A Cineradiographic Study of the Central Circulation in the Hagfish, Myxine Glutinosa L

1960 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 469-473
Author(s):  
RAGNAR HOL ◽  
KJELL JOHANSEN
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Muscular Activity ◽  
Active Part ◽  
Striated Muscles ◽  
Direct Communication ◽  
Myxine Glutinosa ◽  
True Blood ◽  
Central Circulation ◽  
Branchial Region

1. An angiocardiographic study has been made of Myxine glutinosa, using modern cineradiographic instrumentation. In addition to the heart, vessels in the branchial region have been studied. 2. The topography of the heart chambers and their filling and emptying have been described. The frequency of the heart at body temperature, 8-100° C., was found to be about 30 beats per minute. 3. Results are presented that support the assumption that the gill sacs and theirducts, as well as striated muscles in the branchial region, take an active part in the propulsion of blood. 4. The phenomenon of extravasation or circulation in lacunar spaces (blood sinuses in direct communication with the true blood-vessels) has been demonstrated. The described muscular activity in the branchial region seems to promote the return of blood from these sinuses to the heart.

scholarly journals Malignant catarrhal fever (Coryza gangraenosa bovum)

2008 ◽  
Vol 62 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 105-110
Author(s):  
Filip Spasojevic ◽  
Djordje Uzelac ◽  
Zlatko Milosavljevic ◽  
Ivan Vujanac
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Medical Condition ◽  
Malignant Catarrhal Fever ◽  
Lethal Outcome ◽  
Cattle Farm ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Progressive Loss ◽  
Loss Of Weight ◽  
Elevated Body Temperature

Malignant catarrhal fever is a disease of cattle and other ruminants, which most often has a lethal outcome. The disease occurs sporadically and is very difficult to control. At a private mini cattle farm, the occurrence of malignant catarrhal fever was suspected on the grounds of anaemnestic data and results of clinical examinations. The owner said that, in addition to cattle, he also breeds sheep in a separate facility, but said these animals had not been in contact with the diseased cow. In the course of the disease, the characteristic symptoms developed so that the clinical diagnosis set earlier was subsequently confirmed. In addition to constantly elevated body temperature, changes in the eyes were observed very soon (congested blood vessels and capillaries of the white sclera with keratitis on both sides). In addition to photofobia and a copious discharge from the nasal cavities, the discharge was at first seromucous and later became mucopurrulent. In the later course of the disease, there was progressive loss of weight and exhaustion of the animal. Since therapy included, in addition to other medicines, also a glucocorticosteroid preparation, the animal aborted its fetus on the fifth day. A pathological-anatomical examination did not reveal any changes on the fetus. In spite of the applied therapy, the medical condition deteriorated from day to day, and the animal expired on the eighth day of the disease.

scholarly journals Development of a concept-based EMG-based speller

DYNA ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 82 (193) ◽  
pp. 170-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robertas Damaševičius ◽  
Mindaugas Vasiljevas ◽  
Tomas Šumskas
Keyword(s):  
Assisted Living ◽  
Information Transfer ◽  
Ambient Assisted Living ◽  
Muscular Activity ◽  
Computer Interface ◽  
Physiological Data ◽  
Visual Concept ◽  
Computing Systems ◽  
Direct Communication ◽  
Communication Pathway

Physiological computing is a paradigm of computing that treats users’ physiological data as input during computing tasks in an Ambient Assisted Living (AAL) environment. By monitoring, analyzing and responding to such inputs, Physiological Computing Systems (PCS) are able to respond to the users’ cognitive, emotional and physical states. A specific case of PCS is Neural Computer Interface (NCI), which uses electrical signals governing users’ muscular activity (EMG data) to establish a direct communication pathway between the user and a computer. We present taxonomy of speller application parameters, propose a model of PCS, and describe the development of the EMG-based speller as a benchmark application. We analyze and develop an EMG-based speller application with a traditional letter-based as well as visual concept-based interface. Finally, we evaluate the performance and usability of the developed speller using empirical (accuracy, information transfer speed, input speed) metrics.

Inhibition of shivering in hypothermic seals during diving

2005 ◽  
Vol 289 (2) ◽  
pp. R326-R331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petter H. Kvadsheim ◽  
Lars P. Folkow ◽  
Arnoldus Schytte Blix
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Brain Temperature ◽  
Muscular Activity ◽  
Emg Activity ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Metabolic Heat ◽  
Cystophora Cristata ◽  
Increase Oxygen Consumption

The mammalian response to hypothermia is increased metabolic heat production, usually by way of muscular activity, such as shivering. Seals, however, have been reported to respond to diving with hypothermia, which in other mammals under other circumstances would have elicited vigorous shivering. In the diving situation, shivering could be counterproductive, because it obviously would increase oxygen consumption and therefore reduce diving capacity. We have measured the electromyographic (EMG) activity of three different muscles and the rectal and brain temperature of hooded seals ( Cystophora cristata) while they were exposed to low ambient temperatures in a climatic chamber and while they performed a series of experimental dives in cold water. In air, the seals had a normal mammalian shivering response to cold. Muscles were recruited in a sequential manner until body temperature stopped dropping. Shivering was initiated when rectal temperature fell below 35.3 ± 0.6°C ( n = 6). In the hypothermic diving seal, however, the EMG activity in all of the muscles that had been shivering vigorously before submergence was much reduced, or stopped altogether, whereas it increased again upon emergence but was again reduced if diving was repeated. We conclude that shivering is inhibited during diving to allow a decrease in body temperature whereby oxygen consumption is decreased and diving capacity is extended.

scholarly journals Morfologi Hemipenis Biawak Air (Varanus salvator bivittatus)

2017 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 111
Author(s):  
Mahfud Mahfud ◽  
Adi Winarto ◽  
Chairun Nisa
Keyword(s):  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Copulatory Organ ◽  
Retractor Muscle ◽  
Striated Muscles ◽  
Section Thickness ◽  
Microscopic Anatomy ◽  
Varanus Salvator ◽  
Hematoxylin Eosin ◽  
Cavernous Body

Varanus salvator bivittatus has a pair of hemipenes, which is macroscopic anatomically like the copulatory organ in other amniotes, cylindrical-shaped (truncus) with quite flexible, and it located on the base of the caudal tailof the cloaca. However, information about the microscopic anatomy of hemipenes of this animal is scientifically unpublicized. Therefore, the aim of this research is to study the microscopic anatomy of hemipenes of male Varanussalvator bivittatus. The animals were sacrificed by exsanguination under deep anesthetized and fixed in 4 % paraformaldehyde through perfusion then observed visceral site and morphometric. Histomorphological evaluationwas obtained by paraffin preparation with section thickness of 3-4 μm then stained in Hematoxylin-Eosin (HE) and Masson’s Trichrome (MT). The results showed that truncus of hemipenes was lined by stratified squamousepithelium and supported with thick of dense connective tissue and contain cavernous body and blood vessels are found, the muscles not found. The presence of connective tissue that supported in the down part sometimesmake hemipenes are rigid while prurient condition. In the caudal of truncus hemipenes there is retractor muscle of hemipenes which arranged by striated muscles. Hemipenes is flexible because contain with much of blood vesselthat found in truncus hemipenes.

scholarly journals on the Nervous Regulation of Gill Blood Flow in the Dogfish (Scyliorhinus Canicula)

1984 ◽  
Vol 113 (1) ◽  
pp. 253-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. METCALFE ◽  
P. J. BUTLER
Keyword(s):  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Nerve Stimulation ◽  
Striated Muscle ◽  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
Striated Muscles ◽  
Motor Innervation ◽  
Scyliorhinus Canicula ◽  
Motor End Plate ◽  
Motor End Plates ◽  
Nervous Transmission

The motor innervation of the gill blood vessels of the dogfish Scyliorhinus canicula L. has been investigated by electrical stimulation of (1) the branchial branches of the IXth and Xth cranial nerves in isolated perfused 1st holobranch preparations and (2) both Xth cranial nerves in whole anaesthetized fish. The observed vascular responses to nerve stimulation appear to be entirely due to contraction of the striated muscles of the gill arch and not to any direct motor innervation of the major gill blood vessels since the responses were blocked only by the drug pancuronium, which blocks striated muscle motor end-plates. The specificity of pancuronium for the motor end-plate of striated muscle in the dogfish was established by showing that it did not block nervous transmission across the cardiac ganglia. The results from the nerve stimulation studies have been investigated further by pharmacological studies on isolated perfused gill preparations. Acetylcholine produces an atropine-sensitive increase in resistance to perfusion, while both adrenalin and noradrenalin decrease the resistance to perfusion.

Temperature regulation and cold acclimation in the golden hamster

1965 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 405-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hermann Pohl
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Cold Acclimation ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Golden Hamster ◽  
Thermal Conductance ◽  
Muscular Activity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Ambient Temperatures

Characteristics of cold acclimation in the golden hamster, Mesocricetus auratus, were 1) higher metabolic rate at -30 C, 2) less shivering when related to ambient temperature or oxygen consumption, and 3) higher differences in body temperature between cardiac area and thoracic subcutaneous tissues at all ambient temperatures tested, indicating changes in tissue insulation. Cold-acclimated hamsters also showed a rise in temperature of the cardiac area when ambient temperature was below 15 C. Changes in heat distribution in cold-acclimated hamsters suggest higher blood flow and heat production in the thoracic part of the body in the cold. The thermal conductance through the thoracic and lumbar muscle areas, however, did not change notably with lowering ambient temperature. Marked differences in thermoregulatory response to cold after cold acclimation were found between two species, the golden hamster and the thirteen-lined ground squirrel, showing greater ability to regulate body temperature in the cold in hamsters. hibernator; oxygen consumption— heat production; body temperature — heat conductance; muscular activity — shivering; thermoregulation Submitted on July 6, 1964

scholarly journals A HEMATOPOIETIC PERIFOLLICULAR ENVELOPE IN THE RAT SPLEEN

Blood ◽  
1948 ◽  
Vol 3 (8) ◽  
pp. 953-959 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. B. KRUMBHAAR
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Culture ◽  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Mononuclear Cell ◽  
Hematopoietic Cells ◽  
Outer Margin ◽  
Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils ◽  
Active Part ◽  
Dynamic Methods ◽  
Red Pulp

Abstract About the Malpighian follicles of several species of rodents, and especially prominent in rats, is a perifollicular envelope composed of hematopoietic cells that takes active part in hemolytopoietic changes. The identity of the mononuclear cell comprising the greater part of this tissue has not been positively determined; it is probably a young lymphocyte. It is possibly the homologue of the pale centers of the Malpighian follicles in man and other mammals, though it has been found in rabbit spleens which also have pale centers. It should be possible to determine this identity by the use of a greater variety of stains, and of test poisons, and, if possible, of dynamic methods such as tissue culture and moving pictures. The envelope is separated from the Malpighian follicle by a thin rind of collagenous connective tissue, but on its outer margin it merges gradually with the red pulp. It often contains a scattering of erythrocytes, normoblasts, polymorphonuclear neutrophils, and rarely eosinophils and pigment-bearing macrophages. Some of these cells were so greatly increased under the pathologic conditions first studied that colonization was suggested; they were later thought to have probably wandered in. The collar never contains megakaryocytes or sinuses or blood vessels of any noteworthy size.

Respiratory faculties of aquatic craniotes

2019 ◽  
pp. 125-138
Author(s):  
Steven F. Perry ◽  
Markus Lambertz ◽  
Anke Schmitz
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Current Model ◽  
Muscular Activity ◽  
Cartilaginous Fish ◽  
Unidirectional Flow ◽  
Internal Fluid ◽  
Filter Feeders ◽  
Respiratory Mechanism ◽  
Counter Current ◽  
Branchial Region

This chapter introduces the ‘who has what’ in terms of water-breathing respiratory faculties for craniotes. A branchial basket and a ventral heart or hearts that perfuse the branchial region with deoxygenated internal fluid is part of the bauplan of all chordates, including craniotes. Cilia ventilate the branchial region of extant non-craniote chordates, which are also predominantly sessile or planktonic filter feeders. In craniotes, the gills are the main gas exchange organs. They are ventilated by muscular activity and perfused with blood that contains haemoglobin in erythrocytes and flows in the opposite direction to the ventilated water (counter-current model). In spite of major differences in the structure of gills and the ventilatory apparatus among jawless craniotes, cartilaginous fish, and bony fish, the basic push–pull, constant, unidirectional flow respiratory mechanism remains unchanged (of course, with a few notable exceptions). In addition, both the blood and the structure of the gills may reflect adaptations of the respiratory faculty to habitual living conditions.

Thermoregulation and cold acclimation in a hibernator, Citellus tridecemlincatus

1965 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 398-404 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hermann Pohl ◽  
J. Sanford Hart
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Cold Acclimation ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Thermal Conductance ◽  
Muscular Activity ◽  
Local Heat ◽  
Ground Squirrels ◽  
Production Body

In the thirteen-lined ground squirrel, Citellus tridecemlineatus, the maintenance of body temperature and oxygen consumption in the cold is improved by acclimation to 18 and 6 C in the laboratory. Heat production at -30 C was greater in animals acclimated to 6 C, whether or not they had been previously hibernating, than in squirrels kept at 28 C. Oxygen consumption was correlated to body weight0.41. This relationship was not significantly affected by changes in ambient temperature. Local heat flow from the dorsal thorax was similar at a given temperature in all acclimation groups but the thermal conductance was greater and the cardiac-subcutaneous temperature difference was smaller in squirrels acclimated to 6 and 18 C. Although shivering was equally high in warm- and cold-acclimated ground squirrels in the cold, nonshivering thermogenesis occurred in curarized cold-acclimated animals exposed to cold or injected with noradrenaline. The results of the study suggest that ground squirrels are regularly exposed to temperatures in their natural habitat which induce considerable cold acclimation. oxygen consumption—heat production; body temperature—heat conductance; muscular activity Submitted on July 6, 1964

Physiological reactions of men and women during muscular activity and recovery in various environments

1961 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Brouha ◽  
P. E. Smith ◽  
R. De Lanne ◽  
M. E. Maxfield
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Diastolic Pressure ◽  
Pulmonary Ventilation ◽  
Muscular Activity ◽  
Work Load ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Dry Conditions

Men and women performing a standard exercise were studied in three environments. Pulmonary ventilation, O2 consumption, CO2 elimination, heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature and weight loss were recorded. Pulmonary ventilation was usually decreased in the warm-dry environment and increased in the warm-humid. Oxygen consumption was significantly lower in the warm-dry environment than at room temperature. The pattern of changes of these two functions was similar for both sexes. Respiratory exchange ratios were not influenced by sex, but were higher in the warm-dry environment. Increase in body temperature was found only in the warm-humid environment, with a smaller weight loss than in warm-dry conditions. Systolic blood pressure was influenced by work load but not by environments. Diastolic pressure varied little for both sexes under all conditions. Heart rate was significantly influenced by sex and environment, being highest for the women in the warm-humid conditions. Cardiac cost increased and cardiac efficiency decreased in both warm surroundings, more so for women than for men. Submitted on May 16, 1960

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