A III B VI PHOTOVOLTAIC RECEPTORS FOR EXPERIMENTAL DETERMINATION OF CARBON COMPOUNDS IN ATMOSPHERE

This paper examines the prospects of using semiconductor layered A III B VI type - photovoltaic cells and the photoresistors as receptors for quantitative and qualitative measurements of carbon oxides. Carbon compounds in gaseous state form absorption bands of electromagnetic radiation in a wide range of spectrum (200 ÷ 100 000) cm-1. The light absorbed or emitted in these bands at the excitations with ionizing radiation (X, γ) or strong electric fields contain direct information about the concentration of these molecules. The frequencies that correspond to maxima of these bands are characteristic parameters of absorbing molecules. Fundamental absorption bands of CO, CO 2 and NC have the edge of band at the border of ultraviolet-vacuum, while the emission bands d cover their full range of wave numbers from 45000 cm-1 to 10000 cm-1. Two types of radiation receptors from lamellar semiconductor type AIIIBVI photosensitive in this spectral range are studied.

Download Full-text

4. Direct Spectrophotometric Determination of Moisture Content of Grain and Seeds

Journal of Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽

10.1255/jnirs.940 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 23-30 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Karl H. Norris ◽

Joe R. Hart

Keyword(s):

Moisture Content ◽

Water Absorption ◽

Moisture Determination ◽

Absorption Bands ◽

Cent Moisture ◽

Standard Procedures ◽

Wide Range ◽

Spectral Absorbance ◽

Ground Wheat

The water absorption bands at 0.76, 0.97, 1.18, 1.45, and 1.94 μ were investigated for spectrophotometric measurement of the moisture content of grain and seeds. The spectral absorbance curve for a thin layer of ground wheat was measured for the 1.0- to 2.3-μ region, showing that the 1.94-μ band of water has a minimum of interference. Using a 2-gram sample of ground material mixed with 1.5 to 2.0 ml of carbon tetrachloride in a 4.4-cm diameter cell, the transmittance values of a large number of wheat, soybean, wheat flour, and wheat bran samples were measured at 1.94 and 2.08 μ. From these data, the optical density difference Δ OD (1.94–2.08) μ was computed for each sample and related to the moisture content as determined by standard procedures. Calibration curves obtained for each of the four materials showed standard deviations from 0.28 to 0.37 per cent moisture for the moisture range from 0 to 20 per cent. The water absorption band at 0.97 μ was measured on individual intact peanuts and related to the moisture content. A measurement within ±0.7 per cent moisture content was obtained, using Δ OD (0.97–0.90) μ as the measured value. The authors conclude that moisture determination by direct spectrophotometry is practical on grain and should be possible on a wide range of solids.

Download Full-text

Lightning Rod Improvement Studies

Journal of Applied Meteorology ◽

10.1175/1520-0450-39.5.593 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 39 (5) ◽

pp. 593-609 ◽

Cited By ~ 47

Author(s):

C. B. Moore ◽

William Rison ◽

James Mathis ◽

Graydon Aulich

Keyword(s):

Electric Fields ◽

Local Fields ◽

Lightning Strike ◽

Radius Of Curvature ◽

Lightning Strikes ◽

Positive Ions ◽

Wide Range ◽

Normal Polarity ◽

Strong Electric Fields ◽

Tip Radius

Abstract Although lightning rods have long been used to limit damage from lightning, there are currently no American standards for the shape and form of these devices. Following tradition, however, sharp-tipped Franklin rods are widely installed despite evidence that, on occasion, lightning strikes objects in their vicinity. In recent tests of various tip configurations to determine which were preferentially struck by lightning, several hemispherically tipped, blunt rods were struck but none of the nearby, sharper rods were “hit” by lightning. Measurements of the currents from the tips of lightning rods exposed to strong electric fields under negatively charged cloud bases show that the emissions consist of periodic ion charge bursts that act to reduce the strength of the local fields. After a burst of charge, no further emissions occur until that charge has moved away from the tip. Laboratory measurements of the emissions from a wide range of electrodes exposed to strong, normal-polarity thunderstorm electric fields show that positive ions are formed and move more readily over sharp-tipped electrodes than over blunter ones. From these findings, it appears that the electric field rates of intensification over sharp rods must be much greater than those over similarly exposed blunt rods for the initiation of upward-going leaders. Calculations of the relative strengths of the electric fields above similarly exposed sharp and blunt rods show that although the fields, prior to any emissions, are much stronger at the tip of a sharp rod, they decrease more rapidly with distance. As a result, at a few centimeters above the tip of a 20-mm-diameter blunt rod, the strength of the field is greater than that over an otherwise similar, sharper rod at the same height. Since the field strength at the tip of a sharpened rod tends to be limited by the easy formation of ions in the surrounding air, the field strengths over blunt rods can be much stronger than those at distances greater than 1 cm over sharper ones. The results of this study suggest that moderately blunt metal rods (with tip height–to–tip radius of curvature ratios of about 680:1) are better lightning strike receptors than are sharper rods or very blunt ones.

Download Full-text

DINAMIKA POLITIK PERSETUJUAN BERSAMA TENTANG PENETAPAN DESA ADAT DI KABUPATEN ROKAN HULU TAHUN 2014

Jurnal Ilmu Pemerintahan Nakhoda ◽

10.35967/jipn.v15i1.3850 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

pp. 21

Author(s):

Haryo Suganda ◽

Raja Muhammad Amin

Keyword(s):

Regulatory Region ◽

Field Research ◽

Analysis Techniques ◽

Political Dynamics ◽

Political Interests ◽

Wide Range ◽

Information Method ◽

Qualitative Descriptive ◽

The Village

This study is motivated the identification of policies issued by the regional Governmentof Rokan Hulu in the form of Regulatory region number 1 by 2015 on the determination of thevillage and Indigenous Village. Political dynamics based on various interests against themanufacture of, and decision-making in the process of formation of the corresponding localregulations determination of Indigenous Villages in the Rokan Hulu is impacted to a verysignificantamount of changes from the initial draft of the number i.e. 21 (twenty one) the villagebecame Customary 89 (eighty-nine) the Indigenous Villages who have passed. Type of thisresearch is a qualitative descriptive data analysis techniques. The research aims to describe theState of the real situation in a systematic and accurate fact analysis unit or related research, aswell as observations of the field based on the data (information). Method of data collectionwas done with interviews, documentation, and observations through fieldwork (field research).The results of the research on the process of discussion of the draft local regulations andmutual agreement about Designation of Indigenous Villages in the Rokan Hulu is, showed thatthe political dynamics that occur due to the presence of various political interests, rejectionorally by Villagers who were judged to have met the requirements of Draft Regulations to beformulated and the area for the set to be Indigenous Villages, and also there is a desire fromsome villages in the yet to Draft local regulations in order to set the Indigenous village , there isa wide range of interests of these aspects influenced the agreement to assign the entire localVillage which is in the Rokan Hulu become Indigenous village, and the village of Transmigrationinto administrative Villages where the initiator of the changes in the number of IndigenousVillages in the Rokan Hulu it is the desire of the local Government of its own.

Download Full-text

Polarographic and spectrophotometric behaviour of some N-p-phenyl substituted benzamidines

Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications ◽

10.1135/cccc19912791 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 56 (12) ◽

pp. 2791-2799 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Juan A. Squella ◽

Luis J. Nuñez-Vergara ◽

Hernan Rodríguez ◽

Amelia Márquez ◽

Jose M. Rodríguez-Mellado ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Spectrophotometric Study ◽

Absorption Bands ◽

Electrochemical Parameters ◽

Wide Ph Range ◽

Group A ◽

Substituent Constants ◽

Ph Range ◽

The Waves

Five N-p-phenyl substituted benzamidines were studied by DC and DP polarography in a wide pH range. Coulometric results show that the overall processes are four-electron reductions. Logarithmic analysis of the waves indicate that the process are irreversible. The influence of the pH on the polarographic parameters was also studied. A UV spectrophotometric study was performed in the pH range 2-13. In basic media some variations in the absorption bands were observed due to the dissociation of the amidine group. A determination of the pK values was made by deconvolution of the spectra. Correlations of both the electrochemical parameters and spectrophotometric pK values with the Hammett substituent constants were obtained.

Download Full-text

The Major Transitions in Evolution

10.1093/oso/9780198502944.001.0001 ◽

1997 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

John Maynard Smith ◽

Eors Szathmary

Keyword(s):

Full Range ◽

Evolution Of Cooperation ◽

Major Transitions ◽

Insect Societies ◽

Wide Range ◽

Major Transition ◽

Life Itself ◽

History Of ◽

Emergence Of Cooperation ◽

Multicellular Organisms

Over the history of life there have been several major changes in the way genetic information is organized and transmitted from one generation to the next. These transitions include the origin of life itself, the first eukaryotic cells, reproduction by sexual means, the appearance of multicellular plants and animals, the emergence of cooperation and of animal societies, and the unique language ability of humans. This ambitious book provides the first unified discussion of the full range of these transitions. The authors highlight the similarities between different transitions--between the union of replicating molecules to form chromosomes and of cells to form multicellular organisms, for example--and show how understanding one transition sheds light on others. They trace a common theme throughout the history of evolution: after a major transition some entities lose the ability to replicate independently, becoming able to reproduce only as part of a larger whole. The authors investigate this pattern and why selection between entities at a lower level does not disrupt selection at more complex levels. Their explanation encompasses a compelling theory of the evolution of cooperation at all levels of complexity. Engagingly written and filled with numerous illustrations, this book can be read with enjoyment by anyone with an undergraduate training in biology. It is ideal for advanced discussion groups on evolution and includes accessible discussions of a wide range of topics, from molecular biology and linguistics to insect societies.

Download Full-text

Oxford Studies in Medieval Philosophy Volume 7

10.1093/oso/9780198845515.001.0001 ◽

2019 ◽

Keyword(s):

Late Antiquity ◽

Full Range ◽

Current Work ◽

Medieval Philosophy ◽

Original Essays ◽

Wide Range ◽

Extended Review

Oxford Studies in Medieval Philosophy annually collects the best current work in the field of medieval philosophy. The various volumes print original essays, reviews, critical discussions, and editions of texts. The aim is to contribute to an understanding of the full range of themes and problems in all aspects of the field, from late antiquity into the Renaissance, and extending over the Jewish, Islamic, and Christian traditions. Volume 6 includes work on a wide range of topics, including Davlat Dadikhuda on Avicenna, Christopher Martin on Abelard’s ontology, Jeremy Skrzypek and Gloria Frost on Aquinas’s ontology, Jean‐Luc Solère on instrumental causality, Peter John Hartman on Durand of St.‐Pourçain, and Kamil Majcherek on Chatton’s rejection of final causality. The volume also includes an extended review of Thomas Williams of a new book on Aquinas’s ethics by Colleen McCluskey.

Download Full-text

Recent Developments in the Determination of Biomarkers of Tobacco Smoke Exposure in Biological Specimens: A Review

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18041768 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (4) ◽

pp. 1768

Author(s):

Hernâni Marques ◽

Pedro Cruz-Vicente ◽

Tiago Rosado ◽

Mário Barroso ◽

Luís A. Passarinha ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tobacco Smoke ◽

Solid Phase ◽

Smoke Exposure ◽

Tobacco Smoke Exposure ◽

World Health ◽

Second Hand Smoke ◽

Tobacco Exposure ◽

Wide Range ◽

Recent Developments

Environmental tobacco smoke exposure (ETS) and smoking have been described as the most prevalent factors in the development of certain diseases worldwide. According to the World Health Organization, more than 8 million people die every year due to exposure to tobacco, around 7 million due to direct ETS and the remaining due to exposure to second-hand smoke. Both active and second-hand exposure can be measured and controlled using specific biomarkers of tobacco and its derivatives, allowing the development of more efficient public health policies. Exposure to these compounds can be measured using different methods (involving for instance liquid- or gas-chromatographic procedures) in a wide range of biological specimens to estimate the type and degree of tobacco exposure. In recent years, a lot of research has been carried out using different extraction methods and different analytical equipment; this way, liquid–liquid extraction, solid-phase extraction or even miniaturized procedures have been used, followed by chromatographic analysis coupled mainly to mass spectrometric detection. Through this type of methodologies, second-hand smokers can be distinguished from active smokers, and this is also valid for e-cigarettes and vapers, among others, using their specific biomarkers. This review will focus on recent developments in the determination of tobacco smoke biomarkers, including nicotine and other tobacco alkaloids, specific nitrosamines, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, etc. The methods for their detection will be discussed in detail, as well as the potential use of threshold values to distinguish between types of exposure.

Download Full-text

Applicability of Cork as Novel Modifiers to Develop Electrochemical Sensor for Caffeine Determination

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma14010037 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 37

Author(s):

Mayra K. S. Monteiro ◽

Djalma R. Da Silva ◽

Marco A. Quiroz ◽

Vítor J. P. Vilar ◽

Carlos A. Martínez-Huitle ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Electrochemical Sensor ◽

Linear Response ◽

High Performance ◽

Low Cost ◽

Pharmaceutical Formulations ◽

Caffeine Concentration ◽

Real Samples ◽

Wide Range ◽

Potential Use

This study aims to investigate the applicability of a hybrid electrochemical sensor composed of cork and graphite (Gr) for detecting caffeine in aqueous solutions. Raw cork (RAC) and regranulated cork (RGC, obtained by thermal treatment of RAC with steam at 380 °C) were tested as modifiers. The results clearly showed that the cork-graphite sensors, GrRAC and GrRGC, exhibited a linear response over a wide range of caffeine concentration (5–1000 µM), with R2 of 0.99 and 0.98, respectively. The limits of detection (LOD), estimated at 2.9 and 6.1 µM for GrRAC and GrRGC, suggest greater sensitivity and reproducibility than the unmodified conventional graphite sensor. The low-cost cork-graphite sensors were successfully applied in the determination of caffeine in soft drinks and pharmaceutical formulations, presenting well-defined current signals when analyzing real samples. When comparing electrochemical determinations and high performance liquid chromatography measurements, no significant differences were observed (mean accuracy 3.0%), highlighting the potential use of these sensors to determine caffeine in different samples.

Download Full-text

Differential Laboratory Diagnosis of Acute Fever in Guinea: Preparedness for the Threat of Hemorrhagic Fevers

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18116022 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (11) ◽

pp. 6022

Author(s):

Vladimir G. Dedkov ◽

N’Faly Magassouba ◽

Olga A. Stukolova ◽

Victoria A. Savina ◽

Jakob Camara ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ebola Virus ◽

Febrile Illness ◽

Laboratory Diagnosis ◽

Acute Febrile Illness ◽

Causative Pathogen ◽

Hemorrhagic Fevers ◽

Wide Range ◽

Causative Agents ◽

Pathognomonic Sign

Acute febrile illnesses occur frequently in Guinea. Acute fever itself is not a unique, hallmark indication (pathognomonic sign) of any one illness or disease. In the infectious disease context, fever’s underlying cause can be a wide range of viral or bacterial pathogens, including the Ebola virus. In this study, molecular and serological methods were used to analyze samples from patients hospitalized with acute febrile illness in various regions of Guinea. This analysis was undertaken with the goal of accomplishing differential diagnosis (determination of causative pathogen) in such cases. As a result, a number of pathogens, both viral and bacterial, were identified in Guinea as causative agents behind acute febrile illness. In approximately 60% of the studied samples, however, a definitive determination could not be made.

Download Full-text

Strength Analysis of Alternative Airframe Layouts of Regional Aircraft on the Basis of Automated Parametrical Models

Aerospace ◽

10.3390/aerospace8030080 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 80

Author(s):

Dmitry V. Vedernikov ◽

Alexander N. Shanygin ◽

Yury S. Mirgorodsky ◽

Mikhail D. Levchenkov

Keyword(s):

Aspect Ratio ◽

High Aspect Ratio ◽

High Performance ◽

Strength Analysis ◽

Labor Input ◽

Aerodynamic Loading ◽

Aspect Ratios ◽

Wide Range ◽

Parametrical Design

This publication presents the results of complex parametrical strength investigations of typical wings for regional aircrafts obtained by means of the new version of the four-level algorithm (FLA) with the modified module responsible for the analysis of aerodynamic loading. This version of FLA, as well as a base one, is focused on significant decreasing time and labor input of a complex strength analysis of airframes by using simultaneously different principles of decomposition. The base version includes four-level decomposition of airframe and decomposition of strength tasks. The new one realizes additional decomposition of alternative variants of load cases during the process of determination of critical load cases. Such an algorithm is very suitable for strength analysis and designing airframes of regional aircrafts having a wide range of aerodynamic concepts. Results of validation of the new version of FLA for a high-aspect-ratio wing obtained in this work confirmed high performance of the algorithm in decreasing time and labor input of strength analysis of airframes at the preliminary stages of designing. During parametrical design investigation, some interesting results for strut-braced wings having high aspect ratios were obtained.

Download Full-text