scholarly journals The SO2 Allowance Trading System: The Ironic History of a Grand Policy Experiment

2013 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Schmalensee ◽  
Robert N Stavins
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effective ◽  
Cap And Trade ◽  
Trading System ◽  
Wrong Reason ◽  
History Of ◽  
Clean Air ◽  
Effective Policy ◽  
Unanticipated Consequence ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Right

Two decades have passed since the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 launched a grand experiment in market-based environmental policy: the SO2 cap-and-trade system. That system performed well but created four striking ironies: First, by creating this system to reduce SO2 emissions to curb acid rain, the government did the right thing for the wrong reason. Second, a substantial source of this system's cost-effectiveness was an unanticipated consequence of earlier railroad deregulation. Third, it is ironic that cap-and-trade has come to be demonized by conservative politicians in recent years, as this market-based, cost-effective policy innovation was initially championed and implemented by Republican administrations. Fourth, court decisions and subsequent regulatory responses have led to the collapse of the SO2 market, demonstrating that what the government gives, the government can take away.

scholarly journals To Trade or Not To Trade? Criteria for Applying Cap and Trade

2001 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 953-957 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie Benkovic ◽  
Joseph Kruger
Keyword(s):  
Emissions Trading ◽  
Environmental Problem ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Cap And Trade ◽  
Policy Tool ◽  
Effective Manner ◽  
Effective Policy ◽  
Foreign Governments ◽  
Trading Program ◽  
The U.S

The use of emissions trading (cap and trade) is gaining worldwide recognition as an extremely effective policy tool. The U.S. Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) Emissions Trading Program has achieved an unprecedented level of environmental protection in a cost-effective manner. The successful results of the program have led domestic and foreign governments to consider the application of cap and trade to address other air quality issues. Certain analyses are particularly important in determining whether or not cap and trade is an appropriate policy tool. This paper offers a set of questions that can be used as criteria for determining whether or not cap and trade is the preferred policy approach to an environmental problem.

Role of Open and Distance Learning in Agriculture Education in India

2018 ◽  
pp. 244-256
Author(s):  
Mohinder Kumar Salooja ◽  
Vijayakumar P.
Keyword(s):  
Distance Learning ◽  
Agricultural Education ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Agriculture Education ◽  
Education In India ◽  
Open And Distance Learning ◽  
Building Activities ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Masses

The Open and Distance Learning (ODL) can be an effective and cost effective tool to reach the masses in imparting the required skills and technical proficiency. The conventional Agricultural education system has not utilized the potential of ODL in a big way for extending the reach of agriculture education and capacity building activities. Some of the challenges in ODL system include: identifying the right type and level of programme, selecting the appropriate pedagogy model, covering of large and diverse clientele group, popularization and recognition of the programmes and linkages with the industry. For successful implementation of the ODL programmes in agriculture, the interventions proposed are synergy between ODL and conventional system to improve GER and bridge the gap between demand and supply, collaboration with different institutions and industry for development and delivery of the programmes, linkage with the government schemes, popularization and recognition of ODL programmes, utilization of modern technologies, etc.

Neither Civilian nor Combatant: Weaponised Spaces and Spatialised Bodies in Cizre

2019 ◽  
pp. 71-94
Author(s):  
Haydar Darıcı ◽  
Serra Hakyemez
Keyword(s):  
Political Life ◽  
Right To Life ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Dead ◽  
The Government ◽  
Turkish State ◽  
The One ◽  
The Right ◽  
Kurdish Conflict ◽  
Self Defence

What kind of work does the categorical distinction between combatant and civilian do in the interplay of the necropolitics and biopower of the Turkish state? This paper focuses on a time period (2015-2016) in the history of the Kurdish conflict when that distinction was no longer operable as the war tactics of the Kurdish movement shifted from guerrilla attacks of hit and run in the mountains to the self-defence of residents in urban centres. It reveals the limit of inciting compassion through the figure of civilian who is assumed to entertain a pre-political life that is directed towards mere survival. It also shows how the government reconstructs the dead bodies using forensics and technoscience in order to portray what is considered by Kurdish human rights organizations civilians as combatants exercising necroresistance. As long as the civilian-combatant distinction remains and serves as the only episteme of war to defend the right to life, the state is enabled to entertain not only the right to kill, but also to turn the dead into the perpetrators of their own killing. Finally, this paper argues that law and violence, on the one hand, and the right to life and the act of killing on the other, are not two polar opposites but are mutually constitutive of each other in the remaking of state sovereignty put in crisis by the Kurdish movement's self-defence practices.

scholarly journals Polylactic Acid Implant for Cranioplasty with 3-dimensional Printing Customization: A Case Report

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (C) ◽  
pp. 151-155
Author(s):  
Tedy Apriawan ◽  
Khrisna Rangga Permana ◽  
Ditto Darlan ◽  
Muhammad Reza Arifianto ◽  
Fitra Fitra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
3D Printing ◽  
Polylactic Acid ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Skull Defect ◽  
3 Dimensional ◽  
First Case ◽  
Good Cosmetic ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Right

BACKGROUND: Cranioplasty is aimed to restore the structure and function of the lost portion of the skull defect. Many materials can be used for cranioplasty, such as the bones of the patient (autograft), the bones of other patients (allograft), bones of animals (xenograft), or synthetic materials such as acrylic or titanium mesh. These materials are quite expensive and sometimes require complex processes. Manual shaping of material for cranioplasty is also quite time-consuming and prone to cause esthetic dissatisfaction. The author will discuss the case of using polylactic acid (PLA) implant with 3-dimensional (3D) printing customization as a cheap and accurate cosmetic solution for cranioplasty procedures. CASE REPORT: We report 2 cases of skull defect underwent cranioplasty. The first case, female, 20-year-old, had a history of severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) and epidural hematoma. She underwent decompression craniotomy on the left frontotemporoparietal region of her skull. The second case, male, 46-year-old, had a history of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage due to arteriovenous malformation (AVM). He underwent decompression craniotomy on the right frontotemporoparietal region of her skull. Both the data of computerized tomography (CT) scan were reconstructed to get 3D model of skull defect. Prosthesis was made by 3D printer accordingly using PLA as material. There was no complication reported postoperatively and cosmetic satisfaction was obtained on both cases. CONCLUSION: The use of PLA implant with 3D printing customization was proved to be cost-effective and good cosmetic satisfaction with no complication reported following cranioplasty procedure.

scholarly journals «Generation of The 28th» in the History of Venezuela

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 63-78
Author(s):  
Dabagyan Emil ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Historical Development ◽  
Economic Reforms ◽  
Government Agencies ◽  
Democratic Development ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Face ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Media ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Right

The article analyzes the most important period in the historical development of Venezuela. Under the dictator Juan Vicente Gomez, who reigned uncontrollably for a long time, the “Generation of the 28th” emerged. It contributed notably to the democratic development of the country. The participants of named movement were mainly the representatives of student youth; they were the first to openly oppose the tyranny. "The Generation of the 28th" went through a complex evolutionary path eradicating their own mistakes. A representative democracy functioned in Venezuela for forty years. It modified the face of Venezuelan society: the adopted Constitution guaranteed to all citizens the right to elect and be elected. The regular shifts in all the government agencies, a freedom of assembly and the media were practiced. The democratic institutions worked securily while serious socio-economic reforms were carried out throughout the country.

Truth and Reinvestment: A Call for Reparations

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zachary Norris
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Political Climate ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Criminal Justice Reform ◽  
Communities Of Color ◽  
The People ◽  
Racial Injustice ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Right

In a political climate where criminal justice reform has finally begun to gain traction among both the right and the left, the reinvestment of funds away from systems of punishment and toward community-based resources has also become politically possible. “Jobs, not jails” is a common rallying cry within the criminal justice reform movement, including at the Ella Baker Center for Human Rights, where we work to reinvest resources in jobs, education, health care, and housing for communities of color instead of wasting money on police and prisons. However, as long as political discussions about reforms and reinvestment continue to exist in a race-neutral sphere with no acknowledgment of the truth of this country’s long history of racial injustice, we move no closer to meaningful change and radical transformation of how the government cares for and is accountable to the people. 

Microsurgical Resection of Thoracic Meningioma: 2-Dimensional Operative Video

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 521-521
Author(s):  
Yutaka Ito ◽  
Kunio Yokoyama ◽  
Hidekazu Tanaka ◽  
Makoto Yamada ◽  
Masashi Yamashita ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lower Limb ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Images ◽  
Surgical Removal ◽  
Spinal Meningioma ◽  
Extramedullary Tumor ◽  
Icg Angiography ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Right ◽  
Dural Opening

Abstract The primary goal of surgery with spinal meningioma is complete safe tumor removal and decompression of the spinal cord. For the surgical removal of spinal meningioma, internal debulking before dissection of the tumor capsule is essential. Intraoperative ultrasonography to localize the tumor is recommended by some authors, but we use indocyanine green (ICG) videography to visualize the localization of tumor before dural incision. ICG videography allows safe and complete delineation of intradural tumors before dural opening. This technique is quick, cost-effective, and simple to use, especially with its integration into the surgical microscope.  Herein, we present a case of a 54-yr-old female patient presenting with a 1-yr history of numbness of the right lower limb. Neurological examinations demonstrated temperature pain disorder of right lower limb and slight dysuria. Magnetic resonance images demonstrated intradural extramedullary tumor at the level of Th6. Preoperative diagnosis was spinal meningioma.  In this surgical video, we show ICG angiography before dural opening, in addition to the basic surgical procedure of the thoracic meningioma. We believe this operative video will be useful for those in training as well as practicing surgeons. We received written informed consent from the patient for this publication.

scholarly journals The Progress of Religious Freedom as shown in the History of Toleration Acts

1889 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 1-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Schaff
Keyword(s):  
Religious Freedom ◽  
The State ◽  
Religious Liberty ◽  
History Of ◽  
Legal Equality ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Right ◽  
Civil Government ◽  
Public Worship

An Edict or Act of Toleration is a grant of the civil government, which authorizes religious societies dissenting from the State religion to worship according to the dictates of conscience without liability to persecution. Such an Edict always presupposes a religion established by law and supported by the State, and the right of the State to control public worship. Toleration may proceed from necessity, or from prudence, or from indifference, or from liberality and an enlarged view of truth and right. It may be extended or withdrawn by the government; but it is usually the entering wedge for religious liberty and legal equality.

scholarly journals Overhauling the Activities of Ghana Meteorological Agency through ICT

2020 ◽  
pp. 213-227
Author(s):  
PATRICIA GHANN
Keyword(s):  
Energy Transport ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Economic Security ◽  
Potential Cost ◽  
User Community ◽  
Community Needs ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Right ◽  
Hydrological Services

Faced with the growing risks of weather and climate disasters to economic and social development, the global community needs to act quickly to strengthen National Meteorological and Hydrological Services. This strengthening must be done in a way that transforms the agency, especially in developing Ghana into a robust professional agency capable of delivering the right information to the right people at the right time. Although the cost of modernizing and sustaining the Ghana Meteorological Agency will be huge, the rewards for Ghana and its citizens will be much significant. This analytical work assesses the Ghana Meteorological Agency (GMET) for Hydrometeorology based on the user community needs. The analysis identifies gaps and challenges such as a deterioration of hydro meteorological observation networks and outdated technologies, and a lack of modern equipment and forecasting methods in producing and delivering weather, climate and hydrological information and services, and it lays out a technical technological and strategic framework for policy and decision makers in the Ministry of communication and the government at large. The Road Map postulates three scenarios, which are institutional strengthening and capacity building; modernization of observation, ICT and forecasting infrastructure; and enhancement of service delivery system for modernizing the GMET based on the potential cost and benefits of each while aiming at a greater national, regional and public good. The proposed scenarios target the GMET capacity: (i) to produce, manage, translate and communicate hydro-meteorological information to the user community; (ii) to assist the community in accessing, interpreting and using the information; (iii) to better disseminate and respond to warnings for public safety and economic security; (iv) to inform planning and decision making for cost-effective investments in climate-resilient development; and empowering its human resource; (v) identify red zone regions with these muddles. Strengthening these five pillars can help solidify Ghana’s resilience to natural hazards and climate change and help enhance the economic performance of such weather dependent sectors as agriculture, energy, transport and water resources management. This study recommends that, low-cost, high-priority activities are provided to achieve critical minimal capabilities to provide weather, climate and hydrological services and monetary investments are also needed to facilitate full modernization and bring the Ghana Meteorological Agency to the level of advanced middle income countries’ capabilities for providing data, forecasts and warning services to meet user needs. Keywords: Hydro-meteorological, Overhauling, ICT, Modernization, Sustainability.

scholarly journals Prestige and Powers of "The World Big Power'', Tanah Papua as Specific Case

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-43
Author(s):  
Don Augustinus Lamaech Flassy
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Conflict Theory ◽  
East Indies ◽  
Unilateral Declaration ◽  
The World ◽  
Alternative Measures ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Right

The article, Prestige and Powers of "The World of Big Power'', Tanah Papua as Specific Case, the author intends for Subtopic to two and at the same time can also to accommodate the third problem of formulation being raised in dissertation entitled: " Re-Roadmap of the Papuan in State of Papua Courant West : “A Peaceful Solution Recovering of Identity”. That is by treading Returning Roadmap, referring to Unilateral Declaration of Independence/UDI of the Papua Nation and the Federal Republic of West Papua/NRFPB on October 19, 2011. The study describes in five main topics, namely, (1) Defining "Hidden Structure" in Melanesian-Papua Social Cultural highlighting Papuanistiecs and Melanesianology; (2) Prestige and Powers of “The World Big Power'', Tanah Papua as Specific Case, reveals how the influence of ”The Giant Powers” to the problem of Papua; (3) Federalism in Indonesia revealing Melanesian-Papua in Tanah Papua as Special Case versus the Unitary Republic of Indonesia; (4) Constitution vis-à-vis Constitution illustrates the philosophical correlation among Indonesian constitution 1945 versus Papua constitution 1999; (5) Unilateral Declaration/UDI of the Papua Nation and NRFPB on October 19, 2011. The background of the study is based on two keys of Morgenthou thoughts: First, Morgenthou (2012) confirmed that, during the 17 years from 1945 to 1962, the process to Indonesia-nizing the Papuans are generally still in the stage of seeding while growing only in some urban areas and the government center. Awareness to be Indonesian-ness was yet to reach all areas of Papua. Morgenthou (2012) that the presence of all Indonesia's past greatly influenced the policies and the approach taken by both the Dutch and Indonesian government through the nationalist’s initiators role at that time. Second, study of LIPI in 2007 (Soewarsono, ed.) is still questions to the Indonesian-ness of Papuans reinforces the view of Morgenthou (2012), which states that the process to Indonesian-ness among Papuans still weak. Morgenthou concluded that, in fact, to understand the history of Papua will become a basic reference for the government seek and find out the right way and dignified in overcoming the issues of Papua, though on the other hand George Junus Aditjondro, 1999 clamming, the Government and Important People of Indonesia has curled the history of Papua which by the Papuans wanting to be straightened out: "This is the dark history of Papua in Indonesian Historiography". Thoughts of Morgenthou strengthens the authors thought that the various problems occurred in Papua, especially the facts involve "Merdeka Papua". Referring to the failure of Indonesia-nizing of the Papuans, it appears that it is not necessary regrettable because in fact, they are different by nature or in the growth process since in the hands of Dutch colonial control of the Dutch East Indies (for Papua 1826-1949-1962). Precisely when indecision of the President of Indonesia to the case of Papua was safe step into alternative measures of the Melanesian-Papua themselves must be hacked through, UDI of Papuan Nation and NRFPB on October 19, 2011. The research focuses on studies of literature and interviews by the method of Descriptive Analysis and to assemble the Hidden Structure and Correlation Studies to reflect the relationships between aspects on the basis of Motivation Theory, Theory of Conflict, Theory of Social Change and Theory of Balance and Theory of Realist implied through sub-theories positioned as tools to characterize, recognize, and understanding as well as tools to analyze (dissect) the problems issues to be raised in this written work. In connection with this, the author is improving the nature of Hidden Structure as Grand Theory. Formulations of the problems might be: (1). How to understand the present of the Melanesian-Papua in Tanah Papua? (2). May the existence of Papua to be returning to the attention of Prestige and Powers of "The World Big Power" for its political status to be reviewed at the UN? (4). Whether, the Melanesian-Papua and the Indonesian in Tanah Papua can together according to the federalist order of Melanesian-Papua? (4). How is the condition of Indonesian society and customs of Melanesian-Papua can be brought together to create a bilateral solidarity for the multilateralbeneficial and usefulness? 

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