The Influence of Temperature and Moisture on the Uptake and Loss of Water in the Eggs of Gryllulus Commodus Walker (Orthoptera--Gryllidae)

1953 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 104-115
Author(s):  
T. O. BROWNING
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Water Uptake ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Initial Period ◽  
Influence Of Temperature ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Original Weight ◽  
Maximum Water ◽  
Diapause Development ◽  
Maximum Water Content

1. Eggs placed on moist plaster took up water slowly at first and then more rapidly until they had reached their maximum water content. The duration of the initial period of slow water uptake was dependent upon temperature, becoming shorter as the temperature was raised. Similarly the duration of the period of rapid water uptake decreased with temperature. 2. No special water-absorbing structure was identified in the eggs of Gryllulus. 3. The rate of water loss from newly laid eggs was more rapid at higher than at lower temperatures under conditions of constant atmospheric saturation deficiency. 4. Newly laid eggs died if they lost more than about 20% of their original weight. 5. At 90% relative humidity, eggs which had completed water uptake lost water at a higher rate at high than at lower temperatures. The rate of water loss was also dependent on the stage of development of the embryo. 6. Eggs that had completed diapause development at 13° C. and had completed water uptake were able to lose about 30% of their weight through desiccation without being killed, but many of those that lost more than about 20% of their weight failed to develop when replaced on moist plaster; it seemed as if they had entered a state resembling diapause.

Water loss dynamics in maize hybrids with different genotypes

2005 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. C. Dobos ◽  
G. Szabó
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Environmental Parameters ◽  
Close Correlation ◽  
Water Dynamics ◽  
Maize Production ◽  
Grain Moisture ◽  
Maximum Water ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Maximum Water Content

Tests were made on the water dynamics of water loss in maize at two locations at major maize production areas, Debrecen and Szeged, as a function of the heat sum required up to physiological ripening. The maximum water content was found to vary according to the hybrid and the year. No significant differences were found between the effective heat sums associated with maximum values within a year, the difference being 2-4 calendar days. There was a close correlation between the maximum grain water content and the length of the generative phase for a given hybrid in a given year. Better water supplies (1998) resulted in higher maximum water content values, which indirectly promoted longer and more intensive dry matter incorporation. Of all the environmental parameters, the drying down rate is primarily determined by the temperature. The changes in grain moisture content in a specific hybrid can be characterised by a joint linear graph. The drying down rate of the individual hybrids was determined by examining the b term of the linear equation.

scholarly journals Hydrophilic Polymers and Wetting Agents Affect Absorption and Evaporative Water Loss

HortScience ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 633-635 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allyson M. Blodgett ◽  
David J. Beattie ◽  
John W. White ◽  
George C. Elliott
Keyword(s):  
Water Absorption ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Hydrophilic Polymers ◽  
Wetting Agent ◽  
Hydrophilic Polymer ◽  
Evaporative Water ◽  
Maximum Water ◽  
Maximum Water Content ◽  
Container Capacity

A plantless system using subirrigation was developed to measure water absorption and loss in soilless media amended with hydrophilic polymers, a wetting agent, or combinations of these amendments. Peat-perlite-vermiculite and bark-peat-perlite controls achieved 67% and 52% of container capacity, respectively, after 20 daily irrigation cycles. Maximum water content of amended media was 78% of container capacity. Adding only a hydrophilic polymer did not increase total water content significantly. Adding a wetting agent increased water absorption in both media. However, when hydrophilic polymer and wetting agent were present, the medium absorbed more water than with wetting agent alone. More extractable water was removed from media containing wetting agent. Water loss rate by evaporation was not affected significantly by medium, hydrophilic polymer, wetting agent, or any combination of these variables.

Influence of temperature and relative humidity on water loss in the workers of the meat ant, Iridomyrmex detectus (Smith) (Dolichoderinae: hymenopter).

1965 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 301 ◽  
Author(s):  
JJC Nel
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Quantitative Evaluation ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Influence Of Temperature ◽  
Adequate Supply ◽  
Hot Days ◽  
Cold Spring

Water loss in the workers of the dolichoderine ant Iridomyrmex detectus (Smith) was studied in South Australia. A quantitative evaluation of the effect of temperature and relative humidity on the transpiration of ants collected during winter and spring is given. Workers collected during winter and on cold spring days transpired more than ants collected on hot days. This phenomenon could be explained in terms of abrasion of the cuticle and the behaviour of the workers. The workers lost water relatively quickly and they would probably not have survived the dry summer without an adequate supply of honey dew from sap-sucking insects.

scholarly journals The Influence of the Hatching Factor on the Water Uptake of the Second Stage Larva of the Potato Cyst Nematode Heterodera Rostochiensis

1976 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 141-147
Author(s):  
C. ELLENBY ◽  
R. N. PERRY
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Water Uptake ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Cyst Nematode ◽  
Potato Cyst Nematode ◽  
Interference Microscopy ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Maximum Water ◽  
Heterodera Rostochiensis ◽  
Maximum Water Content

1. Larvae-containing eggs of the potato cyst nematode were soaked in root diffusate in artificial tap water or in artificial tap water alone. In one experiment, the eggs were still contained in intact cysts; in another experiment they were in a halved cyst. 2. Eggs were ruptured after 0–5 days treatment and the water content of the liberated larvae immediately estimated by interference microscopy. 3. Larvae from treated eggs from both the halved and intact cysts had a higher water content than controls. 4. Larvae liberated from treated eggs from the halved cyst reached their maximum water content after 24 h treatment; those from intact cysts attained the same value after 2 days. The delay, for the intact cyst, is in keeping with the hatching response for intact cysts and supports the view that the results for water content are due to the activity of the hatching factor. 5. Reasons are advanced for the view that the hatching factor may work via a neurosecretory mechanism.

Effects of cyclic ageing on the tensile properties and diffusion coefficients of an epoxy-based adhesive

2021 ◽  
pp. 146442072199487
Author(s):  
JA da Costa ◽  
A Akhavan-Safar ◽  
EAS Marques ◽  
RJC Carbas ◽  
LFM da Silva
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Water Uptake ◽  
Diffusion Coefficients ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Adhesively Bonded ◽  
Maximum Water ◽  
Real Practice ◽  
And Diffusion ◽  
Maximum Water Content ◽  
Adhesively Bonded Structures

In real practice, adhesively bonded structures are usually exposed to cyclic environmental conditions. However, cyclic ageing processes are relatively unexplored. The aim of this study is to consider the effect of cyclic ageing on the rate of water uptake and the drying process in an epoxy-based adhesive. Fick’s law was considered to estimate the water diffusion coefficients for the ageing and the drying steps at different cycles. Different cyclic ageing times have been considered in the ageing procedure. Dogbone shape specimens were also manufactured and subjected to cyclic aging to investigate the tensile properties of the tested adhesive as a function of aging cycles. The gravimetric results showed that the rate of water uptake and drying is mainly a function of the level of water uptake of the first ageing cycle. Tensile test results showed that the maximum water content increases with each subsequent ageing cycle. It was also found that the Young’s modulus and the tensile strength of the adhesive decreased significantly after the initial ageing cycle, but all subsequent ageing cycles have considerably less influence on the mechanical properties of the adhesive.

Hydraulic segmentation does not protect stems from acute water loss during fire

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
William A Hoffmann ◽  
Amanda C Rodrigues ◽  
Nicholas Uncles ◽  
Lorenzo Rossi
Keyword(s):  
Water Uptake ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
High Water ◽  
Fire Plume ◽  
Magnolia Grandiflora ◽  
Hydraulic Failure ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Transport Path ◽  
Measured Water

Abstract The heat plume associated with fire has been hypothesized to cause sufficient water loss from trees to induce embolism and hydraulic failure. However, it is unclear whether the water transport path remains sufficiently intact during scorching or burning of foliage to sustain high water loss. We measured water uptake by branches of Magnolia grandiflora while exposing them to a range of fire intensities, and examined factors influencing continued water uptake after fire. Burning caused a 22-fold mean increase in water uptake, with greatest rates of water loss observed at burn intensities that caused complete consumption of leaves. Such rapid uptake is possible only with steep gradients in water potential, which would likely result in substantial cavitation of xylem and loss of conductivity in intact stems. Water uptake continued after burning was complete, and was greatest following burn intensities that killed leaves but did not consume them. This post-fire uptake was mostly driven by rehydration of the remaining tissues, rather than evaporation from the tissues. Our results indicate that the fire-plume hypothesis can be expanded to include a wide range of burning conditions experienced by plants. High rates of water loss are sustained during burning, even when leaves are killed or completely consumed.

Influence of temperature and relative humidity on early bond strengths to dentine

1995 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.F. Burrow ◽  
Y. Taniguchi ◽  
T. Nikaido ◽  
M. Satoh ◽  
N. Inai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Influence Of Temperature ◽  
Bond Strengths

Water Uptake and Embryonic Development in Eggs of Chorthippus Brunneus Thunberg (Saltatoria: Acrididae)

1969 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 327-333
Author(s):  
F. MORIARTY
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Water Uptake ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Chloride Solutions ◽  
Sodium Chloride Solutions ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Further Development

1. The pattern of water absorption by eggs of Chorthippus brunneus varies greatly between individuals. 2. The time at which water is absorbed does not have a close relationship with the stage of embryonic development. 3. Water absorption is not essential for prediapause development. 4. Eggs can only undergo blastokinesis and further development, after diapause is broken, if some water has been absorbed. 5. The rate of water loss or gain varies with the osmotic pressure of sodium chloride solutions. 6. Eggs which have started to absorb water appear to become desiccated more rapidly than eggs which have not.

First global assessment of modelled aerosol hygroscopicity in the context of other aerosol optical properties

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Ángeles Burgos Simón ◽  
Elisabeth Andrews ◽  
Gloria Titos ◽  
Angela Benedetti ◽  
Huisheng Bian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Optical Properties ◽  
Light Scattering ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Water Uptake ◽  
Chem Phys ◽  
Earth System ◽  
Aerosol Optical Properties ◽  
System Models ◽  
Earth System Models

<p>The particle hygroscopic growth impacts the optical properties of aerosols and, in turn, affects the aerosol-radiation interaction and calculation of the Earth’s radiative balance. The dependence of particle light scattering on relative humidity (RH) can be described by the scattering enhancement factor f(RH), defined as the ratio between the particle light scattering coefficient at a given RH divided by its dry value.</p><p>The first effort of the AeroCom Phase III – INSITU experiment was to develop an observational dataset of scattering enhancement values at 26 sites to study the uptake of water by atmospheric aerosols, and evaluate f(RH) globally (Burgos et al., 2019). Model outputs from 10 Earth System Models (CAM, CAM-ATRAS, CAM-Oslo, GEOS-Chem, GEOS-GOCART, MERRAero, TM5, OsloCTM3, IFS-AER, and ECMWF) were then evaluated against this in-situ dataset. Building on these results, we investigate f(RH) in the context of other aerosol optical and chemical properties, making use of the same 10 Earth System Models (ESMs) and in-situ measurements as in Burgos et al. (2020) and Titos et al. (2021).</p><p>Given the difficulties of deploying and maintaining instrumentation for long-term, accurate and comprehensive f(RH) observations, it is desirable to find an observational proxy for f(RH). This observation-based proxy would also need to be reproduced in modelling space. Our aim here is to evaluate how ESMs currently represent the relationship between f(RH), scattering Ångström exponent (SAE), and single scattering albedo (SSA). This work helps to identify current challenges in modelling water-uptake by aerosols and their impact on aerosol optical properties within Earth system models.</p><p>We start by analyzing the behavior of SSA with RH, finding the expected increase with RH for all site types and models. Then, we analyze the three variables together (f(RH)-SSA-SAE relationship). Results show that hygroscopic particles tend to be bigger and scatter more than non-hygroscopic small particles, though variability within models is noticeable. This relationship can be further studied by relating SAE to model chemistry, by selecting those grid points dominated by a single chemical component (mass mixing ratios > 90%). Finally, we analyze model performance at three specific sites representing different aerosol types: Arctic, marine and rural. At these sites, the model data can be exactly temporally and spatially collocated with the observations, which should help to identify the models which exhibit better agreement with measurements and for which aerosol type.</p><p> </p><p>Burgos, M.A. et al.: A global view on the effect of water uptake on aerosol particle light scattering. Sci Data 6, 157. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-019-0158-7, 2019.</p><p>Burgos, M.A. et al.: A global model–measurement evaluation of particle light scattering coefficients at elevated relative humidity, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 10231–10258, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-10231-2020, 2020.</p><p>Titos, G. et al.: A global study of hygroscopicity-driven light scattering enhancement in the context of other in-situ aerosol optical properties, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss. [preprint], https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2020-1250, in review, 2020.</p>

About realization of the first stage of development of the fundamental problem “Folk music of Halychyna and Volodymyria”: innovative activity of the Research Scientific Laboratory of Musical Ethnology 1990s–early 2000s.

Ethnomusic ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-46
Author(s):  
Lina Dobrianska ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Folk Music ◽  
Fundamental Problem ◽  
Initial Period ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Historical Records ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Data Archives ◽  
Research Programmes ◽  
Western Ukraine ◽  
Scientific Laboratory

The article considers versatile ethnomusicographic activities of the Research Scientific Laboratory of Music Ethnology (RSLME) in initial period of its activity (1990–2004) under the direction of Bohdan Lukaniuk. A brief historical outline of the ethnomusicological studies of the Lviv Conservatory has been submitted, the chronology of educational reform in pedagogy and scientific ethnomusicological studies of higher education has been presented, which resulted in the establishment of a new scientific institution, the Scientific-Researching Laboratory of Music Ethnography, on the basis of the Office of Folk Music as early as 1990’s. The main innovations introduced by B. Lukaniuk in the etnomusicology and education were outlined. PSRLME in cooperation with Music Folklore Department of the Mykola Lysenko Lviv High Music School has rapidly developed into a trusted ethnomusicological institution well established in Ukraine and abroad. The main innovations were: carefull planning of all activities of the Laboratory as an integral part of the project “Folk music of Galicia and Volodymyria”; the methodological and practical reform of musical education; establishment of an careful field research and archiving strategy as integral part of historical and ethnomusicological research programmes of the Western Ukraine ethnomusicological areals; a reform of Ethnomusicographic data archive: careful planning of field research programmes, establishments of new funds and collections, systematic archiving of current & historical records, etc. The results of the initial period of the activities of PSRLME in the field of musical and ethnographic data archives are summarized, including the historical timeline of the implementation of as much as two dozen research programs and sub-programs which were then initially established, and a series of indicators has been created to provide historical timeline reference. The article is prepared on the basis of the data archives of documentation and printed sources. Tags: music folklore, ethnomusicology historical records, etnomusicological data archives, archiving data strategies, Bohdan Lukaniuk, PSRLME.

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