scholarly journals Gender Homophily in Referral Networks: Consequences for the Medicare Physician Earnings Gap

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan Zeltzer
Keyword(s):  
Gender Bias ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Medicare Patient ◽  
Referral Networks ◽  
Earnings Gap ◽  
Positive Externality ◽  
Female Relative ◽  
Same Gender ◽  
Patient Referrals ◽  
Robust Evidence

I assess the extent to which the gender gap in physician earnings may be driven by physicians’ preference for referring to specialists of the same gender. Analyzing administrative data on 100 million Medicare patient referrals, I provide robust evidence that doctors refer more to specialists of their own gender. I show that biased referrals are predominantly driven by physicians’ decisions rather than by endogenous sorting of physicians or patients. Because most referring doctors are male, the net impact of same-gender bias by both male and female doctors generates lower demand for female relative to male specialists, pointing to a positive externality for increased female participation in medicine. (JEL H51, I11, J16, J31, J44)

scholarly journals Peer review and gender bias: A study on 145 scholarly journals

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. eabd0299
Author(s):  
Flaminio Squazzoni ◽  
Giangiacomo Bravo ◽  
Mike Farjam ◽  
Ana Marusic ◽  
Bahar Mehmani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Peer Review ◽  
Gender Bias ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Gender Diversity ◽  
Scholarly Journals ◽  
Publication Rates ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Editorial Decisions ◽  
Selection Of

Scholarly journals are often blamed for a gender gap in publication rates, but it is unclear whether peer review and editorial processes contribute to it. This article examines gender bias in peer review with data for 145 journals in various fields of research, including about 1.7 million authors and 740,000 referees. We reconstructed three possible sources of bias, i.e., the editorial selection of referees, referee recommendations, and editorial decisions, and examined all their possible relationships. Results showed that manuscripts written by women as solo authors or coauthored by women were treated even more favorably by referees and editors. Although there were some differences between fields of research, our findings suggest that peer review and editorial processes do not penalize manuscripts by women. However, increasing gender diversity in editorial teams and referee pools could help journals inform potential authors about their attention to these factors and so stimulate participation by women.

scholarly journals KESADARAN GENDER YANG ISLAMI

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 253
Author(s):  
Nurdeni Dahri
Keyword(s):  
Gender Bias ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Cultural Construction ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Roles And Responsibilities ◽  
Cultural Life ◽  
Changing Times ◽  
Biological Differences

Biological differences between men and women have in the implementation of social and cultural life. There has been a gender gap due to the multiplicity of interpretations of the notion of gender itself. In-depth research is needed to determine the cause of the gap, let alone Islam declared the doctrine that leads to gender bias. Based on the discussion in this paper is declared Gender division of roles and responsibilities between women and men as a result of socio-cultural construction of society, which can be changed according to the demands of the changing times. While sex (gender: male and female) are not changed and the nature of God. In the teachings of Islam there is no difference between women and men in all its aspects, distinguishing only charity and piety

scholarly journals Gender and societies: a grassroots approach to women in science

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (9) ◽  
pp. 190633 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex James ◽  
Rose Chisnall ◽  
Michael J. Plank
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Gender Bias ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Women In Science ◽  
Male Dominance ◽  
Simple Mathematical Model ◽  
Lower Status ◽  
The Status ◽  
Analyse Data

Women are under-represented in science. We show that the extent of the gender gap varies depending on the status of the position in question and there are simple steps that can be taken to improve diversity. We analyse data on the activities of over 30 science societies spanning four countries and five distinct discipline areas. Our results show that women tend to be equally represented in lower status roles and awards, e.g. student prizes and editorships, but under-represented in higher status roles, e.g. late-career awards and chief editorships. We develop a simple mathematical model to explore the role of homophily in decision making and quantify the effect of simple steps that can be taken to improve diversity. We conclude that, when the stakes are low, efforts to tackle historic gender bias towards men have been at least partially successful, but when the stakes are higher male dominance is often still the norm.

scholarly journals A multi-dimensional perspective on the gender gap in health among older adults in India and China: application of a new ageing measure

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Arun Balachandran ◽  
K. S. James
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Gender Bias ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
General Health ◽  
One Dimension ◽  
Multiple Dimensions ◽  
Health Dimension ◽  
India And China

Abstract A continuous rise of female life expectancy above that of males among older adults in India and China may give the impression that the relative gender gap in health in these countries is decreasing. However, given the systemic gender bias against older females in these countries across multiple dimensions of health, a fuller understanding of the gender gap in health calls for a multi-dimensional perspective. We estimate a multi-dimensional old-age threshold (MOAT) that specifies different old-age thresholds for female and male populations which accommodates multiple dimensions related to physical, intellectual and general health. We use the MOAT to evaluate the multi-dimensional gender gap in India and China by differencing the MOAT for females with that of males. Females in both countries have a lower MOAT than their male counterparts, indicating an earlier advent of ‘old age’ for females. The multi-dimensional estimates of the gender gap are also higher than the estimates based on only one dimension of health. A considerable level of variation is also observed in the gender gap across provinces. The study illustrates the need to understand the gender gap in health in India and China from a multi-dimensional perspective and provides an innovative way to quantify such a gap. Province-specific as well as health dimension-specific interventions are vital in reducing the gender gap among older adults in these countries.

scholarly journals Gender Difference in Households’ Expenditure on Higher Education: Evidence from Mongolia

2021 ◽  
pp. 211-244
Author(s):  
Tansaya Khajikhan
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Gender Bias ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Empirical Data ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Education Expenditure ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Educational Expenditure ◽  
Traditional Gender Roles ◽  
Household Heads

AbstractThe existing evidence suggests that there is a reverse gender gap in higher education in Mongolia. Prior studies on the reverse gender gap in education were based on the gross enrolment rates and did not delve deeper in terms of using empirical data analyzed over an extended time-period. This paper investigates gender bias in the households’ expenditure on higher education and tracks changes over the ten-year period from 2008 to 2018 using empirical data. In this regard, this study examines the factors and determinants responsible for the gender bias in the households’ expenditure on higher education. To address these questions, the study employs the Engel Curve approach (unconditional educational expenditure) and Hurdle model, which estimates bias in the enrolment decisions and bias in the conditional educational expenditure, both at the household and individual level in 2008 and 2018, using the Household Socio-Economic Survey of Mongolia. Its findings illustrate that gender bias in households’ expenditure on higher education does exist, and it favors girls over boys at the household and individual levels in 2008 and 2018. The findings show that households allocate a greater share of education expenditure to females aged 16–18 and 19–24 than to their male counterparts. Statistical analysis suggests that households’ residence and the occupation of household heads are two important factors affecting this gender bias. Thus, if a household resides in the countryside and its head is employed in the agricultural sector, female offspring are more likely to receive higher education than male offspring. Traditional gender roles and the Mongolian way of life, which centers around attending to livestock and requiring a male labor force and the wage gap, are contextual factors that help explain this gender bias.

scholarly journals An Explanation of a Gender Earnings Gap in the Veterinary Profession

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-160
Author(s):  
David Smith ◽  
Demos Vardiabasis ◽  
Samuel Seaman ◽  
Yury Adamo
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Firm Size ◽  
Model Specification ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Veterinary Profession ◽  
Concomitant Variables ◽  
Gender Earnings Gap ◽  
Earnings Gap

Analysis of a unique data set of U.S. veterinary firms and veterinarians provides evidence of significant differences in earnings between self-employed males and females. After controlling for important concomitant variables, including training and experience, self-employed female veterinarians generally own smaller clinics and have lower earnings than their male counterparts. This study considers which demographic/economic factors may be associated with observed gender differences in earnings. The gender gap for average earnings is about 44 percent; however, when controlling for certain characteristics, the gap narrows to as little as 23 percent, depending on the model specification. Firm size was found to be the strongest contributing factor in explaining the gender gap in earnings, and so, possible explanations for differences in firm size have also been discussed. Whilst the analysis is not conclusive, there is evidence that self-employed females may face customer discrimination, which may constrain the growth and size of female-owned firms. (JEL D21) Keywords: Gender differences, salaries, self-employment, veterinarians

Medicare Patient Referral Networks to Female Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive Surgeons Across the United States

2019 ◽  
Vol Publish Ahead of Print ◽  
Author(s):  
Tyler M. Muffly ◽  
Javier Gonzalez ◽  
Arian Khorshid ◽  
Janos Hajagos ◽  
Georg Kropat
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Medicare Patient ◽  
Patient Referral ◽  
Referral Networks ◽  
Female Pelvic Medicine

Oncology multidisciplinary clinic development.

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (27_suppl) ◽  
pp. 62-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheila Jacobs ◽  
Kathy Mashanic
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Plan ◽  
Surgical Oncology ◽  
Breast Cancer Patients ◽  
Model Of Care ◽  
Referral Networks ◽  
Additional Equipment ◽  
Multidisciplinary Clinic ◽  
Operational Issues ◽  
Key Staff ◽  
Patient Referrals

62 Background: In 2014 it was decided that a multidisciplinary approach would be beneficial for our breast cancer patients. A pre-conference for a multidisciplinary discussion on the treatment plan for the patients and their ability to see medical oncology, surgical oncology, and radiation oncology in one visit was the goal. Methods: A multidisciplinary planning committee was established to discuss operational issues. Location of the pre-conference and exam rooms were assigned along with the development of the MDC schedule templates for the physicians. The staffing resources were identified along with any additional equipment or supplies. Key staff were engaged to determine a new scheduling workflow including how patient referrals would be handled between departments, phone numbers the patient/family or physician would call for an appointment, and scripted messages to educate all on this model of care. Physicians developed triage questions to direct the caller to appropriate clinic and schedule an MDC appointment. A single phone number was created to ensure adequate access. Physician leadership and the managers of the affected areas worked with marketing on developing a variety of communication strategies to introduce the multidisciplinary initiative to providers, staff, referral networks, and patients. Results: Since the pilot in 2014, additional breast, thyroid/endocrine, thoracic, genitourinary, and gastrointestinal/colorectal MDC clinics have been launched as the outcomes have been very positive. Total MDC’s visits have increased by 200% from 132 in 2017 to 399 projected in 2019. Market share in the MDC programs has increased an average of 3.6 points. There has been a 44% increase in diagnosis at an earlier stage and both patient and provider satisfaction have trended upwards. Conclusions: The MDC’s have been a positive addition to our cancer program. The comprehensive approach to care has resulted in quality experience for all touched by cancer.

scholarly journals Invisible Women? Comparing Candidates’ News Coverage in Europe

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (02) ◽  
pp. 223-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maarja Lühiste ◽  
Susan Banducci
Keyword(s):  
Gender Bias ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
News Media ◽  
Media Coverage ◽  
News Coverage ◽  
The United States ◽  
Media Analysis ◽  
Women Candidates ◽  
News Stories ◽  
Underrepresentation Of Women

Past studies, largely based on the United States, have argued that differential coverage of men and women candidates could explain the lack of women in elected political office. We investigate, first, whether a gender bias exists in coverage of candidates and, second, the possible mechanisms underlying any differences in the amount and tone of candidates’ news media coverage. Using data from the 2009 European Election Study Media Analysis, drawn from media coverage in 25 EU member states during the European Parliament election campaigns, we find that, similar to previous research, there is evidence of a gender gap in the amount of media coverage. Even for highly prominent and competitive candidates, the gender bias in media coverage remains. However, this bias in media coverage largely reflects the parties’ preselection of viable candidates and that where there are remedies in place to address the underrepresentation of women (i.e., quotas), women candidates actually have lower visibility in campaign coverage. We also find that, though women candidates are more often the subject of valence evaluations in news stories, male candidates are more negatively evaluated in news stories.

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