scholarly journals Long-Run Impacts of Childhood Access to the Safety Net

2016 ◽  
Vol 106 (4) ◽  
pp. 903-934 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hilary Hoynes ◽  
Diane Whitmore Schanzenbach ◽  
Douglas Almond
Keyword(s):  
Family Background ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
Safety Net ◽  
Economic Resources ◽  
Adult Health ◽  
Income Dynamics ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
Access To Food ◽  
The Impact

We examine the impact of a positive and policy-driven change in economic resources available in utero and during childhood. We focus on the introduction of the Food Stamp Program, which was rolled out across counties between 1961 and 1975. We use the Panel Study of Income Dynamics to assemble unique data linking family background and county of residence in early childhood to adult health and economic outcomes. Our findings indicate access to food stamps in childhood leads to a significant reduction in the incidence of metabolic syndrome and, for women, an increase in economic self-sufficiency. (JEL I12, I38, J24)

scholarly journals Choosing a Control Group for Displaced Workers

ILR Review ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 71 (5) ◽  
pp. 1232-1254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pawel Krolikowski
Keyword(s):  
Panel Study ◽  
Displaced Workers ◽  
Average Treatment Effect ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Income Dynamics ◽  
Initial Displacement ◽  
Earnings Losses ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Job Instability ◽  
The Impact

The vast majority of studies on the earnings of displaced workers use a control group of never-displaced workers to examine the effects of initial displacement. This approach attributes earnings declines associated with all future job instability to the initial displacement event, overstating the losses relative to the average treatment effect. In this article, the author’s approach isolates the impact of an average displacement without conditioning on future displacement status in the control group. In comparisons of the standard and alternative approaches using Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) data, the estimated long-run earnings losses fall dramatically from 25% to as low as 5%.

Marriage as a Mechanism of Internalizing Externalities: A Case of Smoking

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane J. You
Keyword(s):  
Positive Impact ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
Legal Institution ◽  
Income Dynamics ◽  
Negative Externalities ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Married Individuals

Abstract With the view of marriage as a legal institution to internalize externalities, I examine the effect of marriage on smoking. From analyzing the data of Panel Study of Income Dynamics, I found that unmarried individuals are more likely to smoke by 4.9% point than married individuals with stronger impact on females. The long-run impact of marriage also shows that the unmarried individuals smoke more than married individuals but some of its positive impact diminishes within two years. These results on the whole imply that marriage internalizes the negative externalities of smoking and thus leads smokers to reduce smoking.

The Politics of Foreign Aid: Impact of Superpowers’ Economic Assistance on India and Pakistan during the Cold War

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-79
Author(s):  
Surinder Mohan ◽  
J. Susanna Lobo
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Foreign Aid ◽  
Economic Assistance ◽  
Industrial Base ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
The Impact

This article traces the impact of superpowers’ foreign aid on India and Pakistan during the early decades of the Cold War. It shows how the American policy-makers have drawn their initial strategies to bring India under the Western fold and later, when the Indian leadership resisted by adopting the foreign policy non-alignment, charted a new approach to keep it at an adequate distance from the Soviet influence—particularly by exploiting its food insecurity and inability to complete the five-year plans. In contrast, the Soviet Union extended project-aid to India which assisted it to build much required large industrial base and attain self-sufficiency in the long run. By adhering to the non-aligned doctrine, India not only managed a negotiable balance with the superpower politics but also extracted considerable benefits for its overall development. On the other hand, aligned Pakistan had shown least enthusiasm with regard to self-sufficiency and pursued policies imbued with militarism which ended up it as a rent-seeking dependent state.

scholarly journals Did the Qatar Blockade Work? Evidence from Trade and Consumer Welfare Three Years after the Blockade

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanan Al-Mal ◽  
Ayhab F Saad
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
United Arab Emirates ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Consumer Welfare ◽  
Significant Decline ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
Political Relations ◽  
Short Run ◽  
The Impact

This article examines the effects of the embargo (blockade) imposed on Qatar in June 2017 by four countries: Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Egypt, and Bahrain. Using highly disaggregated product-destination quarterly trade datasets provided by the Qatar General Authority of Customs, we find a significant decline in Qatar’s aggregate imports and consumer welfare (with an increase in the prices of imported goods) in the short run, but not thereafter. Political relations with non-besieging countries seem to be associated with Qatar’s bilateral trade after the blockade, particularly in the first quarter. Shortly after the blockade, countries opposing the blockade experienced a sizable growth in exports to Qatar. In the medium to long run, Qatar succeeded in mitigating the impact of the blockade by diversifying its import origins and adopting new reforms to stabilize the economy and enhance the country’s food security and self-sufficiency.

Causal Relationship among various Development Indices: A Panel Study

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Causal Relationship ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
Institutional Development ◽  
Development Index ◽  
Distributed Lag ◽  
Panel Ardl ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Distributed Lag Models ◽  
The One ◽  
The Impact

The concept of development has been regarded as a broader phenomenon encompassing various interrelated factors leading to improvement in the overall human wellbeing. So, it is important to understand the interlinkages between various dimensions of development. The present study was an attempt to analyze the causal relationship between the four aspects of development measured by the indices, namely the Economic Development Index (EDI), Social Development Index (SDI), Environment Development Index (ENDI), and Institutional Development Index (IDI) for a panel of 102 counties from 1996 to 2015. The long?run relationship between these indices through the panel ARDL model were also examined. The results indicated that there existed a bi-directional causal relationship between EDI and SDI, IDI and SDI, ENDI and SDI, and between IDI and ENDI. The one-way causality runs from IDI to EDI and ENDI to EDI. Further, given the nature of the variables considered here, panel autoregressive distributed lag models were used to examine the long?run relationship between the indices of development. The results showed that the impact of development indices with one another was statistically significant in the long run.

scholarly journals COVID-19 and Policy Impacts on the Bangladeshi Rice Market and Food Security

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 5981
Author(s):  
Mohammad Hasan Mobarok ◽  
Wyatt Thompson ◽  
Theodoros Skevas
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Yield Gap ◽  
Rice Market ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
Restrictive Trade ◽  
Partial Equilibrium Model ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
Policy Impacts ◽  
The Impact

This research employs a partial equilibrium model to estimate the short- and long-run effects of COVID-19 and rice policies on Bangladesh’s rice market and food security. We also analyze the impact of relevant policies in terms of their effectiveness in mitigating stresses stemming from a hypothetical pandemic with a COVID-19-like impact. The results indicate that the effect of COVID-19 on Bangladeshi food security during FY 2019/20 was mixed, as the indicators of food availability improved by 5%, and decreased by 17% for food stability, relative to what they would have been otherwise. Policy simulation results indicate that a higher import tariff improves self-sufficiency status, but undermines rice availability and accessibility by bending the market toward a restrictive trade regime. Results also indicate that unlike stock enhancement policy, closing the existing yield gap improves rice availability, accessibility, and moderates the depressing effect of a future event with repercussions similar to COVID-19, although the yield policy appears more speculative and could be too costly. The insights generated contribute to the understanding of policies that aim to achieve sustainable development goals related to aggregate food security, and build resilience against future shocks akin to COVID-19.

scholarly journals Differences in Children’s Social Development: How Migration Background Impacts the Effect of Early Institutional Childcare Upon Children’s Prosocial Behavior and Peer Problems

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kira Konrad-Ristau ◽  
Lars Burghardt
Keyword(s):  
Early Intervention ◽  
Social Development ◽  
Family Background ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
Migration Background ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Peer Problems ◽  
Home Learning ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Age Of Entry

This article focuses on the early years of children from immigrant families in Germany. Research has documented disparities in young children’s development correlating with their family background (e.g., immigrant or ethnic minority status), making clear the importance of early intervention. Institutional childcare—as an early intervention for children at risk—plays an important role in Germany, as 34.3% of children below the age of three and 93% of children above that age are in external childcare. This paper focuses on the extent to which children from families with a background of migration differ in their social development when considering their age of entry into early external childcare (and thus its duration). Data from the infant cohort study of the German National Educational Panel Study (NEPS, N = 1,846) is used to analyze the impact of early institutional childcare before the age of 3 years on children’s social competence at the age of 5 years, controlling for gender, siblings, temperament, home learning activities, and socioeconomic status. Results show the effects of duration of early external childcare on peer problems for children from families with a background of migration, in such a way that children who attend early external childcare for more than 1 year before the age of three show less problem behavior with peers than those who attend for less than a year. These findings have equity implications for children with a migration background living in Germany, especially as the proportion of these children is trending upwards.

scholarly journals The Consequences of Incarceration for Mortality in the United States

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Daza ◽  
alberto palloni ◽  
Jerrett Jones
Keyword(s):  
Panel Study ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The United States ◽  
Income Dynamics ◽  
Former Prisoners ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The Us ◽  
First Time ◽  
Health And Mortality

Previous research suggests that incarceration has negative implications for individuals’ well-being, health, and mortality. Most of these studies, though, do not follow former prisoners over extended periods of time and into older adult ages when it is more likely that cumulative consequences of incarceration will be felt. This paper contributes to this literature by employing for the first time the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) to estimate the long-run association between individual incarceration and mortality over nearly 40 years, and supplementing those analyses with the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79). We then use these estimates to investigate the implications of the US incarceration regime and the post-1980 incarceration boom for the US health and mortality disadvantage relative to industrialized peer countries (the United Kingdom).

scholarly journals Determinants of VMT in Urban Areas:A Panel Study of 87 U.S. Urban Areas 1982-2009

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Starr McMullen ◽  
Nathan Eckstein
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
Geographic Region ◽  
Fuel Price ◽  
Distributed Lag ◽  
Distributed Lag Model ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Impact

This paper uses econometric techniques to examine the determinants of vehicle miles traveled (VMT) in a panel study using data from a cross section of 87 U.S. urban areas over the period 1982-2009. We use standard OLS regression as well as two-stage least squares techniques to examine the impact of factors such as urban density, lane-miles, per capita income, real fuel cost, transit mileage, and various industry mix variables on per capita VMT. We use a distributed lag model to estimate long-run elasticities and find that the long-run price elasticity of demand for per capita VMT is approximately five times larger than in the short run. Preliminary empirical results show the per capita demand for VMT in urban areas is positively and significantly impacted by lane miles, personal income, and the percent of employment in the construction and public sectors. Fuel price and transit use and the percent of employment in manufacturing, retail, and wholesale sectors are all found to be statistically significant and negatively related to VMT per capita. After correcting for endogeneity, urban population density exerts a negative, but not always statistically significant, impact on per capita VMT. Finally, per capita VMT is found to differ significantly by geographic region, being higher the more western and the larger the population size of an urban area.

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