A unified interpretation of interferometric and holographic fringe patterns in photoelasticity

1978 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 95-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
P S Theocaris ◽  
E E Gdoutos
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Method ◽  
Infinite Plate ◽  
The Other ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Spatial Frequencies ◽  
Mechanical Interference ◽  
Stress Directions ◽  
Fringe Patterns ◽  
The Individual

A unified interpretation of interferometric and holographic fringe patterns obtained from birefringent materials is presented by using physical concepts only. The two fundamental fringe systems, corresponding to the individual stress-optical retardations along the principal stress directions, are considered to recombine mechanically for the formation of isochromatic and isopachic fringe patterns. This mechanical interference is shown to be more pronounced only when certain conditions concerning the position and the spatial frequencies of the original systems are satisfied. It is shown that only one of the isochromatic and isopachic fringe patterns, corresponding to the shorter diagonals of the individual quadrangles, formed by the two initial fundamental fringe systems, is obtained under normal experimental conditions, and that it is possible to have in one region of the pattern one system and in another region the other. Both isochromatics and isopachics can be obtained only when special precautions are taken during the application of the particular experimental method. The factors influencing the formation of either the isochromatics or the isopachics, or both, are indicated and analysed. The existing confusion in the literature concerning the interpretation of holo-interferometric patterns is thoroughly discussed and clarified. Two simple examples—that is, the circular disc in diametral compression and the infinite plate with a circular hole in tension—are selected to show the main features in this interpretation.

Effect of Zinc Dithiocarbamates on NR Vulcanization Accelerated by Thiocarbamyl Sulfenamides and Dibenzothiazyl Disulfide

1986 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rabindra Nath Datta ◽  
Dipak Kumar Basu
Keyword(s):  
Retention Time ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
The Other ◽  
Initial Part ◽  
Individual Effect ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Retarding Effect ◽  
Early Reaction ◽  
The Individual

Abstract The hplc studies with all their limitations have been employed to obtain information regarding the vulcanization of rubber accelerated by CTOS and MBTS in the early part of the reaction. It is noticed that even in the initial part of the induction period (the scorch safety, t2, of the recipe is 10.5 min), CTOS and MBTS react so rapidly with each other and also with rubber that at the end of 10 min we could detect only MBT, while the concentration of the other components formed in the reaction—namely, CTOS, OBTS, CPTD, BPTD, PMTU, CPTM, BPTM, etc.—decreased to an extremely low level. We noticed that under the experimental conditions, OBTS and CPTU have the same retention time. This naturally obscures the path for understanding the individual effect of these accelerators. The sharp disappearance of OBTS, associated with the abundant formation of MBT and nonavailability of CPTU (from CPTD, Figure 11b), gives testimony to the fact that the unsymmetrical thiourea (PMTU) rather than the symmetrical one (CPTU) is solely formed in the vulcanizates under discussion. The accelerating as well as retarding effect of thiourea has been reported by Dućhac^ek in the vulcanization of NR. Substituted thiourea, namely, bis(oxydiethylene) thiourea, has also been shown to influence the vulcanization of SBR in the presence of a mixture of accelerators formed by the early reaction of OTOS and OBTS. The influence of PMTU, however, remains to be investigated, and studies in this line are being pursued. Also, we could not isolate the effect of MDB from that of CPTD, since both of them have the same retention time. From our experience, we know that in comparison with CPTD, the proportion of MDB formed under the experimental conditions is very low and, hence, it is believed that CPTD plays the major role. It has also been observed that BPTD rapidly transforms into BPTM which, as noticed by us, also influences vulcanization. It is concluded that in the binary system containing CTOS and MBTS, the intermediate accelerators, OBTS, CPTD, and BPTD play a vital role, and their growth and decay, either in the presence or absence of the ZDC, control the fate of the vulcanization reaction.

AFFECT AND MORAL REASONING

1980 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony B. Olejnik ◽  
Asenath A. Larue
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Moral Reasoning ◽  
Defining Issues Test ◽  
Mood States ◽  
Situational Factors ◽  
Moral Judgments ◽  
The Other ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
The Impact

Temporary mood states were induced to determine the impact of affect on moral reasoning. College students were randomly assigned to one of three experimental conditions: positive, negative, or neutral moods prior to completing the Defining Issues Test (DIT) of moral development. P-scores on the DIT were significantly higher in the positive affect condition than in either of the other conditions. These results are discussed in relation to previous studies on situational factors influencing moral judgments and social behaviors.

scholarly journals Peran Budaya dan Akulturasi pada Information Sharing dalam Aspek Akuntansi Keperilakuan

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 168-177
Author(s):  
Doddy Primayudia
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Information Sharing ◽  
Agency Theory ◽  
Factorial Design ◽  
Experimental Method ◽  
Accounting Information ◽  
The Other ◽  
Behavioral Accounting ◽  
Crucial Point ◽  
Factors Influencing

ABSTRACTInformation is a crucial point in order to helps managers in decision making. Employees who acts as an agent on agency theory, will gladly report their achievement to their principal. On the other hand, employees tend to cover their faults, especially if the company’s targets are not achieved. There are many factors influencing the employees’ willingness to share the informations, prior to their faults or errors, and two of them are culture and the existence of the supervisor. This research uses experimental method and 2 × 2 factorial design to test the hypotheses. The sample in this research are low-acculturated Tionghoa (TAR) and high-acculturated Tionghoa (TAR). After the research is done, it is come to conclusion that; (1) employees’ cultural background and acculturation did affect their willingness in information sharing. (2) the presence of supervisor did not affect employees’ willingness in information sharing prior to their faults and errors.Keywords: Culture, Acculturation, Behavioral Accounting, Information Sharing

PRODUCTION OF VITAMIN B12 BY RHIZOBIUM SPECIES

1952 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 521-524 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret O. Burton ◽  
A. G. Lochhead
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Vitamin B12 ◽  
Rhizobium Meliloti ◽  
Culture Liquid ◽  
The Other ◽  
Vitamin B ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Rhizobium Species ◽  
The Individual

A study was made of the capacity for synthesis of vitamin B12 by 70 strains representing six species of Rhizobium, namely, R. meliloti, R. trifolii, R. leguminosarum, R. japonicum, R. lupini, and R. phaseoli. Rhizobium meliloti was sharply distinguished from the other species by its ability to produce significantly higher quantities of the vitamin, one strain producing, under the experimental conditions, over 1000 mμgm. per ml. of culture liquid. The remaining species did not show significant differences in B12 synthesizing capacity. No correlation was noted between vitamin-producing capacity and effectiveness of the individual strains with respect to nitrogen fixation.

scholarly journals Osmotic Regulation in Gunda ulvae

1934 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 382-396
Author(s):  
L. C. BEADLE
Keyword(s):  
Sea Water ◽  
Vascular System ◽  
Stream Water ◽  
Calcium Deficiency ◽  
The Other ◽  
Osmotic Resistance ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Active Processes ◽  
The Individual

1. The triclad turbellarian Gunda ulvae in its normal habitat is daily subjected both to sea water and to pure stream water. Under experimental conditions it can live permanently in any concentration of sea water down to 5 per cent. It is thus able to maintain a relatively constant internal against a rapidly changing external environment. 2. The manner in which this is done is suggested by the results of the above experiments, from which it is concluded that the following is the course of events when the animal is transferred from pure to dilute sea water (e.g. 10 per cent.): (a) An initial inflow of water through the ectoderm into the parenchyma which causes swelling and a temporary lowering of activity. (b) This water is taken up by the gut cells in the form of intracellular vacuoles, a process which entails expenditure of energy and can be inhibited by cyanide. The parenchyma is thus restored to its original condition and full activity is recovered. (c) After the initial inflow of water the animal begins to set up a resistance, which appears to be effected by a decrease of permeability to water of the ectodermal membrane. (d This resistance is maintained and the gut cells remain vacuolated so long as the animal is kept in dilute sea water. 3. The excretory (water-vascular) system plays no obvious part in this mechanism. 4. Distinction must be drawn between the ultimate impermeability of the ectoderm considered as a membrane and the osmotic resistance of the individual cells of this layer and of the other tissues. The permeability of the ectodermal membrane can be reversibly increased by calcium deficiency, but the osmotic resistance of its individual cells cannot be broken down by these means. This can be brought about by decreasing the osmotic pressure of the water to that of 2 per cent, sea water. Under these conditions the presence of calcium may retard but does not prevent the final swelling and disintegration of the cells, a process which is irreversible. 5. It is suggested that both vacuole formation by the gut cells and the osmotic resistance set up by the individual cells of the other tissues are active processes entailing expenditure of energy, whereas the resistance of the ectodermal membrane to inflow of water into the parenchyma is a passive impermeability.

Writing in Aphasia Rehabilitation: Cursive vs Manuscript

1976 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 523-529 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel R. Boone ◽  
Harold M. Friedman
Keyword(s):  
Correct Response ◽  
The Other ◽  
Read Aloud ◽  
Writing Style ◽  
Reading And Writing ◽  
Manual Responses ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Written Form ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Read Number

Reading and writing performance was observed in 30 adult aphasic patients to determine whether there was a significant difference when stimuli and manual responses were varied in the written form: cursive versus manuscript. Patients were asked to read aloud 10 words written cursively and 10 words written in manuscript form. They were then asked to write on dictation 10 word responses using cursive writing and 10 words using manuscript writing. Number of words correctly read, number of words correctly written, and number of letters correctly written in the proper sequence were tallied for both cursive and manuscript writing tasks for each patient. Results indicated no significant difference in correct response between cursive and manuscript writing style for these aphasic patients as a group; however, it was noted that individual patients varied widely in their success using one writing form over the other. It appeared that since neither writing form showed better facilitation of performance, the writing style used should be determined according to the individual patient’s own preference and best performance.

Margaret Mahy: An Adlerian Reading

2008 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-199
Author(s):  
KATHRYN WALLS
Keyword(s):  
Young Female ◽  
The Other ◽  
Individual Psychology ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Alfred Adler ◽  
Female Protagonists ◽  
Magical Power ◽  
Margaret Mahy ◽  
The Individual

According to the ‘Individual Psychology’ of Alfred Adler (1870–1937), Freud's contemporary and rival, everyone seeks superiority. But only those who can adapt their aspirations to meet the needs of others find fulfilment. Children who are rejected or pampered are so desperate for superiority that they fail to develop social feeling, and endanger themselves and society. This article argues that Mahy's realistic novels invite Adlerian interpretation. It examines the character of Hero, the elective mute who is the narrator-protagonist of The Other Side of Silence (1995) , in terms of her experience of rejection. The novel as a whole, it is suggested, stresses the destructiveness of the neurotically driven quest for superiority. Turning to Mahy's supernatural romances, the article considers novels that might seem to resist the Adlerian template. Focusing, in particular, on the young female protagonists of The Haunting (1982) and The Changeover (1984), it points to the ways in which their magical power is utilised for the sake of others. It concludes with the suggestion that the triumph of Mahy's protagonists lies not so much in their generally celebrated ‘empowerment’, as in their transcendence of the goal of superiority for its own sake.

Gewalt und Kommunikation

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-28
Author(s):  
Jens Bonnemann
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Moral Philosophy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Practical Philosophy ◽  
Valuable Contribution ◽  
Human Species ◽  
Normal Case ◽  
Jean Paul ◽  
Philosophy Of Dialogue ◽  
The Individual

In ethics, when discussing problems of justice and a just social existence one question arises obviously: What is the normal case of the relation between I and you we start from? In moral philosophy, each position includes basic socio-anthropological convictions in that we understand the other, for example, primarily as competitor in the fight for essential resources or as a partner in communication. Thus, it is not the human being as isolated individual, or as specimen of the human species or socialised member of a historical society what needs to be understood. Instead, the individual in its relation to the other or others has been studied in phenomenology and the philosophy of dialogue of the twentieth century. In the following essay I focus on Martin Buber’s and Jean-Paul Sartre’s theories of intersubjectivity which I use in order to explore the meaning of recognition and disrespect for an individual. They offer a valuable contribution to questions of practical philosophy and the socio-philosophical diagnosis of our time.

Whither the people in the ASEAN Community?

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 43-57
Author(s):  
See Seng Tan
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Political Ideology ◽  
Management Development ◽  
The Other ◽  
Asean Member ◽  
Derechos Humanos ◽  
The People ◽  
Droits Humains ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual

Abstract: The longstanding effort to develop a people-based regionalism in Southeast Asia has been shaped by an inherent tension between the liberal inclination to privilege the individual and the community under formation, on the one hand, and the realist insistence on the primacy of the state, on the other. This article explores the conditions and constraints affecting ASEAN’s progress in remaking Southeast Asia into a people-focused and caring community in three areas: disaster management, development, and democratization (understood here as human rights). Arguably, the persistent gap in Southeast Asia between aspiration and expectation is determined less by political ideology than by the pragmatic responses of ASEAN member states to the forces of nationalism and protectionism, as well as their respective sense of local and regional responsibility.Resumen: El esfuerzo histórico para desarrollar un regionalismo basado en las personas del sudeste de Asia ha estado marcado por una tensión fundamental entre la inclinación liberal de privilegiar el individuo y la comunidad y la insistencia realista sobre la primacía del estado. Este artículo explora las condiciones y limitaciones que afectan el progreso de la ASEAN en la reestructuración de Asia sudoriental en una comunidad centrada en el cuidado de las personas en: gestión de desastres, desarrollo y democratización (i.e., derechos humanos). La brecha persistente en el sudeste asiático entre la aspiración y la expectativa está determinada por las respuestas pragmáticas de los miembros de la ASEAN sometidos a las fuerzas del nacionalismo y proteccionismo, así como su respectivo sentido de responsabilidad local y regional.Résumé: L’effort historique pour développer un régionalisme fondé sur les peuples en Asie du Sud-Est a été marqué par une tension fondamentale entre l’inclination libérale qui privilégie, d’une part, l’individu et la communauté et, d’autre part, l’insistance réaliste sur la primauté de l’État. Cet article explore les conditions et les contraintes qui nuisent aux progrès de l’ANASE dans le cadre d’une refonte de l’Asie du Sud-Est en une communauté centrée et attentive aux peuples dans trois domaines : la gestion des désastres, le développement et la démocratisation (en référence aux droits humains). Le fossé persistant en Asie du Sud-Est entre les aspirations et les attentes est vraisemblablement moins déterminé par l’idéologie politique que par les réponses pragmatiques des États membres de l’ANASE soumis aux forces du nationalisme et du protectionnisme ainsi que par leur sens respectif de la responsabilité locale et régionale.

Ummah’s Rights or Human Rights? Universalism, Individualism, and Islamic Ethics in the Twenty-first Century

2010 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie-Luisa Frick
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
First Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Moral Code ◽  
Bill Of Rights ◽  
Islamic Ethics ◽  
Specific Content ◽  
Societal Needs ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual

Against the background of the trend of Islamizing human rights on the one hand, as well as increasing skepticism about the compatibility of Islam and human rights on the other, I intend to analyze the potential of Islamic ethics to meet the requirements for vitalizing the idea of human rights. I will argue that the compatibility of Islam and human rights cannot be determined merely on the basis of comparing the specific content of the Islamic moral code(s) with the rights stipulated in the International Bill of Rights, but by scanning (different conceptions of) Islamic ethics for the two indispensable formal prerequisites of any human rights conception: the principle of universalism (i.e., normative equality) and individualism (i.e., the individual enjoyment of rights). In contrast to many contemporary (political) attempts to reconcile Islam and human rights due to urgent (global) societal needs, this contribution is solely committed to philosophical reasoning. Its guiding questions are “What are the conditions for deriving both universalism and individualism from Islamic ethics?” and “What axiological axioms have to be faded out or reorganized hierarchically in return?”

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