scholarly journals Bringing English into the 21st century: A view from India

2012 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rukmini Bhaya Nair
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
Economic Liberalization ◽  
Colonial History ◽  
Language Policies ◽  
Font Size ◽  
Indian English ◽  
Technological Growth ◽  
Urban India ◽  
The Many

<strong><strong></strong></strong><p align="LEFT">E<span style="font-family: DejaVuSerifCondensed; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: DejaVuSerifCondensed; font-size: small;">nglish in India has had an extended and elite colonial history. It was the </span></span>dominant language of governance in the 19<span style="font-family: DejaVuSerifCondensed; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: DejaVuSerifCondensed; font-size: xx-small;">th </span></span><span style="font-family: DejaVuSerifCondensed; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: DejaVuSerifCondensed; font-size: small;">and 20</span></span><span style="font-family: DejaVuSerifCondensed; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: DejaVuSerifCondensed; font-size: xx-small;">th </span></span><span style="font-family: DejaVuSerifCondensed; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: DejaVuSerifCondensed; font-size: small;">centuries till India became </span></span>independent and a new set of language policies came into being. This paper traces the narrative of English on the Indian subcontinent from its genesis as a foreign and imperial tongue to its acceptance and ‘democratization’ as one amongst the many languages of India. It is emphasized that English in India has always existed in a vibrant multilingual environment and that the emergence of Indian English as a ‘world’ variety owes much to this fact. A detailed analysis of the lexicon, grammar and pragmatics of the English spoken today in urban India especially by India’s youth who comprise over <span style="font-family: DejaVuSerifCondensed; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: DejaVuSerifCondensed; font-size: small;">65% of India’s population is undertaken in the paper with </span></span>a view to demonstrating that radical and striking shifts in attitudes toward English in India have occurred over the last few decades of economic liberalization and technological growth. Yet, the timeline created in this paper also shows that many of the paradoxes and dilemmas that attended English from its inception in India have not quite been banished. Rather, they have taken on new, acutely self-reflexive and challenging forms that will require a radical reassessment in the 21st century.</p>

What’s Next for a National Infrastructure Policy: An Encore or a Requiem?

2021 ◽  
pp. 1087724X2110146
Author(s):  
Richard G. Little
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Public Policy ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Infrastructure Systems ◽  
Infrastructure Policy ◽  
Policy Objectives ◽  
The Many ◽  
National Infrastructure ◽  
Roll Out

In an essay almost 30 years ago, Professor Dick Netzer of NYU asked the question “Do We Really Need a National Infrastructure Policy?” and came to the conclusion that we did not. As the Biden Administration prepares to roll out a multi-trillion dollar infrastructure package, the nation is faced with numerous questions regarding the infrastructure systems necessary to support continued economic growth and environmental sustainability. The purpose of this essay is to look to recent history for guidance for how to proceed by revisiting the underlying premises of the Netzer essay and reconsider whether a National Infrastructure Policy is needed. Because linking infrastructure to broader public policy objectives could both unite the nation and position it to address the many challenges that the 21st century will present, I believe the idea of a National Infrastructure Policy definitely deserves a second look.

scholarly journals Ensuring Sustainable Urban Transformation in Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-224
Author(s):  
B. Setiawan ◽  
Tri Mulyani Sunarharum
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Population ◽  
Third World ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Urban Transformation ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Third World

Of the many important events that occurred in the two decades of the 21st century, the process of accelerating urbanization—especially in third-world countries—became something quite phenomenal. It's never even happened before. In the early 2000s, only about 45 percent of the population in the third world lived in urban areas, by 2020 the number had reached about 55 percent. Between now and 2035 the percentage of the population living in urban areas will reach about 85 percent in developed countries. Meanwhile, in developing countries will reach about 65 percent. By 2035, it is also projected that about 80 percent of the world's urban population will live in developing countries' cities.

scholarly journals El impacto del tigre en las artes marciales chinas

2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 58
Author(s):  
Wing Lam ◽  
Saleem Alamudeen
Keyword(s):  
Martial Arts ◽  
Font Size ◽  
Asian Culture ◽  
Asian Community ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Strange Duality

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 6pt;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">In Asia, there is, in general, a great reverence held for the tiger. The tiger has been imitated and reigns supreme as king of all the beasts throughout Asia. The relationship between man and tiger holds a strange duality in that as much as the tiger is feared for its fierce savagery and destructive power, it is also revered for these very same qualities and for its majestic nature. Therefore, the very symbolic essence of the tiger has permeated all levels of the Asian community and culture; art, mythology, religion, astrology, herbology, and military fighting strategies. The purpose of this article is to show the many rich aspects that the tiger exhibits, and its influence and impact on Asian culture and Chinese martial arts in particular. Martial arts such as Cantonese Hung Gar (Hong Family) and Hasayfu Hung Gar (Hong Family Four Lower Tigers) dedicate a portion of their systems to achieving awesome strength and speed, and to imitating the tiger’s physical prowess. By doing so, they may achieve higher levels of effectiveness within the martial arts.</span></span></span></p>

From Buddha to Tagore and Gandhi: Value-Creating Curricula in India

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Namrata Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Value Creation ◽  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Theoretical Frameworks ◽  
Rabindranath Tagore ◽  
Tsunesaburo Makiguchi ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Buddha

It is common practice to use theoretical frameworks developed in the West for education worldwide, but important contributions come as well from non-Western education perspectives that shed light on the emergence of ideas within given regional diasporas. Value creation serves as a valuable lens through which to examine the ideas and relevance of three thinkers from the Indian subcontinent—the Buddha (6th or 5th century bce), Rabindranath Tagore (1861–1941), and Mahatma Gandhi (1869–1948). The term “value creation” encompasses a Japanese approach to curriculum (based on the work of Tsunesaburo Makiguchi, 1871–1944) that is founded on an interdependent view of life and aimed at developing learners’ capacity to enhance their own existence and contribute to the well-being of others. Using value creation as a lens to examine the contributions of the Buddha, Tagore, and Gandhi can allow for a discourse on the indigenous nature of their respective ideas that are rooted in Eastern philosophies based on similar interdependent worldviews. The emergence of alternative curricular in the Indian diaspora that are based on such interdependent worldviews, offer an integrated approach to education. A value-creating framework can be useful to examine the Indian educational scene and the many attempts that have been made for the individual learner to be the focus of education.

Redefining the 21st Century Labor Paradigm

2017 ◽  
pp. 17-33
Author(s):  
Shaurya Sharma ◽  
Shivankar Sharma
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
Legal Liability ◽  
Value Proposition ◽  
Bottom Line ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Workforce Management ◽  
Indian Economy ◽  
Job Assessment ◽  
Contingent Workforce

At a time when the Indian subcontinent is beset with a burgeoning population, rapid urbanization, and high disposable incomes, the Indian economy is at a precarious stage of balancing demand uncertainties with pressures to minimize bottom line costs. As a consequence, there is great reliance on a dynamic workforce, which comprises of temporary, contract, and casual laborers referred to as the contingent workforce. A talent war is looming on the horizon and employers need to buckle up their workforce armory with an unparalleled employee value proposition, making the business landscape a tricky vehicle to maneuver. A robust strategic framework bolstered by prudent workforce management will aid an organization to fulfill its goals while isolating it from any legal liability. Technology can be used to leverage data analytically for job assessment and aid in seamless project execution. In sum, an approach sensitive to the legal, technological and psychological pillars of managing workers provides a comprehensive mechanism to counter issues associated with contingent workforce management.

Marketing Strategies of Cultural Institutions in a City Divided by a Border

2020 ◽  
pp. 152-167
Author(s):  
Łukasz Wróblewski ◽  
Marcin Lis
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Marketing Strategies ◽  
Creative Industries ◽  
Cultural Industries ◽  
Cultural Institutions ◽  
Cultural Management ◽  
Individual Interviews ◽  
Management Concepts ◽  
Technological Growth ◽  
Culture Development

In the 21st Century, it is possible to observe a pattern of numerous changes in the sphere of functioning of the cultural institutions also in cities divided by a border. These trends include globalization of culture, development of cultural industries and creative industries, rapid technical and technological growth, occurrence of new cultural management concepts and marketing strategies. Therefore, this chapter presents models of marketing strategies that can be applied in cities divided by a border. Based on individual interviews with 40 experts, four model marketing strategies are proposed which can be used by managers of cultural institutions in cities such as Cieszyn-Czech Cieszyn. Proposed strategies are in relation to specified target markets - residents of a city divided by a border. The practical application aspect of this chapter is evident in the indication of the direction future marketing efforts of cultural institutions should take to improve their market position.

scholarly journals Two decades of change in Dutch university art libraries

2009 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 24-28
Author(s):  
Martien Versteeg
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Art History ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Public ◽  
Dutch Art ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Many ◽  
Library User

In 1987 Chris Smeenk wrote in this journal about the libraries of the Dutch art historical institutes. In the 22 years that have since passed many changes have occurred, perhaps most notably the merging of the many autonomous institute libraries into larger ones. Has this led to a more professional approach or was it caused by a search for more efficiency? Does this really matter? The fact is that Smeenk, or any other library user familiar with Dutch art history libraries, would hardly recognise the situation at the end of the first decade of the 21st century. Maybe he would complain about the disappearance of the traditional academic institute librarian, but on the other hand he might be cheered by many other developments, such as the more central role of services for the public. Let’s take a look....

(No) future music?

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 305-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Reynolds
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Pop Culture ◽  
Finish Line ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Many

One of the many memorable memes and thought slogans associated with the late theorist Mark Fisher is “the slow cancellation of the future.” What does this evocative and melancholy phrase signify? In this talk Fisher’s blogging comrade and Retromania author Simon Reynolds reexamines the belief that the 21st century so far has been a Zeit without a Geist: an atemporal time of replicas, reenactments, reissues, revivals, and other syndromes of cultural recycling that put the “past” into pastiche. Are there reasons to be cheerful about music and pop culture as the 2010s limp to the finish line, if not so sanguine about politics or the environment? If society is deadlocked or, worse, heading in reverse, can we even expect music to surge forward like it once did?

scholarly journals US trade and investment in Africa: What are the prospects for the 21st century?

2002 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 203-218
Author(s):  
N. Frank Ekanem
Keyword(s):  
Exchange Rate ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Private Investment ◽  
Export Promotion ◽  
Economic Liberalization ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Promotion Policy ◽  
Basic Infrastructure ◽  
Trade And Investment ◽  
Promotion Effort

African countries considered in this study face many supply constraints and so lack the capacity to produce. Export promotion effort cannot be successful unless such constraints are removed. Transparency in governance, improvements in basic infrastructure and economic liberalization are some of the ways to remove such constraints. Direct private investment to accelerate economic expansion rather than exchange rate manipulations are needed before export promotion policy can be successful.

scholarly journals Integrating Institutional Policies and Leadership for 21st Century Internationalization

2015 ◽  
pp. 5-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
John K Hudzik
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Institutional Support ◽  
Recent Case ◽  
Institutional Policies ◽  
Institutional Strategies ◽  
The Many

As internationalization becomes more strategic and comprehensive, institutional support has to migrate from individualistic and idiosyncratic motivations that engage the few to more institutionalized and integrated forms of encouragement to engage the many.  Based on experience and recent case studies, this article identifies four key integrated institutional strategies needed to support wider and deeper internationalization.

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