Coding of directional information by single neurones in the S-segment of the FM bat, Myotis lucifugus

1980 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 203-216
Author(s):  
P. H. Jen
Keyword(s):  
Single Unit ◽  
Median Plane ◽  
Myotis Lucifugus ◽  
Directional Information ◽  
Stimulus Pulse ◽  
Fm Bat ◽  
Single Neurones ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Correct Level ◽  
Stimulus Direction

1. Response parameters of S-segment neurones of the FM bat Myotis lucifugus were measured as a sound was delivered from different azimuthal angles around the animal's head. 2. The response parameters investigated were the amplitude and threshold of the evoked potential (N3) of the S-segment, together with the threshold, latency and number of impulses (per stimulus pulse) of single units. 3. All the neurones studied had their lowest thresholds either at 20-40 degrees contralateral, or 20-40 degrees ipsilateral or at the front (0 degrees). 4. The amplitude of the sound affected the relationship between stimulus direction and the amplitude of a non-monotonic N3, and the relationship between stimulus direction and the number of impulses of a non-monotonic single unit. It had so such effects with a monotonic N3 and a monotonic single unit. 5. From a study of N3 amplitudes and numbers of impulses of single neurones, it appeared that an azimuthal difference as small as 3 degrees could be easily coded at a 95% correct level with stimuli presented at around 20 degrees ipsilateral, 20 degrees contralateral, and at the front. 6. The inter-aural pressure difference (IPD), which is considered an essential cue for echolocation in Myotis (Shimozawa et al. 1974), changed linearly with angle from 0 to 40 degrees lateral at a rate of 0.4 dB/degree for sounds between 33.5 and 49.0 kHz. 7. Assuming the just-detectable IPD to be 0.5 dB (as in man), the minimum detectable azimuthal difference of Myotis around the median plane would be 1.25 degrees.

Vertical Disparity Can Alter Perceived Direction

Perception ◽  
10.1068/p3440 ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 31 (11) ◽  
pp. 1323-1333 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen M Berends ◽  
Raymond van Ee ◽  
Casper J Erkelens
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Visual Scene ◽  
Eye Position ◽  
Vertical Disparity ◽  
Vertical Scale ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Straight Ahead ◽  
Stimulus Direction

It has been well established that vertical disparity is involved in perception of the three-dimensional layout of a visual scene. The goal of this paper was to examine whether vertical disparities can alter perceived direction. We dissociated the common relationship between vertical disparity and the stimulus direction by applying a vertical magnification to the image presented to one eye. We used a staircase paradigm to measure whether perceived straight-ahead depended on the amount of vertical magnification in the stimulus. Subjects judged whether a test dot was flashed to either the left or the right side of straight-ahead. We found that perceived straight-ahead did indeed depend on the amount of vertical magnification but only after subjects adapted (for 5 min) to vertical scale (and only in five out of nine subjects). We argue that vertical disparity is a factor in the calibration of the relationship between eye-position signals and perceived direction.

Spinal Unit Activity During Synchronization of a Convulsive Type (Strychnine Tetanus)

1956 ◽  
Vol 186 (2) ◽  
pp. 263-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlo A. Terzuolo ◽  
Bo E. Gernandt
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Intravenous Injection ◽  
Unit Activity ◽  
Single Unit ◽  
Slow Waves ◽  
Single Unit Activity ◽  
Oscillatory Potential ◽  
Convulsive Activity ◽  
Decerebrate Cat ◽  
The Relationship

Single unit activity during convulsive synchronized discharge and the relationship between unit activity and slow ‘waves’ were studied in the spinal cord of the decerebrate cat after intravenous injection of strychnine. Steel needle microelectrodes were used. Units did discharge in burst (from 1 to 5 impulses) only in coincidence with the slow oscillatory potential (tetanic ‘waves’). The firing is confined to the rising phase of this potential. Changes in d.c. state related to a convulsive activity were also studied. A relationship was found between frequency of the tetanic rhythm and d.c. state of spinal structures. The mechanisms of synchronization and rhythmicity of the convulsive activity in a population of neurons are discussed in connection with the problem of interaction between units.

SYNCHRONOUS CHAOS IN HIGH-DIMENSIONAL MODULAR NEURAL NETWORKS

1996 ◽  
Vol 06 (11) ◽  
pp. 2055-2067 ◽  
Author(s):  
THOMAS WENNEKERS ◽  
FRANK PASEMANN
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Single Unit ◽  
System Size ◽  
Single Units ◽  
High Dimensional ◽  
Coexisting Attractors ◽  
Modular Neural Networks ◽  
Coupled Maps ◽  
Low Dimensional ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between certain types of high-dimensional neural networks and low-dimensional prototypical equations (neuromodules) is investigated. The high-dimensional systems consist of finitely many pools containing identical, dissipative and nonlinear single-units operating in discrete time. Under the assumption of random connections inside and between pools, the system can be reduced to a set of only a few equations, which — asymptotically in time and system size — describe the behavior of every single unit arbitrarily well. This result can be viewed as synchronization of the single units in each pool. It is stated as a theorem on systems of nonlinear coupled maps, which gives explicit conditions on the single unit dynamics and the nature of the random connections. As an application we compare a 2-pool network with the corresponding two-dimensional dynamics. The bifurcation diagrams of both systems become very similar even for moderate system size (N=50) and large disorder in the connection strengths (50% of mean), despite the fact, that the systems exhibit fairly complex behavior (quasiperiodicity, chaos, coexisting attractors).

scholarly journals Building the Tourist Destination Through Multiple Semiotic Modes

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 83
Author(s):  
Olga Denti
Keyword(s):  
Single Unit ◽  
Functional Approach ◽  
Mobile Technologies ◽  
Visual Design ◽  
Cultural Meanings ◽  
Text And Image ◽  
Tourist Destination ◽  
Tourist Gaze ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time

Over time, multiple semiotic modes have contributed in different ways to the construction and exchange of cultural meanings in Tourism Discourse. This has required the analysis and understanding of the modes employed and the recontextualization and adaptation of texts and images, especially to the new web genres. Nowadays, the tourist experience is mediated by personal, digital, and mobile technologies, which redirect the tourist gaze and become the mediator between the traveler and the tourist destination. Consequently, the tourism text must be considered as a single unit, where different semiotic resources intermingle to enhance its communicative strength. The present study will attempt to propose a methodology to read and write tourism texts in a comprehensive and effective way. It will start by focusing on the relationship between text and image to see how they co-exist in the page and in the way the page is arranged. Then, it will apply a functional approach to the analysis of such semiotic units. The result will show how the boundaries between image and text have become blurred, and textuality is built less through verbal syntax and more through rhetorical visual design.

scholarly journals Establishing the Symbolic Association of the Concept of 'Youth' in the British and American Literary Discourse in the 19th-21st Centuries

Linguaculture ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga Beshlei
Keyword(s):  
Single Unit ◽  
Textual Analysis ◽  
Symbolic Meaning ◽  
Literary Discourse ◽  
Semantic Change ◽  
Cultural Images ◽  
Associative Chain ◽  
Social Novels ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
American Authors

The article deals with axiologically marked symbolic associations related to the sociocultural phenomenon of youth. The research is conducted on the basis of social novels by British and American authors of the nineteenth, twentieth and twenty-first centuries. The symbolic meaning of the concept is formed in a textual context and motivated by cultural images, ideas and values. It does not cause an internal semantic change but complements the range of meaning in the process of discourse implementation. The study of the symbolic embodiment of the concept of YOUTH in English literary discourse is not limited to the analysis of individual words but requires conducting an interpretative-textual analysis of the coherent discourse situation, indicating the formation of an associative chain during concept actualization. Chain elements are linked internally into a single unit, forming an associative group. The symbol, carrying the axiological potential of its culture, operates in inseparable unity with the axiological component of the concept under study. The data clarify the relationship between positive and negative axiological representations of the concept.

scholarly journals Intraspecific variation in wing loading affects habitat use by little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus)

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matina C. Kalcounis ◽  
R. Mark Brigham
Keyword(s):  
Habitat Use ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Selective Advantage ◽  
Myotis Lucifugus ◽  
Wing Loading ◽  
Interspecific Differences ◽  
Insect Trap ◽  
Flying Insects ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Little Brown Bats

Morphological constraints have been linked to habitat partitioning by different species of animals. Interspecific differences have been explored, but less is known about the relationship between individuals of the same species. The purpose of this study was to determine if habitat use by little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus) varies with body mass of individuals. From aerodynamic theory, we predicted that bats with higher body mass will have higher wing loadings, should be less manoeuvrable, and thus tend to forage in areas where there are fewer obstacles to detect and avoid (clutter). Habitat was ranked into four zones based on the degree of clutter, and habitat use was assessed by measuring the time that males and non-reproductive, pregnant, lactating, postlactating, and artificially loaded females spent in each habitat zone. To test the assumption that a selective advantage accrues to bats foraging in clutter, we measured the availability of flying insects in cluttered and open habitats. Insect trap samples revealed a higher density of insect prey in more cluttered habitats. Body mass was positively correlated with wing loading. Overall, males were smaller than females with respect to mass and wing loading; however, these differences did not translate into differential habitat use. As predicted, there was a significant relationship between individual wing loading and habitat use, with heavier bats (greater wing loading) foraging in less cluttered areas.

scholarly journals Discrimination of Effects between Directional and Nondirectional Information of Auditory Warning on Driving Behavior

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuting Zhang ◽  
Xuedong Yan ◽  
Zhuo Yang
Keyword(s):  
Reference Group ◽  
Red Light ◽  
Warning System ◽  
Driving Behavior ◽  
Signalized Intersections ◽  
Directional Information ◽  
Red Light Running ◽  
Collision Warning ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Auditory Warning

This study examines the impacts of directional and nondirectional auditory warning information in a collision warning system (CWS) on driving behavior. The data on driving behavior is collected through experiment, with scenarios containing unexpected hazard events that include different warning content. As drivers approached the collision event, either a CWS auditory warning was given or no warning was given for a reference group. Discriminant analysis was used to investigate the relationship between directional auditory warning information and driving behavior. In the experiment, the CWS warnings significantly reduced brake reaction time and prompted drivers to press the brake pedal more heavily, demonstrating the effectiveness of CWS warnings in alerting drivers to avoid red-light running (RLR) vehicles when approaching a signalized intersection. Providing a clear warning with directional information about an urgent hazard event could give drivers adequate time to prepare for the potential collision. In terms of deceleration, a directional information warning was shown to greatly help drivers react to critical events at signalized intersections with more moderate braking. From these results, requirements can be derived for the design of effective warning strategies for critical intersections.

scholarly journals A ZIP1 Separation-of-Function Allele Reveals that Meiotic Centromere Pairing Drives Meiotic Segregation of Achiasmate Chromosomes in Budding Yeast

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily L. Kurdzo ◽  
Hoa H Chuong ◽  
Dean S. Dawson
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Number ◽  
Single Unit ◽  
Genetic Recombination ◽  
Budding Yeast ◽  
Homologous Chromosomes ◽  
Normal Number ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Distinct Features ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Meiosis I

ABSTRACTIn meiosis I, homologous chromosomes segregate away from each other - the first of two rounds of chromosome segregation that allow the formation of haploid gametes. In prophase I, homologous partners become joined along their length by the synaptonemal complex (SC) and crossovers form between the homologs to generate links called chiasmata. The chiasmata allow the homologs to act as a single unit, called a bivalent, as the chromosomes attach to the microtubules that will ultimately pull them away from each other at anaphase I. Recent studies, in several organisms, have shown that when the SC disassembles at the end of prophase, residual SC proteins remain at the homologous centromeres providing an additional link between the homologs. In budding yeast, this centromere pairing is correlated with improved segregation of the paired partners in anaphase. However, the causal relationship of prophase centromere pairing and subsequent disjunction in anaphase has been difficult to demonstrate as has been the relationship between SC assembly and the assembly of the centromere pairing apparatus. Here, a series of in-frame deletion mutants of the SC component Zip1 were used to address these questions. The identification of separation-of-function alleles that disrupt centromere pairing, but not SC assembly, have made it possible to demonstrate that centromere pairing and SC assembly have mechanistically distinct features and that prophase centromere pairing function of Zip1 drives disjunction of the paired partners in anaphase I.AUTHOR SUMMARYThe generation of gametes requires the completion of a specialized cell división called meiosis. This division is unique in that it produces cells (gametes) with half the normal number of chromosomes (such that when two gametes fuse the normal chromosome number is restored). Chromosome number is reduced in meiosis by following a single round of chromosome duplication with two rounds of segregation. In the first round, meiosis I, homologous chromosomes first pair with each other, then attach to cellular cables, called microtubules, that pull them to opposite sides of the cell. It has long been known that the homologous partners become linked to each other by genetic recombination in a way that helps them behave as a single unit when they attach to the microtubules that will ultimately pull them apart. Recently, it was shown, in budding yeast and other organisms, that homologous partners can also pair at their centromeres. Here we show that this centromere pairing also contributes to proper segregation of the partners away from each other at meiosis I, and demonstrate that one protein involved in this process is able to participate in multiple mechanisms that help homologous chromosomes to pair with each other before being segregated in meiosis I.

scholarly journals Integral Values in Madrasah: to Foster Community Trust in Education

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 160
Author(s):  
M Sayyidul Abrori ◽  
Moh. Solikul Hadi
Keyword(s):  
Symbolic Interactionism ◽  
General Public ◽  
Single Unit ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Public Trust ◽  
Education Level ◽  
Community Trust ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Basic Level

This article aims to illustrate the reality of the relationship between public trust in madrasas. The pattern of the relationship examined is not only limited to individual students, guardians of students or managers of madrasas, but to other people such as their families and society in general. This is done to understand the trust that was initially built only at the level of individual students or guardians of students or madrasah managers also occur at the level of the general public until a sociological trust is formed. In general, the community does not know and understand clearly what is a madrasa and what is a school. Madrasahs are often understood as non-formal education for madrasah diniyah which implements learning every evening.The discussion of madrasas in this paper is a formal education madrasa under the auspices of the Ministry of Religion in the field of Madrasah Education whose education level starts from the most basic level, namely RaudhatulAthfal (RA), Madrasah Ibtidaiyah (MI), Madrasah Tsanawiyah (MTs) to Madrasah Aliyah (MA) or Madrasah Aliyah Kejuruan (MAK). Where the level above is a single unit that is mutually sustainable. The results showed that the relationship of public trust is not always based on consideration of rational economic transactional but also based on moral rationality and religiosity. This is where trust develops between students or guardians of students and madrasah managers. From the perspective of symbolic interactionism, the behavior of students or guardians of students and madrasah managers reflects the meaning of worship and reinforces their relationship of trust with their religiosity.Artikel ini bertujuan untuk menggambarkan realitas hubungan antara kepercayaan publik terhadap madrasah. Pola hubungan yang diteliti tidak hanya terbatas pada siswa perorangan, wali murid atau pengelola madrasah, tetapi juga bagi orang lain seperti keluarga dan masyarakat pada umumnya. Hal ini dilakukan untuk memahami kepercayaan yang pada awalnya dibangun hanya pada tingkat siswa perorangan atau wali siswa atau manajer madrasah juga terjadi pada tingkat masyarakat umum sampai kepercayaan sosiologis terbentuk. Secara umum, masyarakat tidak tahu dan mengerti dengan jelas apa itu madrasah dan apa itu sekolah. Madrasah sering dipahami sebagai pendidikan non-formal untuk madrasah diniyah yang menerapkan pembelajaran setiap malam. Pembahasan madrasah dalam tulisan ini adalah madrasah pendidikan formal di bawah naungan Kementerian Agama di bidang Pendidikan Madrasah yang tingkat pendidikannya dimulai dari jenjang paling dasar, yaitu Raudhatul Athfal (RA), Madrasah Ibtidaiyah (MI), Madrasah Tsanawiyah (MTs) ke Madrasah Aliyah (MA) atau Madrasah Aliyah Kejuruan (MAK). Dimana level di atas adalah satu unit yang saling berkelanjutan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa hubungan kepercayaan publik tidak selalu didasarkan pada pertimbangan transaksional ekonomi rasional tetapi juga didasarkan pada rasionalitas moral dan religiusitas. Di sinilah kepercayaan berkembang antara siswa atau wali siswa dan pengelola madrasah. Dari perspektif interaksionisme simbolik, perilaku siswa atau wali siswa dan manajer madrasah mencerminkan makna ibadah dan memperkuat hubungan kepercayaan mereka dengan agama mereka.

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