETH G. M. WILLIAMS
Keyword(s):  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Malachite Green ◽  
Helix Aspersa ◽  
Common Snail ◽  
Methyl Green ◽  
Dilute Solution ◽  
Dilute Solutions ◽  
The Common ◽  
Snail Helix Aspersa

The cation of methyl green carriea two poaitive charges, that of malachite green only one; but the two dyes behave towards tissue-constituents in almost exactly the same way. These dyes are not specific for chromatin. They colour certain objects that are devoid of DNA, even when they are used in very dilute solution. The granules of cells called Körnchenzellen in the connective tissue of the common snail, Helix aspersa, are strongly coloured by both dyes from very dilute solutions, and thus provide a striking instance of the unspecificity of these dyes. Malachite green, which is stable and free from contamination by metachromstic impurities, can advantageously replace the methyl green commonly used in mixtures with pyronine. It is suggested that pyronine may have a greater capacity for penetrating into close-textured objects, such ss nucleoli and ribosomes, than methyl and malachite greens.

scholarly journals Нормативи оцінки фітомаси компонентів стовбура соснових деревостанів Північного Степу України

2019 ◽  
pp. 11-17
Author(s):  
В. М. Ловинська
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Analysis ◽  
Statistical Processing ◽  
Close Relation ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Aboveground Phytomass ◽  
Power Resources ◽  
Pine Tree ◽  
The Common ◽  
Pine Stands ◽  
Information Tables

Мета статті – розробити нормативи оцінки компонентів стовбура надземної фітомаси соснових деревостанів в умовах Північного Степу України. Методика дослідження. У представленій роботі використана методика збору та обробки дослідного матеріалу проф. П.І. Лакиди. Зроблено статистичну обробку, кореляційний аналіз та пошук регресійних залежностей компонентів фітомаси стовбура сосни звичайної від таксаційних показників деревостану. Результати дослідження. Сформовано робочий масив даних, який характеризує компоненти фітомаси стовбура для оцінювання біотичної продуктивності штучних соснових деревостанів. Розроблено та наведено математичні моделі оцінки фітомаси деревостанів сосни звичайної за компонентами деревини стовбура, деревини стовбура у корі, кори стовбура. Визначено, що збільшення усіх досліджуваних компонентів надземної фітомаси стовбурів відбувається зі зростанням середніх висот та діаметрів деревостанів. Елементи наукової новизни. На основі регресійних моделей побудовано нормативно-інформаційні таблиці для зони Північного Степу України. Практична значущість. Одержані системи нормативів надають можливість оцінювання екологічних та енергетичних ресурсів, а також розрахувати депонування вуглецю у штучних соснових деревостанах досліджуваного регіону. The purpose of the article is to develop the standards for evaluating the trunk components of the aboveground phytomass of pine stands in the Northern Steppe of Ukraine. Methods of research. The method of collecting and processing the research material, developed by Professor P.I. Lakyda, was used in the presented paper. The statistical processing, correlation analysis and the search of regression dependences of phytomass components of the common pine trunk on the taxation indices of the tree stand were made.           The research results. The working data mass has been formed concerning the results of field and laboratory researches, which characterizes the components of the trunk phytomass for assessing biotic productivity of artificial pine stands in the Northern Steppe of Ukraine. Correlation analysis of the relation closeness of the main phytomass components of the tree stands with their basic taxational signs was carried out. A direct close relation of the trunk phytomass components in the bark and wood without bark with the average tree diameter and the height of stands has been established. The value of correlation coefficient of the bark phytomass with all taxational indices, except the density, demonstrates the moderate relation. Mathematical models have been developed and obtained to assess ordinary pine stands’ phytomass by the components of the trunk wood, trunk wood in the bark, and bark of the trunk. It has been determined that the increase of all the studied components of the aboveground trunk phytomass occurred together with increasing the average heights and diameters of tree stands. The elements of scientific novelty. Standard and information tables have constructed on the basis of regression models for the zone of the Northern Steppe of Ukraine. Practical significance. The obtained systems of standards enable to evaluate ecological and power resources and calculate the carbon sequestration in artificial pine tree stands of the studied region.

scholarly journals Host Recognition of Brood Parasites: Implications for Methodology in Studies of Enemy Recognition

The Auk ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 122 (2) ◽  
pp. 530-543 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomáš Grim
Keyword(s):  
Traditional Approach ◽  
Columba Livia ◽  
Host Recognition ◽  
Brood Parasite ◽  
Common Cuckoo ◽  
Brood Parasites ◽  
Accurate Picture ◽  
Rock Pigeon ◽  
The Common ◽  
Enemy Recognition

AbstractVarious studies have shown that experiments on nest defense and enemy recognition (e.g. recognition of adult brood parasites) can be confounded by many factors. However, no study has described a confounding effect of control dummy type. Here, I show experimentally that the choice of control dummy may influence the results of an experiment and lead to erroneous conclusions. I tested recognition abilities of the Blackcap (Sylvia atricapilla), currently a host rarely used by the Common Cuckoo (Cuculus canorus). Blackcaps responded very differently to two kinds of control dummies: they ignored the Eurasian Blackbird (Turdus merula) dummy, but attacked the Rock Pigeon (Columba livia) dummy as frequently as they attacked the Common Cuckoo. The differing results may be explained by the fact that the Rock Pigeon is more similar to the Common Cuckoo than the Eurasian Blackbird is, and consequently elicited more aggressive behavior than the latter. Thus, absence of discrimination in enemy-recognition studies may reflect a methodological artifact resulting from varying abilities of particular hosts to discriminate along a continuum of recognition cues. This result has serious methodological implications for further research on enemy recognition and aggression in general: a control dummy should not be too similar to the dummy brood parasite; otherwise, the chance of detecting existing recognition abilities is low. Further, I argue that coevolution only increases pre-existing aggression in the particular host species. Therefore, increment analysis (assessing changes in host antiparasitic responses during the nesting cycle while controlling for background aggression to control dummies) provides a more accurate picture of hosts' recognition abilities than the traditional approach (when the total level of antiparasitic response is analyzed).

scholarly journals Mucus formation in goblet cells

1933 ◽  
Vol 113 (784) ◽  
pp. 459-463 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Secretory Granules ◽  
Goblet Cells ◽  
Neutral Red ◽  
Basal Region ◽  
Mucous Cells ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Golgi Network ◽  
Golgi Zone

The formation of mucus in goblet cells and its relation to the Golgi apparatus has been studied by various workers. Nassanow (1923) showed clearly that the mucin granules in the goblet cells of Triton originated in the Golgi apparatus, and so brought secretion in these cells into line with his theory of the bound secretion. More recently Clara (1926) has shown in the goblet cells of birds that the mucin first appears in the region next to the nucleus, between it and the gland lumen. Florey (1932, a, b ) has considered this more extensively in two recent papers, and for a number of mammals has shown that the mucin granules of goblet cells first form in the meshes of the Golgi network. In epithelial cells of the mouse vagina, undergoing conversion into mucous cells, he has found that the same process occurs. In a recent investigation of secretory formation in the salivary glands and pancreas it was found by the present author that in every cell type examined the young secretory granules first appeared in the basal region of the cell in relation to the mitochondria. Subsequent emigration occurred into the Golgi zone, where they underwent conversion into mature secretory granules. In the mucous cells of the salivary glands it was shown that these newly formed granules might be stained intravitam by Janus green or neutral red, and that in fixed preparations they stained selectively with acid fuchsin as described by Noll (1902), In the light of this work it appeared probable that while mucin formation might occur in the Golgi zone of the goblet cells as described by these authors, the origin of the granules might lie in the basal region of the cell.

scholarly journals The composition of intracellular granules from the metal-accumulating cells of the common garden snail (Helix aspersa)

1981 ◽  
Vol 194 (2) ◽  
pp. 507-511 ◽  
Author(s):  
B Howard ◽  
P C H Mitchell ◽  
A Ritchie ◽  
K Simkiss ◽  
M Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Metal Ion ◽  
Heavy Metal Ions ◽  
Inorganic Material ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Helix Aspersa ◽  
X Ray ◽  
The Common ◽  
Main Components ◽  
Snail Helix Aspersa ◽  
Enzymic Assay

Certain cells in the hepatopancreas of the common garden snail (Helix aspersa) contain intracellular granules that are sites of metal-ion accumulation. These granules have been extracted and investigated by u.v. and i.r. spectroscopy, atomic-absorption spectroscopy, X-ray microanalysis, thermogravimetric analysis, enzymic assay and microanalysis. The deposits contain about 18% (w/w) water, 5% (w/w) organic matter and 76% (w/w) inorganic material of which the main components are Ca2+, Mg2+ and P2O7(4)-. The possible origin of these granules is discussed, as is their role in detoxifying heavy-metal ions.

scholarly journals Relationship of the employment policy with rural development in the European Union

2009 ◽  
pp. 27-36
Author(s):  
Bernadett Béresné Mártha
Keyword(s):  
Rural Development ◽  
Labour Productivity ◽  
Close Relation ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Employment Policy ◽  
Positive Tendency ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Common ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Labour Management

Employment policy has won primary attention both at national and EU levels for the past decade. Managing its problems has become one of the major social economic and political challenges. One of the problems is the aging of the continent’s population, which is in close relation with the slow increasing or decreasing economic trends.Comparing the EU’s unemployment, employment and labour productivity rates to those of ten years earlier a positive tendency can be traced. On of the other hand compared with the USA, Japan or the average of OECD countries the Community has still not been able to reduce its several decades lasting leeway. Difficulties of labour management are much more striking in rural territories than in urban districts. Not even the second pillar of the Common Agricultural Policy: the rural development has been successful in managing the employment of the labour supersededfrom the primer sector so far, which is significantly reflected in the unfavourable indicators of labour management and unemployment.

scholarly journals Weighing Down the Landscape: The Quarry as a Site of Rural Modernity

2018 ◽  
pp. 69-83
Author(s):  
Samuel Shaw
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Close Relation ◽  
Art Galleries ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Art Works ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Common ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
A Site ◽  
Rural Industries

This chapter argues that late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century artists seem to have been especially attracted by quarries, treating them as a means of exploring modernity through the lens of rural romanticism. Quarries regularly appear in paintings in many of the artists associated with rural modernity: William Rothenstein, Edward Wadsworth, Walter Bell, Roger Fry, and J. D. Fergusson, among them. Appreciating that there is no single way of categorising and representing quarries, this chapter (the first ever study of this important subject) explores many of the common themes to be found in paintings of quarries in the first half of the twentieth century. It considers a wide range of artists and art-works — the majority of which are owned by rural art galleries — in close relation to the history of rural industries in such regions as Cornwall, West Yorkshire, and Edinburgh.

Peptides in the brain of the common snail, Helix aspersa

1982 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 384-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARION E. WILLIAMSON ◽  
PIERS C. EMSON
Keyword(s):  
Helix Aspersa ◽  
Common Snail ◽  
The Common ◽  
Snail Helix Aspersa ◽  
The Brain

Haplosporosomes, sporoplasmosomes and their putative taxonomic relationships in rhizarians and myxozoans

Parasitology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 147 (14) ◽  
pp. 1614-1628
Author(s):  
P.M. Hine ◽  
D.J. Morris ◽  
C. Azevedo ◽  
S.W. Feist ◽  
G. Casal
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Common Method ◽  
Taxonomic Relationships ◽  
Internal Membrane ◽  
The Common ◽  
Golgi Network ◽  
Common Ancestors

AbstractThis paper reviews current knowledge of the structure, genesis, cytochemistry and putative functions of the haplosporosomes of haplosporidians (Urosporidium, Haplosporidium, Bonamia, Minchinia) and paramyxids (Paramyxa, Paramyxoides, Marteilia, Marteilioides, Paramarteilia), and the sporoplasmosomes of myxozoans (Myxozoa – Malacosporea, Myxosporea). In all 3 groups, these bodies occur in plasmodial trophic stages, disappear at the onset of sporogony, and reappear in the spore. Some haplosporidian haplosporosomes lack the internal membrane regarded as characteristic of these bodies and that phylum. Haplosporidian haplosporogenesis is through the Golgi (spherulosome in the spore), either to form haplosporosomes at the trans-Golgi network, or for the Golgi to produce formative bodies from which membranous vesicles bud, thus acquiring the external membrane. The former method also forms sporoplasmosomes in malacosporeans, while the latter is the common method of haplosporogenesis in paramyxids. Sporoplasmogenesis in myxosporeans is largely unknown. The haplosporosomes of Haplosporidium nelsoni and sporoplasmosomes of malacosporeans are similar in arraying themselves beneath the plasmodial plasma membrane with their internal membranes pointing to the exterior, possibly to secrete their contents to lyse host cells or repel haemocytes. It is concluded that these bodies are probably multifunctional within and between groups, their internal membranes separating different functional compartments, and their origin may be from common ancestors in the Neoproterozoic.

scholarly journals In Vitro Activity of Expanded-Spectrum Pyridazinyl Oxime Ethers Related to Pirodavir: Novel Capsid-Binding Inhibitors with Potent Antipicornavirus Activity

2004 ◽  
Vol 48 (5) ◽  
pp. 1766-1772 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. L. Barnard ◽  
V. D. Hubbard ◽  
D. F. Smee ◽  
R. W. Sidwell ◽  
K. G. W. Watson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Common Cold ◽  
The United States ◽  
Neutral Red ◽  
In Vitro Activity ◽  
Oral Agent ◽  
Uptake Assay ◽  
The Common ◽  
Orally Bioavailable ◽  
Neutral Red Uptake Assay

ABSTRACT Picornaviruses (PV) include human rhinovirus (HRV), the primary cause of the common cold, and the enteroviruses (EV), which cause serious diseases such as poliomyelitis, meningoencephalitis, and systemic neonatal disease. Although no compounds for PV infections have been approved in the United States, pirodavir was one of the most promising capsid-binding compounds to show efficacy in human clinical trials for chemoprophylaxis of the common cold. Susceptibility to hydrolysis precluded its use as an oral agent. We have developed orally bioavailable pyridazinyl oxime ethers that are as potent as pirodavir. Compounds BTA39 and BTA188 inhibited a total of 56 HRV laboratory strains and three clinical isolates as determined by neutral red uptake assay. At concentrations of <100 nM, BTA39 inhibited 69% of the HRV serotypes and isolates evaluated, BTA188 inhibited 75%, and pirodavir inhibited 59% of the serotypes and isolates. The 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50s) for the two compounds ranged from 0.5 nM to 6,701 nM. The compounds also inhibited EV, including coxsackie A and B viruses (IC50 = 773 to 3,608 nM) and echoviruses (IC50 = 193 to 5,155 nM). BTA39 only inhibited poliovirus strain WM-1 at 204 nM, and BTA188 only inhibited poliovirus strain Chat at 82 nM. EV 71 was inhibited by BTA39 and BTA188, with IC50s of 1 and 82 nM, respectively. Both compounds were relatively nontoxic in actively growing cells (50% cytotoxic doses, ≥4,588 nM). These data suggest that these oxime ethers warrant further investigation as potential agents for treating selected PV infections.

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