4. Direct Spectrophotometric Determination of Moisture Content of Grain and Seeds

1996 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karl H. Norris ◽  
Joe R. Hart
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Moisture Determination ◽  
Absorption Bands ◽  
Cent Moisture ◽  
Standard Procedures ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Spectral Absorbance ◽  
Ground Wheat

The water absorption bands at 0.76, 0.97, 1.18, 1.45, and 1.94 μ were investigated for spectrophotometric measurement of the moisture content of grain and seeds. The spectral absorbance curve for a thin layer of ground wheat was measured for the 1.0- to 2.3-μ region, showing that the 1.94-μ band of water has a minimum of interference. Using a 2-gram sample of ground material mixed with 1.5 to 2.0 ml of carbon tetrachloride in a 4.4-cm diameter cell, the transmittance values of a large number of wheat, soybean, wheat flour, and wheat bran samples were measured at 1.94 and 2.08 μ. From these data, the optical density difference Δ OD (1.94–2.08) μ was computed for each sample and related to the moisture content as determined by standard procedures. Calibration curves obtained for each of the four materials showed standard deviations from 0.28 to 0.37 per cent moisture for the moisture range from 0 to 20 per cent. The water absorption band at 0.97 μ was measured on individual intact peanuts and related to the moisture content. A measurement within ±0.7 per cent moisture content was obtained, using Δ OD (0.97–0.90) μ as the measured value. The authors conclude that moisture determination by direct spectrophotometry is practical on grain and should be possible on a wide range of solids.

scholarly journals A III B VI PHOTOVOLTAIC RECEPTORS FOR EXPERIMENTAL DETERMINATION OF CARBON COMPOUNDS IN ATMOSPHERE

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
IULIANA CARAMAN ◽  
IGOR EVTODIEV ◽  
OXANA RACOVEŢ ◽  
MARIUS STAMATE
Keyword(s):  
Electric Fields ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Absorption Bands ◽  
Gaseous State ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Carbon Compounds ◽  
Strong Electric Fields ◽  
Qualitative Measurements ◽  
Semiconductor Type

<p><span lang="EN-US">This paper examines the prospects of using semiconductor layered A<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><sup>III</sup><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>B<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><sup>VI</sup><span class="apple-converted-space"> type -</span> photovoltaic cells<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>and the photoresis<span class="apple-converted-space">tors</span> as receptors<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>for quantitative and qualitative measurements of carbon oxides. Carbon compounds in gaseous state form absorption bands of<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>electromagnetic<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>radiation in a wide range of spectrum (200 ÷ 100 000) cm<sup>-1</sup>.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>The light absorbed<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>or emitted<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>in these bands <span class="apple-converted-space">at the</span> excitations with ionizing radiation (X, γ) or strong electric fields contain direct information about the<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>concentration of these molecules.  The frequencies that<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>correspond to maxima of these bands are characteristic parameters of absorbing molecules. Fundamental absorption bands of CO, CO<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><sub>2</sub> and NC have the edge of band at the border of ultraviolet-vacuum, while the emission bands <em>d</em> cover their full range of wave numbers from 45000 cm<sup>-1 </sup>to 10000 cm<sup>-1</sup>. Two types of radiation receptors from lamellar semiconductor type A<sup>III</sup>B<sup>VI</sup><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>photosensitive in this spectral range are studied.</span></p>

scholarly journals Void and Moisture Content of Fiber Reinforced Composites

2021 ◽  
Vol 87 (3) ◽  
pp. 78-93
Author(s):  
Nurul Zuhairah Mahmud Zuhudi ◽  
Afiq Faizul Zulkifli ◽  
Muzafar Zulkifli ◽  
Ahmad Naim Ahmad Yahaya ◽  
Nurhayati Mohd Nur ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Fiber Reinforced Composites ◽  
Moisture Determination ◽  
Reinforced Composites ◽  
Fiber Reinforced ◽  
Mechanical Performances ◽  
Future Work ◽  
Selection Of

In this paper, a short review on the void and moisture content studies of fiber reinforced composites for both, synthetic and natural based fibers are presented. The review summarized the research papers in which include experimental and theoretical works that related to the void and moisture content studies. In addition to that, this review paper highlighting a few research studies conducted in literature on the effects of the void and moisture on the mechanical performances of the composite. Few common measurement methods used for the void and moisture determination are discussed here. The aims of this short review, mainly to capture the trend ranging from the recent five years back and summarize the various studies and also to compare and conclude the most common method for the determination of the void and moisture content. This paper is mainly providing a baseline in the selection of the methods for the future work of the author’s work with regard to the reduction of the presence of voids and moisture occur during the impregnation process of fiber reinforced composites, especially when using natural-based fiber.

Soil moisture content estimation using water absorption bands

GEOMATICA ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 63-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Reza Mobasheri ◽  
Meisam Amani ◽  
Mahin Beikpour ◽  
Sahel Mahdavi
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
Mean Squared Error ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Accurate Estimation ◽  
Absorption Bands ◽  
New Models

Soil moisture content (SMC) is a crucial component in various environmental studies. Although many models have been proposed for SMC estimation, developing new models for accurate estimation of SMC is still an interesting subject. This study aimed to develop new models for SMC estimation using the water absorption bands in the spectral signatures of three different soil types: loam, silty loam, and sandy loam. Based on the three absorption bands (i.e., 1400, 1900, and 2200 nm) and regression analyses, six approaches were considered. These scenarios were generally based on the reflectance value and its logarithm, as well as the difference between the wet and dry reflectance values for the absorption bands. Finally, 24 models were developed for SMC estimation from the three different soil types, as well as the entire soil samples. The most accurate SMC, as indicated by the lowest root mean squared error (RMSE) and the highest correlation coefficient (r), was obtained from the model developed using the logarithm of the average values reflectance in the three water absorption bands for sandy loam (RMSE = 0.31 g/kg, r = 0.99). Overall, using the spectrometry data derived in the lab, the results of the proposed models were promising and demonstrate great potential for SMC estimation using spectral data collected by satellites in the future studies.

scholarly journals Development of a Device for Staged Determination of Water Activity and Moisture Content

Proceedings ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (13) ◽  
pp. 881 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlo Tiebe ◽  
Marc Detjens ◽  
Annika Fechner ◽  
Stefanie Sielemann ◽  
Andreas Lorek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Water Activity ◽  
Bound Water ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Characteristic Parameter ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Temperature Equilibrium

Moisture content and water activity are important parameters for quality characterizationof products like bulk materials, powders, granules. Thus, an exact determination is necessarilyrequired in a wide range of industrial applications. Moisture of materials is the content ofnon-chemically bound water in a solid or liquid. Water activity (aw) is a characteristic/parameter ofthe non-chemically bound (“free”) water in materials and is measured as humidity over asolid/liquid surface at constant temperature (equilibrium moisture content). It is an importantparameter to characterize the quality of e.g., pharmaceutical and food products. In ourcontribution, we present the developed MOISHUM device for staged determination of wateractivity and moisture content of liquid and solid materials.

Weighing Platforms for Automated Peanut Curing1

1993 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-65
Author(s):  
G. Vellidis ◽  
M. E. Allgood ◽  
C. D. Perry ◽  
J. M. Allison ◽  
C. S. Kvien
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Field Study ◽  
Final Moisture Content ◽  
Moisture Determination ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Platform System

Abstract An instrumented weighing platform was developed for in-process moisture determination of curing peanuts and a field study was conducted to evaluate its performance. The design and evaluation of the weighing platform are described in detail. Statistical analysis of the difference between the final moisture content predicted by the platform and the actual kernel moisture content of cured peanuts indicated that the weighing platform accurately predicted final kernel moisture content. The weighing platform system can easily be incorporated into existing curing facilities. It has the potential to reduce the number of samples required by conventional curing techniques and, by maintaining better moisture content control reduce the incidence of overcuring or undercuring.

scholarly journals Expansion in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) seed during soaking and cooking

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sedat Sayar ◽  
Mahir Turhan ◽  
Hamit Köksel
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Cicer Arietinum ◽  
Cicer Arietinum L ◽  
Volumetric Expansion ◽  
Length Width ◽  
Expansion Coefficients ◽  
Crossing Point

AbstractThe linear and volumetric expansion of chickpea seeds during water absorption at 20, 30, 50, 70, 85 and 100°C was studied. Length, width and thickness of chickpea seeds linearly increased with the increase in moisture content at all temperatures studied, where the greatest increase was found in length. Two different mathematical approaches were used for the determination of the expansion coefficients. The plots of the both linear and volumetric expansion coefficients versus temperature exhibited two linear lines, the first one was through 20, 30 and 50ºC and the second one was trough 70, 85 and 100ºC. The crossing point (58ºC) of these lines was very close to the gelatinisation temperature (60ºC) of chickpea starch.

scholarly journals The Determination of Moisture in Parchment Coffee and Green Coffee Beans with a Dielectric-type Moisture-Meter

1969 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 176-193
Author(s):  
D. S. Boyce
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Initial Step ◽  
Moisture Determination ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Green Coffee ◽  
Primary Methods ◽  
Moisture Contents ◽  
Moisture Meter

1. It is necessary for all those concerned with the production, processing, and handling of seedlike products such as coffee parchment and green coffee to have available a method for the rapid and simple determination of moisture content. 2. A review of the literature indicates that much work has been done on the moisture determination of the seed of commerce of the Temperate regions, but little information exists concerned with the moisture determination of coffee. 3. As an initial step in setting up a program to investigate methods of coffee-processing it was necessary to establish a quick, simple, and accurate method of moisture determination. Investigations by others indicated that the Kappa moisture-meter, manufactured by Messrs. Kappa Moisture Meter Ltd., U. K., was probably the most suitable instrument available for this purpose. 4. It was decided to use a distillation method as the primary means of establishing the relationship between the moisture content of the material and the meter reading. It was found that it was not only necessary to determine the meter reading but also the weight of the sample and the ambient temperature if reliable results were to be obtained. 5. The Kappa moisture-meter was calibrated both for coffee parchment and green coffee over the widest possible range of moisture contents likely ever to be encountered. 6. All the results were statistically evaluated. It was found that, if the weight of the sample and the ambient temperature were taken into consideration, the standard deviation from the regression or the standard error of estimate for both parchment and green coffee were very comparable to similar values obtained for other dielectric moisture-meters used for moisture determination in wheat over a much more limited range. 7. It was found that the range of the Kappa moisture-meter was sufficient for the entire range of moisture contents considered. The divisions on the meter scale were also found to be adequately spaced, so that all readings could be made with sufficient accuracy. 8. It was observed that there was a very close relationship between the weight of a given volume of moderately compacted coffee parchment and its moisture content. This relationship could perhaps form the basis of a cheap, simple way for roughly evaluating the moisture content of parchment coffee which would be sufficiently accurate for farm use. 9. It was considered that the most convenient method of determining the moisture content from the Kappa meter-reading, the sample weight, and the ambient temperature, is by means of a four-variable addition-type alignment chart or nomogram. 10. Though the linear regression equations established for Kappa moisture- meter, Serial No. 7755, are unlikely to be applicable to other moisturemeters of the same type, additional meters required can be calibrated from this original meter instead of by more tedious primary methods.

A chemometric approach for moisture control in stingless bee honey using near infrared spectroscopy

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 379-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suelen Ávila ◽  
Polyanna Silveira Hornung ◽  
Gerson Lopes Teixeira ◽  
Márcia Regina Beux ◽  
Marcelo Lazzarotto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Stingless Bee ◽  
Average Error ◽  
Calibration Model ◽  
Moisture Determination ◽  
Absorption Bands ◽  
Melipona Marginata

Honey is a product that is often adulterated by the addition of water. Stingless bee honey naturally has a higher moisture content than that produced by the traditional Apis mellifera. In most countries, there is a lack of quality standards and methods to characterise and assure the authenticity of stingless bee honey, which demands for the development of fast methods to assess its main properties, avoiding potential fraud. Thus, this work aimed to develop a non-destructive moisture determination method for stingless bee honey based on diffuse reflectance near infrared spectroscopy combined with chemometrics. Thirty-two honey samples from four stingless bee species ( Melipona quadrifasciata, Melipona marginata, Melipona bicolor and Scaptotrigona bipuncata) were used to develop calibration models using partial least squares regression analyses. Results revealed intense absorption bands in C–H, O–H and C–O vibrations in the spectra of stingless bee honey. The calibration model was used to predict the moisture content in honey from an external group. The prediction of the honey’s moisture showed good correlation (r2 = 0.93) with the refraction index method and an average error of 2.14%. The statistics variables for the calibration ( R2 = 0.947, SEP = 1.005 and RPD = 4.3) revealed that this model can be used to predict the moisture from stingless bee honey and that near infrared spectroscopy is a reliable tool to be applied in quality control with rapid, simple and accurate results.

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