An innovation in insert visual reinforcement audiometry in children

2005 ◽  
Vol 119 (2) ◽  
pp. 132-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
V Jayarajan ◽  
R Nandi ◽  
B Caldicott
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Reliable Method ◽  
Sound Stimulus ◽  
Specific Data ◽  
Visual Cue ◽  
Visual Reinforcement ◽  
Behavioural Test ◽  
Insert Earphones

Visual reinforcement audiometry (VRA) is an important behavioural test of hearing in young children. The use of insert earphones during VRA provides a reliable method of obtaining ear- and frequency-specific data. Two testers are usually required for this procedure. The first tester operates the audiometer and other controls while the second tester distracts the child with various toys. The paper describes a technique of providing a visual cue to the second tester when a sound stimulus is introduced through the insert earphones.

scholarly journals Measuring Sound-Processor Thresholds for Pediatric Cochlear Implant Recipients Using Visual Reinforcement Audiometry via Telepractice

2018 ◽  
Vol 61 (8) ◽  
pp. 2115-2125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle L. Hughes ◽  
Jenny L. Goehring ◽  
Joshua D. Sevier ◽  
Sangsook Choi
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Success Rate ◽  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Test Session ◽  
Test Time ◽  
Visual Reinforcement ◽  
Behavioral Thresholds ◽  
Test Conditions ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Caregiver Questionnaire

Purpose The goal of this study was to test the feasibility of using telepractice for measuring behavioral thresholds (T levels) in young children with cochlear implants (CIs) using visual reinforcement audiometry (VRA). Specifically, we examined whether there were significant differences in T levels, test time, or measurement success rate between in-person and remote test conditions. Method Data were collected for 17 children, aged 1.1–3.4 years. A within-subject AB-BA (A, in-person; B, remote) study design was used, with data collection typically occurring over 2 visits. T levels were measured during each test session using VRA for one basal, middle, and apical electrode. Two additional outcome measures included test time and response success rate, the latter of which was calculated as the ratio of the number of electrode thresholds successfully measured versus attempted. All 3 outcome measures were compared between the in-person and remote sessions. Last, a parent/caregiver questionnaire was administered at the end of the study to evaluate subjective aspects of remote versus traditional CI programming. Results Results showed no significant difference in T levels between in-person and remote test conditions. There were also no significant differences in test time or measurement success rate between the two conditions. The questionnaires indicated that 82% of parents or caregivers would use telepractice for routine CI programming visits some or all of the time if the option was available. Conclusion Results from this study suggest that telepractice can be used successfully to set T levels for young children with CIs using VRA.

Visual Reinforcement Audiometry (VRA) with Young Down’s Syndrome Children

1978 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 448-458 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas B. Greenberg ◽  
Wesley R. Wilson ◽  
John M. Moore ◽  
Gary Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Infant Development ◽  
Pediatric Population ◽  
Down's Syndrome ◽  
Sound Field ◽  
Down’S Syndrome ◽  
Noise Signal ◽  
Visual Reinforcement ◽  
Mental Age ◽  
Infants And Young Children

Visual Reinforcement Audiometry (VRA) was investigated with 41 Down’s syndrome subjects between the ages of six months and six years. The VRA procedure involved monitoring a head-turn response to a complex noise signal presented in a sound field with an ascending presentation paradigm and reinforced by a complex visual reinforcer. Twenty-four of the infants and young children also were evaluated with the Bayley Scales of Infant Development (BSID) to allow for an analysis of the efficacy of VRA as a function of developmental age. Results were as follows: (1) 28 (68%) of the infants and young children initially oriented towards the source of the auditory stimulus, (2) only a few of the subjects who did not initially orient could be taught to respond, (3) of the children who initially oriented or were taught to respond, thresholds were obtained on a large number (81%) in one visit, and (4) a systematic relationship was demonstrated between consistency of subject response using the VRA technique and BSID Mental Age Equivalent with 10 months being the critical age for determining the potential success of the procedure. In addition, the results implied a higher incidence of hearing loss in the Down’s syndrome subjects than found in the normal pediatric population.

Age-Specific Risks of Varicella Complications

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen R. Preblud
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Disease Control ◽  
Age Distribution ◽  
Health Statistics ◽  
National Data ◽  
Specific Data ◽  
Health Interview Survey ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Interview Survey

Previous estimates of the age-specific risks of varicella-associated encephalitis and death (the only two varicella complications for which national data are available) have been based on age data for varicella cases from only three reporting areas. In an attempt to estimate more accurately the age-specific risks, 1978 age data for varicella cases were solicited from state epidemiologists. These age-specific data were compared to those from the three original reporting areas and from the National Center for Health Statistics Health Interview Survey (HIS) for the time period 1972 to 1978. The age distribution of state and HIS cases was then compared with that of encephalitis cases and deaths reported between 1972 and 1978 to the Centers for Disease Control and the National Center for Health Statistics, respectively. Despite differences in the number and distribution of varicella cases, both sources clearly identified those ≥20 years of age as having the greatest risk of varicella encephalitis or death. Young children also were at increased risk. A number of problems with the reliability and accuracy of the data indicate that more specific data are needed to delineate further the groups most at risk of varicella complications who might benefit most from vaccination, and to evaluate accurately the effects the vaccine might have.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Precision of Emergency Department Diagnoses in Young Children With Fever

2011 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua M. Colvin ◽  
David M. Jaffe ◽  
Jared T. Muenzer
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Department ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Pathogen Detection ◽  
Diagnostic Techniques ◽  
Pediatric Emergency ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Specific Data ◽  
Diagnostic Certainty ◽  
Repeat Visit ◽  
One Year

Objective. To characterize causes of fever in children presenting to a pediatric emergency department (ED). Methods. One-year retrospective review of ED records. Inclusion criteria were 2 to 36 months of age with a documented temperature ≥39°C. Exclusion criteria were elopement, repeat visit, and underlying diagnosis with a predisposition to infection. Medical records were reviewed using a predefined, study-specific, data abstraction tool. Based on diagnosis and pathogen detection, visits were assigned to 3 groups, laboratory confirmed pathogen and focal or nonfocal diagnosis without confirmed pathogen. Results. A total of 1091 visits met inclusion criteria. Fourteen percent had a pathogen detected, 56% had a focal diagnosis without a confirmed pathogen, and 30% had a nonfocal diagnosis without confirmed pathogen. Conclusions. In a cohort of febrile children 2 to 36 months of age, only 14% had a confirmed pathogen. New rapid viral diagnostic techniques may provide an opportunity to improve diagnostic certainty in young children presenting with fever.

Quantitative Diameter Measurements of Chromatin and TMV Fibers in the Freeze-Dried State

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 170-171
Author(s):  
B. D. Athey ◽  
A. L. Stout ◽  
M. F. Smith ◽  
J. P. Langmore
Keyword(s):  
Reliable Method ◽  
Fiber Diameter ◽  
Quantitative Agreement ◽  
One Dimension ◽  
Fiber Axis ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Fiber Density ◽  
Variable Diameter ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
Expected Values

Although there is general agreement that Inactive chromosome fibers consist of helically packed nucleosomes, the pattern of packing is still undetermined. Only one of the proposed models, the crossed-linker model, predicts a variable diameter dependent on the length of DNA between nucleosomes. Measurements of the fiber diameter of negatively-stained and frozen- hydrated- chromatin from Thyone sperm (87bp linker) and Necturus erythrocytes (48bp linker) have been previously reported from this laboratory. We now introduce a more reliable method of measuring the diameters of electron images of fibrous objects. The procedure uses a modified version of the computer program TOTAL, which takes a two-dimensional projection of the fiber density (represented by the micrograph itself) and projects it down the fiber axis onto one dimension. We illustrate this method using high contrast, in-focus STEM images of TMV and chromatin from Thyone and Necturus. The measured diameters are in quantitative agreement with the expected values for the crossed-linker model for chromatin structure

Using the scanning electron microscope for failure analysis of high density magnetic media

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 392-393
Author(s):  
Evelyn R. Ackerman ◽  
Gary D. Burnett
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscope ◽  
Failure Analysis ◽  
High Density ◽  
Magnetic Media ◽  
Specific Data ◽  
Retrieval Systems ◽  
Operating Environments ◽  
The Media ◽  
Scanning Electron

Advancements in state of the art high density Head/Disk retrieval systems has increased the demand for sophisticated failure analysis methods. From 1968 to 1974 the emphasis was on the number of tracks per inch. (TPI) ranging from 100 to 400 as summarized in Table 1. This emphasis shifted with the increase in densities to include the number of bits per inch (BPI). A bit is formed by magnetizing the Fe203 particles of the media in one direction and allowing magnetic heads to recognize specific data patterns. From 1977 to 1986 the tracks per inch increased from 470 to 1400 corresponding to an increase from 6300 to 10,800 bits per inch respectively. Due to the reduction in the bit and track sizes, build and operating environments of systems have become critical factors in media reliability.Using the Ferrofluid pattern developing technique, the scanning electron microscope can be a valuable diagnostic tool in the examination of failure sites on disks.

The Modification of Hypernasality in Young Children

1984 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moya L. Andrews ◽  
Sarah J. Tardy ◽  
Lisa G. Pasternak
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Voice Therapy

This paper presents an approach to voice therapy programming for young children who are hypernasal. Some general principles underlying the approach are presented and discussed.

Lexical Comprehension in Young Children With Developmental Delays

1994 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theresa A. Kouri
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Developmental Delays ◽  
Normal Development ◽  
Clinical Applications ◽  
Group Status ◽  
Novel Object ◽  
Related Information ◽  
Comprehension Skills ◽  
Lexical Items ◽  
Lexical Concepts

Lexical comprehension skills were examined in 20 young children (aged 28–45 months) with developmental delays (DD) and 20 children (aged 19–34 months) with normal development (ND). Each was assigned to either a story-like script condition or a simple ostensive labeling condition in which the names of three novel object and action items were presented over two experimental sessions. During the experimental sessions, receptive knowledge of the lexical items was assessed through a series of target and generalization probes. Results indicated that all children, irrespective of group status, acquired more lexical concepts in the ostensive labeling condition than in the story narrative condition. Overall, both groups acquired more object than action words, although subjects with ND comprehended more action words than subjects with DD. More target than generalization items were also comprehended by both groups. It is concluded that young children’s comprehension of new lexical concepts is facilitated more by a context in which simple ostensive labels accompany the presentation of specific objects and actions than one in which objects and actions are surrounded by thematic and event-related information. Various clinical applications focusing on the lexical training of young children with DD are discussed.

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