Meeting the Challenge of Low Emissions and Fuel Economy with the Ricardo Four-Valve High-Speed Direct Injection Engine

1994 ◽  
Vol 208 (3) ◽  
pp. 181-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
J R Needham ◽  
S Whelan
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Economy ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Fuel Injection ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Particulate Emissions ◽  
Combustion System ◽  
Mixing Processes ◽  
Brake Mean Effective Pressure ◽  
Performance And Emissions ◽  
Hsdi Diesel Engine

In order to investigate and demonstrate the potential of the high-speed direct injection (HSDI) diesel engine, Ricardo have undertaken a programme of research and analysis into the performance and emissions of a four-valve/cylinder combustion system. Analytical studies were based on a computational fluid dynamics investigation to model in-bowl events of fuel spray/air interactions and to improve understanding of the mixing processes. The major variables studied during the test programme included swirl ratio, combustion bowl geometry, nozzle configuration, contemporary and advanced electronic rotary fuel injection pumps and the effects of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). A systematic optimization programme provided a fixed swirl configuration capable of achieving in excess of 15 bar b.m.e.p. (brake mean effective pressure) while providing less than 1.0 Bosch smoke unit. R49 EURO II NOx levels were met with competitive smoke, particulate emissions and fuel economy, demonstrating excellent potential for full EURO II compliance with further development. Vehicle emissions and fuel consumption simulations have shown that the combustion system has the potential to meet both the heavy and light duty emissions legislation planned for the 1990s.

Multi-Valve High-Speed Direct Injection Diesel Engines—the Design Challenge

1993 ◽  
Vol 207 (4) ◽  
pp. 307-315
Author(s):  
I P Gilbert ◽  
A R Heath ◽  
I D Johnstone
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Fuel Economy ◽  
Cylinder Head ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Fuel Injection ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Selection Strategy ◽  
Design Challenge ◽  
Hsdi Diesel Engine ◽  
High Level

The need to increase power, to improve fuel economy and to meet stringent exhaust emissions legislation with a high level of refinement has provided a challenge for the design of a compact high-speed direct injection (HSDI) diesel engine. This paper describes various aspects of cylinder head design with particular consideration of layout and number of valves, valve actuation, port selection strategy, fuel injection systems and cylinder head construction.

A High-Speed Direct Injection Diesel Engine for Passenger Cars

1988 ◽  
Vol 202 (3) ◽  
pp. 171-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
J A Stephenson ◽  
B A Hood
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engine ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Fuel Injection ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Injection System ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
Medium Speed ◽  
Medium Speed Engine ◽  
Hsdi Diesel Engine ◽  
Wide Speed Range

The paper describes the development of a high-speed direct injection (HSDI) diesel engine suitable for passenger car applications. The evolution from a low emissions medium-speed engine, through a four-cylinder 2.3 litre research engine, into a four-cylinder 2.0 litre production engine is presented. The challenge to the engineer has been to develop the HSDI engine to operate with acceptable noise, emissions, smoke and driveability over the wide speed range (up to 5000 r/min) required for passenger cars. The key element in this task was the optimization of the combustion system and fuel injection equipment. The HSDI is shown to have a significant fuel economy advantage over the prechamber indirect injection (IDI) engine. Future developments of the fuel injection system are described which will further enhance the HSDI engine and provide additional noise and emissions control.

CFD Modelling of the Effects of Injection Timing on the Combustion Process and Emissions in an HSDI Diesel Engine

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raouf Mobasheri ◽  
Zhijun Peng
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engine ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Cfd Simulation ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Injection Timing ◽  
Cfd Modelling ◽  
Combustion Modeling ◽  
Pressure Trace ◽  
Hsdi Diesel Engine

High-Speed Direct Injection (HSDI) diesel engines are increasingly used in automotive applications due to superior fuel economy. An advanced CFD simulation has been carried out to analyze the effect of injection timing on combustion process and emission characteristics in a four valves 2.0L Ford diesel engine. The calculation was performed from intake valve closing (IVC) to exhaust valve opening (EVO) at constant speed of 1600 rpm. Since the work was concentrated on the spray injection, mixture formation and combustion process, only a 60° sector mesh was employed for the calculations. For combustion modeling, an improved version of the Coherent Flame Model (ECFM-3Z) has been applied accompanied with advanced models for emission modeling. The results of simulation were compared against experimental data. Good agreement of calculated and measured in-cylinder pressure trace and pollutant formation trends were observed for all investigated operating points. In addition, the results showed that the current CFD model can be applied as a beneficial tool for analyzing the parameters of the diesel combustion under HSDI operating condition.

Characteristics of performance and emissions in high-speed direct injection diesel engine fueled with diethyl ether/diesel fuel blends

Energy ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 214-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dimitrios C. Rakopoulos ◽  
Constantine D. Rakopoulos ◽  
Evangelos G. Giakoumis ◽  
Athanasios M. Dimaratos
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Diethyl Ether ◽  
Diesel Fuel ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Direct Injection Diesel Engine ◽  
Fuel Blends ◽  
Performance And Emissions

Detecting and Correcting Cylinder Imbalance in Direct Injection Engines

2000 ◽  
Vol 123 (3) ◽  
pp. 413-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. van Nieuwstadt ◽  
I. V. Kolmanovsky
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Diesel Engine ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Fuel Injection ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Direct Injection Engines ◽  
High Speed Diesel ◽  
On Line ◽  
Manufacturing Accuracy ◽  
Adaptation Scheme

Modern direct injection engines feature high pressure fuel injection systems that are required to control the fuel quantity very accurately. Due to limited manufacturing accuracy these systems can benefit from an on-line adaptation scheme that compensates for injector variability. Since cylinder imbalance affects many measurable signals, different sensors and algorithms can be used to equalize torque production by the cylinders. This paper compares several adaptation schemes that use different sensors. The algorithms are evaluated on a cylinder-by-cylinder simulation model of a direct injection high speed diesel engine. A proof of stability and experimental results are reported as well.

Particulate Emissions From Karanja Biodiesel Fueled Turbocharged CRDI Sports Utility Vehicle Engine

2015 ◽  
Vol 137 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jai Gopal Gupta ◽  
Avinash Kumar Agarwal ◽  
Suresh K. Aggarwal
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Fuel Injection ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Injection Pressure ◽  
Particulate Emissions ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Biodiesel Blends ◽  
Particulate Number ◽  
Ci Engines ◽  
Utility Vehicle

Biodiesel has emerged as one of the most promising alternative fuel to mineral diesel in last two decades globally. Lower blends of biodiesel emit fewer pollutants, while easing pressure on scarce petroleum resources, without sacrificing engine power output and fuel economy. However, diesel engines emit significant amount of particulate matter (PM), most of which are nanoparticles. Due to the adverse health impact of PM emitted by compression ignition (CI) engines; most recent emission legislations restrict the total number of particles emitted, in addition to PM mass emissions. Use of biodiesel leads to reduction in PM mass emissions; however, the particle size–numbers distribution has not been investigated thoroughly. In this paper, PM emission characteristics from Karanja biodiesel blends (KB20 and KB40) in a modern common rail direct injection (CRDI) engine used in a sports utility vehicle (SUV) with a maximum fuel injection pressure of 1600 bar have been reported. This study also explored comparative effect of varying engine speeds and loads on particulate size–number distribution, particle size–surface area distribution, and total particulate number concentration from biodiesel blends vis-à-vis baseline mineral diesel. This study showed that particulate number emissions from Karanja biodiesel blends were relatively higher than baseline mineral diesel.

Flow and Mixture Distribution in a High-Speed Five-Valve Direct Injected Gasoline Engine

2006 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
N Kampanis ◽  
C Arcoumanis ◽  
S Kometani ◽  
R Kato ◽  
H Kinoshita
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Gasoline Engine ◽  
Flow Instability ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Mixture Distribution ◽  
Direct Injection Engines ◽  
Planar Laser ◽  
Performance And Emissions ◽  
Cylinder Flow

The in-cylinder flow, spray dynamics, air-spray interaction, and fuel vapour distribution have been characterized in a motorcycle five-valve gasoline engine in terms of their effect on performance and emissions. A five-valve single-cylinder optical engine was employed which operated at speeds up to 3000 r/min in the close spacing configuration, with an early induction injection strategy using a centrally mounted swirl pressure atomizer. Particle image velocimetry, spray imaging in a spray chamber and in the engine, and planar laser-induced fluorescence revealed the importance of a strong and ordered in-cylinder flow for the efficient distribution of the liquid fuel throughout the cylinder volume and its complete evaporation prior to combustion, especially in the relatively low speed regime investigated. Furthermore, in the absence of a large-scale vortex structure during compression, incomplete mixing may still occur, resulting in mixture inhomogeneities and flow instability. Consequently, in contrast to port fuel injected engines, where good mixing could be achieved at high revolution rates, even with an unstructured flow, in direct injection engines an ordered flow structure is a prerequisite for efficient combustion and low exhaust emissions.

Response Surface Method Optimization of a High-Speed Direct-Injection Diesel Engine Equipped With a Common Rail Injection System

2003 ◽  
Vol 125 (2) ◽  
pp. 541-546 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Lee ◽  
R. D. Reitz
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engine ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Fuel Efficiency ◽  
Common Rail ◽  
Injection System ◽  
Particulate Emissions ◽  
Common Rail Injection System ◽  
Rsm Optimization ◽  
Common Rail Injection

To overcome the tradeoff between NOx and particulate emissions for future diesel vehicles and engines it is necessary to seek methods to lower pollutant emissions. The desired simultaneous improvement in fuel efficiency for future DI diesels is also a difficult challenge due to the combustion modifications that will be required to meet the exhaust emission mandates. This study demonstrates the emission reduction capability of EGR and other parameters on a high-speed direct-injection (HSDI) diesel engine equipped with a common rail injection system using an RSM optimization method. Engine testing was done at 1757 rev/min, 45% load. The variables used in the optimization process included injection pressure, boost pressure, injection timing, and EGR rate. RSM optimization led engine operating parameters to reach a low-temperature and premixed combustion regime called the MK combustion region, and resulted in simultaneous reductions in NOx and particulate emissions without sacrificing fuel efficiency. It was shown that RSM optimization is an effective and powerful tool for realizing the full advantages of the combined effects of combustion control techniques by optimizing their parameters. It was also shown that through a close observation of optimization processes, a more thorough understanding of HSDI diesel combustion can be provided.

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