scholarly journals Regulation of host phenotypic plasticity by gut symbiont communities in the Eastern Subterranean termite (Reticulitermes flavipes Kollar)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajani Sapkota ◽  
Cindy H. Nakatsu ◽  
Michael E. Scharf
Keyword(s):  
Phenotypic Plasticity ◽  
16S Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽  
Reticulitermes Flavipes ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Caste Differentiation ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Alpha And Beta Diversity ◽  
Eusocial Insects ◽  
Gut Symbionts ◽  
Rrna Gene Sequencing

Termites are eusocial insects that host a range of prokaryotic and eukaryotic gut symbionts and can differentiate into a range of caste phenotypes. Soldier caste differentiation from termite workers follows two successive molts (worker-presoldier-soldier) that are driven at the endocrine level by juvenile hormone (JH). While physiological and eusocial mechanisms tied to JH signaling have been studied, the role of gut symbionts in the caste differentiation process is poorly understood. Here, we used the JH analog-methoprene in combination with the antibiotic kanamycin to manipulate caste differentiation and gut bacterial loads in Reticulitermes flavipes termites via four bioassay treatments: kanamycin, methoprene, kanamycin+methoprene, and an untreated (negative) control. Bioassay results demonstrated a significantly higher number of presoldiers in the methoprene, highest mortality in kanamycin+methoprene, and significantly reduced protist numbers in all treatments except the untreated control. Bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequencing provided alpha and beta diversity results that mirrored bioassay findings. From ANCOM analysis, we found that several bacterial genera were differentially abundant among treatments. Finally, follow-up experiments showed that if methoprene and kanamycin or untreated termites are placed together, zero or rescued presoldier initiation (respectively) occurs. These findings reveal that endogenous JH selects for symbiont compositions required to successfully complete presoldier differentiation. However, if the gut is voided before the influx of JH, it cannot select for the necessary symbionts that are crucial for molting. Based on these results we are able to provide a novel example of linkages between gut microbial communities and host phenotypic plasticity.

scholarly journals Impact of Oropharyngeal Administration of Colostrum in Preterm Newborns’ Oral Microbiome

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 4224
Author(s):  
Ramon V. Cortez ◽  
Andrea Fernandes ◽  
Luiz Gustavo Sparvoli ◽  
Marina Padilha ◽  
Rubens Feferbaum ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Preterm Infants ◽  
16S Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽  
Oral Microbiome ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Oral Microbiota ◽  
Alpha And Beta Diversity ◽  
Longitudinal Observational Study ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽  
Preterm Newborns

The initial colonization of the human microbiota is of paramount importance. In this context, the oropharyngeal administration of colostrum is a safe, viable, and well-tolerated practice even by the smallest preterm infants. Therefore, this study evaluated the effects of oropharyngeal administration of colostrum on the establishment of preterm infants’ oral microbiota. A longitudinal observational study was carried out with 20 premature neonates, divided into two groups: one receiving the protocol (Oropharyngeal Administration of Colostrum; OAC) and the other one receiving Standard Caare (SC). Saliva samples were collected from the newborns weekly during the study period (from the day of birth until the 21st day of life) for analysis of oral microbiota through 16S rRNA gene sequencing. We observed that the colonization of the oral microbiota of preterm newborns preseanted a higher relative abundance of Staphylococcus on the 7th day of life, mainly in the OAC group. Additionally, an increased abundance of Bifidobacterium and Bacteroides was observed in the OAC group at the first week of life. Regarding alpha and beta diversity, time was a key factor in the oral modulation of both groups, showing how dynamic this environment is in early life.

scholarly journals Characterizing the fecal bacteria and archaea community of heifers and lactating cows through 16S rRNA next-generation sequencing

2020 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 593-605
Author(s):  
Filippo Cendron ◽  
Giovanni Niero ◽  
Gabriele Carlino ◽  
Mauro Penasa ◽  
Martino Cassandro
Keyword(s):  
16S Rrna ◽  
16S Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Fecal Bacteria ◽  
Fecal Microbiome ◽  
Alpha And Beta Diversity ◽  
Microbiome Composition ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Rrna Gene Sequencing

AbstractThe aim of this study was to describe the fecal bacteria and archaea composition of Holstein-Friesian and Simmental heifers and lactating cows, using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Bacteria and archaea communities were characterized and compared between heifers and cows of the same breed. Two breeds from different farms were considered, just to speculate about the conservation of the microbiome differences between cows and heifers that undergo different management conditions. The two breeds were from two different herds. Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, and Proteobacteria were the most abundant phyla in all experimental groups. Alpha- and beta-diversity metrics showed significant differences between heifers and cows within the same breed, supported by principal coordinate analysis. The analysis of Holstein-Friesian fecal microbiome composition revealed 3 different bacteria families, 2 genera, and 2 species that differed between heifers and cows; on the other hand, Simmental heifers and cows differed only for one bacteria family, one archaeal genus, and one bacteria species. Results of the present study suggest that fecal communities of heifers and cows are different, and that fecal microbiome is maintained across experimental groups.

scholarly journals Modulation of Gut Microbiota by Glucosamine and Chondroitin in a Randomized, Double-Blind Pilot Trial in Humans

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 610
Author(s):  
Sandi L. Navarro ◽  
Lisa Levy ◽  
Keith R. Curtis ◽  
Johanna W. Lampe ◽  
Meredith A.J. Hullar
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Mixed Models ◽  
Pilot Trial ◽  
16S Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Alpha And Beta Diversity ◽  
False Discovery ◽  
Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽  
Gut Microbial Community

Glucosamine and chondroitin (G&C), typically taken for joint pain, are among the most frequently used specialty supplements by US adults. More recently, G&C have been associated with lower incidence of colorectal cancer in human observational studies and reduced severity of experimentally-induced ulcerative colitis in rodents. However, little is known about their effects on colon-related physiology. G&C are poorly absorbed and therefore metabolized by gut microbiota. G&C have been associated with changes in microbial structure, which may alter host response. We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial in ten healthy adults to evaluate the effects of a common dose of G&C compared to placebo for 14 days on gut microbial community structure, measured by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Linear mixed models were used to evaluate the effect of G&C compared to placebo on fecal microbial alpha and beta diversity, seven phyla, and 137 genera. Nine genera were significantly different between interventions (False Discovery Rate < 0.05). Abundances of four Lachnospiraceae genera, two Prevotellaceae genera, and Desulfovibrio were increased after G&C compared to placebo, while Bifidobacterium and a member of the Christensenellaceae family were decreased. Our results suggest that G&C affect the composition of the gut microbiome which may have implications for therapeutic efficacy.

Diversity of Gut Bacteria of Reticulitermes flavipes as Examined by 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing and Amplified rDNA Restriction Analysis

2007 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 254-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Fisher ◽  
Dini Miller ◽  
Carlyle Brewster ◽  
Claudia Husseneder ◽  
Allan Dickerman
Keyword(s):  
16S Rrna ◽  
16S Rrna Gene ◽  
Restriction Analysis ◽  
Gene Sequencing ◽  
16S Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽  
Reticulitermes Flavipes ◽  
Gut Bacteria ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽  
Amplified Rdna Restriction Analysis

scholarly journals Reagent contamination can critically impact sequence-based microbiome analyses

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susannah J Salter ◽  
Michael J Cox ◽  
Elena M Turek ◽  
Szymon T Calus ◽  
William O Cookson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
16S Rrna ◽  
16S Rrna Gene ◽  
Dna Extraction ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
16S Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Shotgun Metagenomics ◽  
Culture Independent ◽  
Rrna Gene Sequencing

AbstractThe study of microbial communities has been revolutionised in recent years by the widespread adoption of culture independent analytical techniques such as 16S rRNA gene sequencing and metagenomics. One potential confounder of these sequence-based approaches is the presence of contamination in DNA extraction kits and other laboratory reagents. In this study we demonstrate that contaminating DNA is ubiquitous in commonly used DNA extraction kits, varies greatly in composition between different kits and kit batches, and that this contamination critically impacts results obtained from samples containing a low microbial biomass. Contamination impacts both PCR based 16S rRNA gene surveys and shotgun metagenomics. These results suggest that caution should be advised when applying sequence-based techniques to the study of microbiota present in low biomass environments. We provide an extensive list of potential contaminating genera, and guidelines on how to mitigate the effects of contamination. Concurrent sequencing of negative control samples is strongly advised.

scholarly journals Gut microbiota comparison of vaginally and cesarean born infants exclusively breastfed by mothers secreting α1–2 fucosylated oligosaccharides in breast milk

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. e0246839
Author(s):  
Karina M. Tonon ◽  
Tania B. Morais ◽  
Carla R. Taddei ◽  
Humberto B. Araújo-Filho ◽  
Ana Cristina F. V. Abrão ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
16S Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Alpha And Beta Diversity ◽  
Secretor Status ◽  
Rrna Gene Sequencing

Background Exclusive breastfeeding promotes beneficial modifications on the microbiota of cesarean born infants, but little is known about the role of specific breast milk components in this modulation. Women with an active FUT2 gene (called secretors) secrete α1–2 fucosylated human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), which promote Bifidobacterium in the infant’s gut and may modulate the microbiota of cesarean born infants. Objective To compare the microbiota composition of cesarean and vaginally born infants breastfed by secretor mothers. Methods Maternal secretor status was determined by the occurrence of 4 different α1–2 fucosylated HMOs in breast milk by LC-MS. The fecal microbiota composition from cesarean and vaginally born infants was analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and qPCR, stratified by the maternal secretor status, and compared. Results Alpha and beta diversity were not significantly different in cesarean born, secretor-fed infants (CSe+) compared to vaginally born, secretor-fed infants (VSe+). There were no significant differences in the fecal relative abundance of Bifidobacterium between CSe+ and VSe+ infants, but the prevalence of the species B. longum was lower in CSe+. The fecal relative abundance of Bacteroides was also lower, while Akkermansia and Kluyvera were higher in CSe+ infants. Conclusion Cesarean and vaginally born infants fed with breast milk containing the α1–2 fucosylated HMOs fraction present similar amounts of Bifidobacterium in the feces, but differences are observed in other members of the microbiota.

scholarly journals Intestinal microbiota changes induced by TNF-inhibitors in IBD-related spondyloarthritis

RMD Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. e001755
Author(s):  
Maria Chiara Ditto ◽  
Simone Parisi ◽  
Gianpiero Landolfi ◽  
Richard Borrelli ◽  
Cristina Realmuto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
16S Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Biological Drugs ◽  
Alpha And Beta Diversity ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Bowel Diseases ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽  
The Impact

BackgroundThe close relationship between joints and gut inflammation has long been known and several data suggest that dysbiosis could link spondyloarthritis (SpA) to inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). The introduction of biological drugs, in particular tumour necrosis factor inhibitors (TNFi), revolutionised the management of both these diseases. While the impact of conventional drugs on gut microbiota is well known, poor data are available about TNFi.AimTo investigate the impact of TNFi on gut microbiota.MethodsWe evaluated 20 patients affected by enteropathic arthritis, naïve for biological drugs, treated with TNFi at baseline and after 6 months of therapy. All patients followed a Mediterranean diet. Patients performed self-sampling of a faecal sample at baseline and after 6 months of therapy. NGS-based ITS and 16S rRNA gene sequencing was performed, followed by the taxonomic bioinformatics analysis.ResultsAfter 6 months of therapy, we detected a remarkable increase in Lachnospiraceae family (Δ +10.3, p=0.04) and Coprococcus genus (Δ +2.8, p=0.003). We also noted a decreasing trend in Proteobacteria (Δ −8.0, p=0.095) and Gammaproteobacteria (Δ −9, p=0.093) and an increasing trend in Clostridia (Δ +8.2, p=0.083). We did not find differences between TNFi responders (SpA improvement or IBD remission achieved) and non-responders in terms of alpha and beta diversity.ConclusionsOur findings are consistent with the hypothesis that TNFi therapy tends to restore the intestinal eubiosis.

Screening and Molecular Characterization of Cellulase Producing Actinobacteria from Litchi Orchard

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-101
Author(s):  
Sanju Kumari ◽  
Utkarshini Sharma ◽  
Rohit Krishna ◽  
Kanak Sinha ◽  
Santosh Kumar
Keyword(s):  
16S Rrna ◽  
16S Rrna Gene ◽  
Molecular Characterization ◽  
Biochemical Characterization ◽  
Evolutionary Relationship ◽  
Gene Sequencing ◽  
Cellulase Activity ◽  
16S Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Rrna Gene Sequencing

Background: Cellulolysis is of considerable economic importance in laundry detergents, textile and pulp and paper industries and in fermentation of biomass into biofuels. Objective: The aim was to screen cellulase producing actinobacteria from the fruit orchard because of its requirement in several chemical reactions. Methods: Strains of actinobacteria were isolated on Sabouraud’s agar medium. Similarities in cultural and biochemical characterization by growing the strains on ISP medium and dissimilarities among them perpetuated to recognise nine groups of actinobacteria. Cellulase activity was measured by the diameter of clear zone around colonies on CMC agar and the amount of reducing sugar liberated from carboxymethyl cellulose in the supernatant of the CMC broth. Further, 16S rRNA gene sequencing and molecular characterization were placed before NCBI for obtaining recognition with accession numbers. Results: Prominent clear zones on spraying Congo Red were found around the cultures of strains of three groups SK703, SK706, SK708 on CMC agar plates. The enzyme assay for carboxymethylcellulase displayed extra cellulase activity in broth: 0.14, 0.82 and 0.66 &#181;mol mL-1 min-1, respectively at optimum conditions of 35°C, pH 7.3 and 96 h of incubation. However, the specific cellulase activities per 1 mg of protein did not differ that way. It was 1.55, 1.71 and 1.83 μmol mL-1 min-1. The growing mycelia possessed short compact chains of 10-20 conidia on aerial branches. These morphological and biochemical characteristics, followed by their verification by Bergey’s Manual, categorically allowed the strains to be placed under actinobacteria. Further, 16S rRNA gene sequencing, molecular characterization and their evolutionary relationship through phylogenetics also confirmed the putative cellulase producing isolates of SK706 and SK708 subgroups to be the strains of Streptomyces. These strains on getting NCBI recognition were christened as Streptomyces glaucescens strain SK91L (KF527284) and Streptomyces rochei strain SK78L (KF515951), respectively. Conclusion: Conclusive evidence on the basis of different parameters established the presence of cellulase producing actinobacteria in the litchi orchard which can convert cellulose into fermentable sugar.

scholarly journals Diversity, Composition and Functional Inference of Gut Microbiota in Indian Cabbage white Pieris canidia (Lepidoptera: Pieridae)

Life ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 254
Author(s):  
Ying Wang ◽  
Jianqing Zhu ◽  
Jie Fang ◽  
Li Shen ◽  
Shuojia Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
16S Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽  
Adult Survival ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Functional Inference ◽  
Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽  
Insect Fitness

We characterized the gut microbial composition and relative abundance of gut bacteria in the larvae and adults of Pieris canidia by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The gut microbiota structure was similar across the life stages and sexes. The comparative functional analysis on P. canidia bacterial communities with PICRUSt showed the enrichment of several pathways including those for energy metabolism, immune system, digestive system, xenobiotics biodegradation, transport, cell growth and death. The parameters often used as a proxy of insect fitness (development time, pupation rate, emergence rate, adult survival rate and weight of 5th instars larvae) showed a significant difference between treatment group and untreated group and point to potential fitness advantages with the gut microbiomes in P. canidia. These data provide an overall view of the bacterial community across the life stages and sexes in P. canidia.

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