scholarly journals Partners in Crime

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 126-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen B. Billings ◽  
David J. Deming ◽  
Stephen L. Ross
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Small Neighborhood ◽  
Criminal Activity ◽  
Disadvantaged Students ◽  
At Risk Youth ◽  
School Segregation ◽  
Show Evidence ◽  
Agglomeration Effects ◽  
Social Spillovers

Social interactions may explain the large variance in criminal activity across neighborhoods and time. We present direct evidence of social spillovers in crime using random variation in neighborhood residence along opposite sides of a newly drawn school boundary. We first show evidence for agglomeration effects—within small neighborhood areas, grouping more disadvantaged students together in the same school increases total crime. We then show that these youths are more likely to be arrested for committing crimes together—to be “partners in crime.” Our results show that neighborhood and school segregation increase crime by fostering social interactions between at-risk youth. (JEL I24, I28, J13, K42, R11, R23, Z13)

scholarly journals Social behavior shapes the chimpanzee pan-microbiome

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. e1500997 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew H. Moeller ◽  
Steffen Foerster ◽  
Michael L. Wilson ◽  
Anne E. Pusey ◽  
Beatrice H. Hahn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Behavior ◽  
Microbial Diversity ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Host Health ◽  
Show Evidence ◽  
Microbial Associations ◽  
Successive Generations ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Gut Microorganisms

Animal sociality facilitates the transmission of pathogenic microorganisms among hosts, but the extent to which sociality enables animals’ beneficial microbial associations is poorly understood. The question is critical because microbial communities, particularly those in the gut, are key regulators of host health. We show evidence that chimpanzee social interactions propagate microbial diversity in the gut microbiome both within and between host generations. Frequent social interaction promotes species richness within individual microbiomes as well as homogeneity among the gut community memberships of different chimpanzees. Sampling successive generations across multiple chimpanzee families suggests that infants inherited gut microorganisms primarily through social transmission. These results indicate that social behavior generates a pan-microbiome, preserving microbial diversity across evolutionary time scales and contributing to the evolution of host species–specific gut microbial communities.

scholarly journals Paleogenomic insights into the red complex bacteria Tannerella forsythia in Pre-Hispanic and Colonial individuals from Mexico

2020 ◽  
Vol 375 (1812) ◽  
pp. 20190580 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miriam Bravo-Lopez ◽  
Viridiana Villa-Islas ◽  
Carolina Rocha Arriaga ◽  
Ana B. Villaseñor-Altamirano ◽  
Axel Guzmán-Solís ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Oral Bacteria ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Colonial Mexico ◽  
Treponema Denticola ◽  
Tannerella Forsythia ◽  
African Populations ◽  
Health And Disease

The ‘red complex’ is an aggregate of three oral bacteria ( Tannerella forsythia , Porphyromonas gingivalis and Treponema denticola ) responsible for severe clinical manifestation of periodontal disease. Here, we report the first direct evidence of ancient T. forsythia DNA in dentin and dental calculus samples from archaeological skeletal remains that span from the Pre-Hispanic to the Colonial period in Mexico. We recovered twelve partial ancient T. forsythia genomes and observed a distinct phylogenetic placement of samples, suggesting that the strains present in Pre-Hispanic individuals likely arrived with the first human migrations to the Americas and that new strains were introduced with the arrival of European and African populations in the sixteenth century. We also identified instances of the differential presence of genes between periods in the T. forsythia ancient genomes, with certain genes present in Pre-Hispanic individuals and absent in Colonial individuals, and vice versa . This study highlights the potential for studying ancient T. forsythia genomes to unveil past social interactions through analysis of disease transmission. Our results illustrate the long-standing relationship between this oral pathogen and its human host, while also unveiling key evidence to understand its evolutionary history in Pre-Hispanic and Colonial Mexico. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Insights into health and disease from ancient biomolecules'.

scholarly journals Teleological and referential understanding of action in infancy

2003 ◽  
Vol 358 (1431) ◽  
pp. 447-458 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gergely Csibra
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Mental States ◽  
Gaze Following ◽  
Motion Cues ◽  
Social Agents ◽  
Mental State Attribution ◽  
Young Infants ◽  
Second Mode ◽  
Pointing Gesture

There are two fundamentally different ways to attribute intentional mental states to others upon observing their actions. Actions can be interpreted as goal–directed , which warrants ascribing intentions, desires and beliefs appropriate to the observed actions, to the agents. Recent studies suggest that young infants also tend to interpret certain actions in terms of goals, and their reasoning about these actions is based on a sophisticated teleological representation. Several theorists proposed that infants rely on motion cues, such as self–initiated movement, in selecting goal–directed agents. Our experiments revealed that, although infants are more likely to attribute goals to self–propelled than to non–self–propelled agents, they do not need direct evidence about the source of motion for interpreting actions in teleological terms. The second mode of action–based mental state attribution interprets actions as referential , and allows ascription of attentional states, referential intents, communicative messages, etc., to the agents. Young infants also display evidence of interpreting actions in referential terms (for example, when following others' gaze or pointing gesture) and are very sensitive to the communicative situations in which these actions occur. For example, young infants prefer faces with eye–contact and objects that react to them contingently, and these are the very situations that later elicit gaze following. Whether or not these early abilities amount to a ‘theory of mind’ is a matter of debate among infant researchers. Nevertheless, they represent skills that are vital for understanding social agents and engaging in social interactions.

scholarly journals Creating a Path by Walking It - A Year in Review of Pohna: Keepers of the Fire

2011 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 945
Author(s):  
Karen Erickson ◽  
Patti LaBoucane-Benson ◽  
Fiona Hossack
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Criminal Activity ◽  
Complex Problem ◽  
At Risk Youth ◽  
Diversion Program ◽  
Youth Involvement ◽  
Effective Programs

Youth involvement in criminal activity and gangs is a complex problem.  This article examines Pohna: Keepers of the Fire, a gang intervention and diversion program for at risk youth.  The program seeks to guide at risk youth away from criminal activity by creating a place where youth are valued and their strengths are used to build their connections and responsibilities to the community.  There is no simple and straightfoward answer to addressing the problem of youth involvement in criminal activity and gangs.  However, from our analysis of five case studies, we have learned that in order to develop effective programs and interventions for at risk youth, we need to focus our attention on learning from them and our interactions with them.  To effectively support the youth involved in Pohna, we need to understand and address the broader forces at work that both strengthen and undermine their resiliency.

scholarly journals Education markets and schools’ mechanisms of exclusion: The case of Chile

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 130
Author(s):  
Adrián Zancajo
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Disadvantaged Students ◽  
School Segregation ◽  
Market Regulation ◽  
Educational Inequalities ◽  
Socioeconomically Disadvantaged ◽  
Low Socioeconomic ◽  
Education Market ◽  
Education Markets

Education market advocates frequently argue that socioeconomically disadvantaged  students could be the main beneficiaries of privatization and market policies. However, the international evidence has shown how privatization and pro-market policies have a negative impact in terms of equity, which particularly affect socioeconomically disadvantaged populations, increase school segregation and stratification, and foster educational inequalities. The main objective of this paper is to analyze how the responses developed by educational providers in marketized environments especially impact poor populations and can act as mechanisms of exclusion. In this context, Chile is an optimal case study due to the extreme version of privatization and market policies it adopted four decades ago. Based on the case study of two municipalities in Chile, which represent two local education markets, the presented evidence combines in-depth interviews with school principals and families. The paper analyses how schools’ responses in the context of a competitive environment produce, among other effects, processes of exclusion affecting students from low socioeconomic backgrounds, foster school segregation and increase educational inequalities. Finally, the paper elaborates on the limits of education markets and privatization policies, as well as market regulation reforms, in providing better educational opportunities to socioeconomically disadvantaged students.

The Cellular Origin in Atheromatous Lesion

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 202-203
Author(s):  
T. M. Murad ◽  
H. A. I. Newman ◽  
K. F. Kern
Keyword(s):  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Smooth Muscle Cells ◽  
Rabbit Aorta ◽  
Mixed Population ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cellular Origin ◽  
Ultrastructural Studies ◽  
Atherosclerotic Lesions ◽  
Show Evidence ◽  
Early Lesion

The origin of lipid containing cells in atheromatous lesion has been disputed. Geer in his study on atheromatous lesions of rabbit aorta, suggested that the early lesion is composed mainly of lipid-laden macrophages and the later lesion has a mixed population of macrophages and smooth muscle cells. Parker on the other hand, was able to show evidence that the rabbit lesion is primarily composed of lipid-laden cells of smooth muscle origin. The above studies and many others were done on an intact lesion without any attempt of cellular isolation previous to their ultrastructural studies. Cell isolation procedures have been established for atherosclerotic lesions through collagenase and elastase digestion Therefore this procedure can be utilized to identify the cells involved in rabbit atheroma.

The Immuno-Electron Microscopic Localization of the Mo-Fe Protein Component of Nitrogenase in Cells of Azotobacter Vinelandii

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 574-575
Author(s):  
J. T. Stasny ◽  
R. C. Burns ◽  
R. W. F. Hardy
Keyword(s):  
Cellular Localization ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Azotobacter Vinelandii ◽  
Intracellular Localization ◽  
Protein Component ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Fe Protein ◽  
Intracytoplasmic Membranes

Structure-functlon studies of biological N2-fixation have correlated the presence of the enzyme nitrogenase with increased numbers of intracytoplasmic membranes in Azotobacter. However no direct evidence has been provided for the internal cellular localization of any nitrogenase. Recent advances concerned with the crystallizatiorTand the electron microscopic characterization of the Mo-Fe protein component of Azotobacter nitrogenase, prompted the use of this purified protein to obtain antibodies (Ab) to be conjugated to electron dense markers for the intracellular localization of the protein by electron microscopy. The present study describes the use of ferritin conjugated to goat antitMo-Fe protein immunoglobulin (IgG) and the observations following its topical application to thin sections of N2-grown Azotobacter.

Structural similarity of ribosomes from E. coli and A. salina

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 242-243
Author(s):  
M. Boublik ◽  
R.M. Wydro ◽  
W. Hellmann ◽  
F. Jenkins
Keyword(s):  
Ribosomal Proteins ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Structural Similarity ◽  
Carbon Support ◽  
Artemia Salina ◽  
Uranyl Acetate ◽  
Biological Assays ◽  
E Coli ◽  
And Function ◽  
Fine Carbon

Ribosomes are ribonucleoprotein particles necessary for processing the genetic information of mRNA into proteins. Analogy in composition and function of ribosomes from diverse species, established by biochemical and biological assays, implies their structural similarity. Direct evidence obtained by electron microscopy seems to be of increasing relevance in understanding the structure of ribosomes and the mechanism of their role in protein synthesis.The extent of the structural homology between prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomes has been studied on ribosomes of Escherichia coli (E.c.) and Artemia salina (A.s.). Despite the established differences in size and in the amount and proportion of ribosomal proteins and RNAs both types of ribosomes show an overall similarity. The monosomes (stained with 0.5% aqueous uranyl acetate and deposited on a fine carbon support) appear in the electron micrographs as round particles with a diameter of approximately 225Å for the 70S E.c. (Fig. 1) and 260Å for the 80S A.s. monosome (Fig. 2).

Stress Relaxation and the Formation of Silicides in the Process of the Crystallization of NI-NB Films on SI

1991 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 898-899
Author(s):  
N. Rozhanski ◽  
V. Lifshitz
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
Stress Relaxation ◽  
Integrated Circuits ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Alloy Film ◽  
Diffusion Barriers ◽  
Effective Barrier

Thin films of amorphous Ni-Nb alloys are of interest since they can be used as diffusion barriers for integrated circuits on Si. A native SiO2 layer is an effective barrier for Ni diffusion but it deformation during the crystallization of the alloy film lead to the appearence of diffusion fluxes through it and the following formation of silicides. This study concerns the direct evidence of the action of stresses in the process of the crystallization of Ni-Nb films on Si and the structure of forming NiSi2 islands.

Point and planar defects in the iron sulfide compounds Fe1-xS

1984 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 434-435
Author(s):  
Thao A. Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Iron Sulfide ◽  
Planar Defects ◽  
Selective Area ◽  
Vacancy Ordering ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Lattice Images ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Beam Lattice

It is well known that the large deviations from stoichiometry in iron sulfide compounds, Fe1-xS (0≤x≤0.125), are accommodated by iron vacancies which order and form superstructures at low temperatures. Although the ordering of the iron vacancies has been well established, the modes of vacancy ordering, hence superstructures, as a function of composition and temperature are still the subject of much controversy. This investigation gives direct evidence from many-beam lattice images of Fe1-xS that the 4C superstructure transforms into the 3C superstructure (Fig. 1) rather than the MC phase as previously suggested. Also observed are an intrinsic stacking fault in the sulfur sublattice and two different types of vacancy-ordering antiphase boundaries. Evidence from selective area optical diffractograms suggests that these planar defects complicate the diffraction pattern greatly.

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