scholarly journals Increased production and/or secretion of pulmonary surfactant in rats by long term sulfur dioxide exposure.

1989 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 726-730 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshiaki ODA ◽  
Yoichiro ISOHAMA ◽  
Hirofumi KAI ◽  
Yoshiro OKANO ◽  
Kazuo TAKAHAMA ◽  
...  
1990 ◽  
Vol 183 (3) ◽  
pp. 727
Author(s):  
T. Miyata ◽  
Y. Oda ◽  
H. Kai ◽  
K. Takaki ◽  
T. Yasunaga ◽  
...  

2000 ◽  
Vol 18 (11) ◽  
pp. 1447-1466 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. S. Lee ◽  
R. D. Kingdon ◽  
J. A. Garland ◽  
B. M. R. Jones

Abstract. Orographic enhancement of wet deposition arising from the 'seeder-feeder' effect is, by necessity, highly parametrised in long-range transport models of acid deposition that are long-term (i.e. annual average) and spatially resolved at tens of kilometres. Here, we describe a mechanistic approach to the incorporation of these mechanisms into such a model. The model formulation required the following: precipitation rate by direction and quantification of the fractions that are orographic and non-orographic; treatment of the fast oxidation of sulfur dioxide in clouds; the directionality of the seeder-feeder process; and a quantitative basis for increasing wet deposition factors to account for the seeder-feeder process. The directionality of non-orographic precipitation was determined from meteorological data at 47 sites across the UK. Orographic precipitation varies on a much finer scale than can be interpolated from measurements, and thus a modelling approach was adopted. The directionality of the seeder-feeder effect was taken from measurements. The enhancement factor of the orographic component of precipitation, assumed to represent feeder-rain, was determined from a review of measurements. Fast oxidation of sulfur dioxide is an observed phenomenon in cap-cloud, but limited in duration. An adjustment was made to the sulfur dioxide oxidation rate in the model in locations where cap-cloud was assumed to be present. The results from the model were compared with UK deposition budgets and enhanced wet deposition maps. The revised parametrisation underestimated the UK wet deposition budgets of oxidised N and S, but spatial patterns of deposition were improved for much of the UK. It was concluded that this was a satisfactory outcome given the constraints of the statistical approach of weighting of deposition at receptors utilising straight line trajectories. The sensitivity of the model to directional constraints of seeder-feeder enhancement was tested and it was concluded that a fairly narrow constraint resulted in similar estimations to a broader one, and the broader constraint was thus adopted as frontal conditions which result in the process arrive from a fairly broad band of directions. When enhancement was allowed to occur from all directions, UK wet deposition of oxidised N and S was increased by 10%. The sensitivity to the enhancement factor on wet deposition was tested and found to be relatively robust. An increase in the enhancement factor from 2 to 6 resulted in increases in UK wet deposition of oxidised N and S of 9 and 6%, respectively.Key words: Atmospheric composition and structure (pollution – urban and regional) – Meteorology and atmospheric dynamics (precipitation)


1998 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 53-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Schmalensee ◽  
Paul L Joskow ◽  
A. Denny Ellerman ◽  
Juan Pablo Montero ◽  
Elizabeth M Bailey

This paper summarizes recent empirical research on compliance costs and strategies and on permit market performance under the U.S. acid rain program, the first large-scale, long-term program to use tradeable emissions permits to control pollution. An efficient market for emissions permits developed in a few years, and this program more than achieved its early goals on time, and it cost less than had been projected. Because of expectation errors, however, investment was excessive, and permit prices substantially understate abatement costs. The tradeable permits approach has worked well, but it is not a miracle cure for environmental problems. Coauthors are Paul L. Joskow, A. Denny Ellerman, Juan Pablo Montero, and Elizabeth M. Bailey.


Purpose. The study objective was to model conditions, mechanisms and opportunities to achieve sustainable development parameters for the national economy. Меthods. Analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, analytical grouping and special (abstraction, modelling, etc.) methods of studying economic phenomena and processes have been used. Results. Based on the analysis of the dynamics of GDP growth rates, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, oxide and carbon dioxide emissions during 1991-2017, the cycle of their change lasting 3 - 5 years has been proved. It has been found out that the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) in Ukraine is a specific one due to the "turning points". According to the results of comparing the cyclicality of per capita income growth rates, GDP indexes with the dynamics of dependence between the hazardous substances emissions and per capita income and GDP in actual prices, it is found that they do not always coincide. It gives grounds to make a conclusion about the presence of lag between the emissions volumes changes and values of per capita income and GDP in actual prices. The conclusions are grounded on the comparison of the dynamics of GDP growth rates, income per capita, pollutant emissions and the parameters of their mutual correlation. It has been proposed to carry out coordinated policy referring its economic, social and environmental components, taking into account the time lag to create the conditions for the EKC curve parameters in the economy of Ukraine. Conclusions. . Based on the analysis of GDP growth rates dynamics, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon oxide and dioxide emissions, the periodicity (cyclicality) of their change has been proved. In Ukraine, EKC has a specific nature in the form of separate «turning points», without achievement of long-term parameters of the relationship between the hazardous substances emissions and GDP and per capita income values. Thus, the feasibility of developing the agreed policy concerning the economic (GDP value), social (population income level) and environmental components (conservation activity financing and decrease of hazardous substances emissions) taking into account the time lag, which will create the conditions for achieving not only temporary values, but also long-term parameters of EKC curve in the Ukrainian economy, was substantiated. The obtained results allow to forecast sustainable development parameters of Ukraine for the future.


Author(s):  
Syuan-Yu Hong ◽  
Lei Wan ◽  
Hui-Ju Lin ◽  
Cheng-Li Lin ◽  
Chang-Ching Wei

Although studies have suggested environmental factors to be triggers of headache, the contribution of long-term air pollution exposure to recurrent headaches is poorly understood. Hence, we executed this nationwide cohort study to investigate associations between levels of ambient air pollutants and risks of recurrent headaches in children in Taiwan from 2000 to 2012. We used data from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database and linked them to the Taiwan Air Quality Monitoring Database. Overall, 218,008 children aged < 18 were identified from 1 January 2000, and then followed until they were diagnosed by a physician for ≥3 times with recurrent headaches or until 31 December 2012. We categorized the annual average concentration of each air pollutant (fine particulate matter, total hydrocarbon, methane, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen dioxide) into quartiles (Q1–Q4). We measured the incidence rate, hazard ratios (HRs), and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals for recurrent headaches. stratified by the quartiles. A total of 28,037 children (12.9%) were identified with recurrent headaches. The incidence rate and adjusted HR for recurrent headaches increased with higher-level exposure of air pollutants, except sulfur dioxide. We herein demonstrate that long-term ambient air pollutant exposure might be a risk factor for childhood recurrent headaches.


Author(s):  
В.О. ГОРОДЕЦКИЙ ◽  
С.О. СЕМЕНИХИН ◽  
Н.М. ДАИШЕВА ◽  
Н.И. КОТЛЯРЕВСКАЯ

Для увеличения производительности сахарного завода без существенных финансовых затрат можно использовать технологическую схему вывода сиропа на длительное хранение с последующей его переработкой в межсезонье. Одним из недостатков такой технологической схемы является риск микробиологической обсемененности сиропа, для снижения которой отечественные исследователи предлагают обработку электромагнитными полями. Однако, на наш взгляд, обработка сиропа сульфитсодержащими реагентами более безопасна и менее энергоемка. Проведены лабораторные исследования, направленные на снижение микробиологической обсемененности сиропа при выводе его на хранение. Объектом исследований был полученный в лабораторных условиях концентрированный сироп с содержанием сухих веществ 67%, который делили на три образца по 300 мл каждый. Контрольный образец сиропа оставляли без обработки, образец 1 обрабатывали сернистым ангидридом до рН 7,3–7,5, образец 2 – раствором бисульфита натрия в количестве 0,01% к массе образца. После этого все три образца подвергали подщелачиванию 1 н раствором NaOH до pH 9,15 и хранили в течение 100 сут при комнатной температуре. По окончанию срока хранения в образцах сиропа определяли микробиологические показатели и содержание редуцирующих веществ. Установлено, что предварительная обработка сиропа, направляемого на длительное хранение, сульфитсодержащими реагентами способствует достаточно эффективному снижению количества мезофильных аэробных и факультативно-анаэробных микроорганизмов и плесеней. Наибольший эффект снижения наблюдается при обработке сиропа сернистым ангидридом: на 69% снижается показатель микробиальной обсемененности и на 58% количество плесеней по сравнению с необработанным сиропом. При обработке сиропа бисульфитом натрия снижение составило 31 и 33% соответственно. Степень предотвращения накопления редуцирующих веществ при обработке сиропа сернистым ангидридом составила 18,8%, а при обработке бисульфитом натрия – 11,5%. Снижение микробиальной обсемененности сиропа при выводе его на длительное хранение будет способствовать снижению потерь сахарозы. To increase the productivity of the sugar factory without significant financial costs, you can use a technological scheme for the withdrawal of thick juice for long-term storage with its subsequent processing in the off-season. One of the disadvantages of such a technological scheme is the risk of microbiological contamination of the thick juice, to reduce which domestic researchers offer treatment with electromagnetic fields. However, in our opinion, the treatment of thick juice with sulfite-containing reagents is safer and less energy intensive. Laboratory studies aimed at reducing the microbiological contamination of the thick juiceduring its storage were carried out. The object of research was a concentrated thick juice obtained under laboratory conditions with a dry matter content of 67%, which was divided into three samples of 300 ml each. The control sample of the thick juice was left untreated, sample 1 was treated with sulfur dioxide to a pH of 7,3–7,5, sample 2 – with a solution of sodium bisulfite in an amount of 0.01% by weight of the sample. After that, all three samples were alkalized with 1 n NaOH solution to pH 9,15 and stored for 100 days at room temperature. At the end of the shelf life, microbiological parameters and the content of reducing substances were determined in the thick juice samples. It was found that the pretreatment of thick juice sent for long-term storage with sulfite-containing reagents contributes to a sufficiently effective reduction in the number of mesophilic aerobic and facultative anaerobic microorganisms and molds. The greatest reduction effect is observed when the thick juice is treated with sulfurous anhydride: the indicator of microbial contamination is reduced by 69% and the number of molds is reduced by 58% compared to untreated thick juice. When treating the syrup with sodium bisulfite, the reduction was 31 and 33% respectively. The degree of prevention of the accumulation of reducing substances when treating the thick juice with sulfur dioxide was 18,8%, and when treating with sodium bisulfite – 11,5%. Reducing the microbial contamination of the thick juicewhen it is taken out for long-term storage will help to reduce the loss of sucrose.


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