scholarly journals Το νευροεπιστημονικό υπόβαθρο της ψυχοθεραπείας: μηχανισμοί και εγκεφαλικές δομές που επηρεάζονται από την ψυχοθεραπευτική διαδικασία

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Θεοδώρα Σεληνιωτάκη ◽  
Ιωάννης Νέστορος
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Large Volume ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
General Tendency ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
The Brain

Recently we witness a general tendency to synthesize psychotherapeutic models, as well as, a tendency to explore the effects of psychotherapy on the brain. This article summarizes a large volume of literature on the neuroscientific substrate of psychotherapy starting with scientific findings located in Ancient times till recent literature. The published literature that deals with the effects of psychotherapy on the brain includes studies, usually neuroimaging ones, which examine the neurological aspects of the most popular models of psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy. All researchers draw the conclusion that psychotherapy affects the brain functions, such as neuroplasticity,learning and memory, neurogenesis, mood and emotions, thus leading to an improvement of mental health. The discussion leads to the constitution of a new discipline, the Neuropsychotherapy, whichis promising for the liberation from the grip of psychiatric disorders.

scholarly journals Brain Physiology and Pathophysiology in Mental Stress

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karim Alkadhi
Keyword(s):  
Signal Transduction ◽  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Mental Stress ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Brain Physiology ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
Brain Structure And Function ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Brain

Exposure to various forms of stress is a common daily occurrence in the lives of most individuals, with both positive and negative effects on brain function. The impact of stress is strongly influenced by the type and duration of the stressor. In its acute form, stress may be a necessary adaptive mechanism for survival and with only transient changes within the brain. However, severe and/or prolonged stress causes overactivation and dysregulation of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis thus inflicting detrimental changes in the brain structure and function. Therefore, chronic stress is often considered a negative modulator of the cognitive functions including the learning and memory processes. Exposure to long-lasting stress diminishes health and increases vulnerability to mental disorders. In addition, stress exacerbates functional changes associated with various brain disorders including Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. The primary purpose of this paper is to provide an overview for neuroscientists who are seeking a concise account of the effects of stress on learning and memory and associated signal transduction mechanisms. This review discusses chronic mental stress and its detrimental effects on various aspects of brain functions including learning and memory, synaptic plasticity, and cognition-related signaling enabled via key signal transduction molecules.

Coronavirus pandemia as a challenge to the mental health system

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
I. A. Martsenkovsky ◽  
I. I. Martsenkovska ◽  
I. F. Zdoryk
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Social Support ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Medical Care ◽  
Psychiatric Care ◽  
Psychiatric Hospitals ◽  
Small Blood Vessel ◽  
Nervous Systems ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
The Brain

Background. Humanity is experiencing a collective mental trauma associated with the COVID 19 pandemic, which has immediate and delayed mental health consequences. The predicted is an increase in the number and severity of mental illness in the country, a decrease in the availability of medical and psychiatric care and social support for people with special needs. The pandemic is developing against the backdrop of the reform of specialized medical care, the reduction in funding for outpatient psychiatric services and psychiatric hospitals in the country. In addition, the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, causes COVID-19, along with the acute respiratory syndrome, can infect the brain, cause immune reactions, disrupt blood clotting, and small blood vessel thrombosis, further adversely affecting the brain functions and mental health of patients. Objective – to analyze the influence of the coronavirus disease pandemic on mental health, the course of mental and neurological disorders and the availability of psychiatric and general medical care for specialized patients, according to literature and the results of a survey of experts in mental health. Materials and methods. Using the information-analytical method, publications from MEDLINE, Embase, Pubmed, Web of Science and other open sources by keywords were selected and analyzed, and the results of a survey of doctors, heads of medical institutions and people representing patient and parent organizations were analyzed. acting in the interests of persons with mental disorders. Results and conclusions. The results indicate that the COVID-19 pandemic affects all aspects of the life of Ukrainian society, is accompanied by massive lesions of the respiratory, gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, nervous systems, mental disorders and is fraught with the development of a global crisis in the field of mental health. Multicenter studies of the effect of COVID-19 on the central and peripheral nervous systems, on the course of mental and neurological diseases in infected people, the study of the long-term psychological, psychological and neurological consequences of coronavirus disease, and the effect on the mental health of the entire population and vulnerable groups are needed. There is an urgent need for research to find out how to mitigate the psychological consequences of prolonged isolation in a pandemic, to develop tools for specific prevention in risk groups. It is necessary to develop mechanisms to increase the effectiveness of psychiatric care in a pandemic, mass social exclusion, demoralization of psychiatric and social support systems in the face of a high level of infection and a reduction in specialized services and medical workers. It is concluded that to solve this problem, integration between disciplines and sectors and new funding for research are needed.

Exercise and the brain in multiple sclerosis

2020 ◽  
pp. 135245852096909
Author(s):  
Brian M Lozinski ◽  
V Wee Yong
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Physical Activity ◽  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Physically Active ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Brain

While people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS) historically were advised to avoid physical activity to reduce symptoms such as fatigue, they are now encouraged to remain active and to enlist in programs of exercise. However, despite an extensive current literature that exercise not only increases physical well-being but also their cognition and mental health, many PwMS are not meeting recommended levels of exercise. Here, we emphasize the impact and mechanisms of exercise on functional and structural changes to the brain, including improved connectome, neuroprotection, neurogenesis, oligodendrogenesis, and remyelination. We review evidence from animal models of multiple sclerosis (MS) that exercise protects and repairs the brain, and provide supportive data from clinical studies of PwMS. We introduce the concept of MedXercise, where exercise provides a brain milieu particularly conducive for a brain regenerative medication to act upon. The emphasis on exercise improving brain functions and repair should incentivize PwMS to remain physically active.

Synaptic and Neural Plasticity

2013 ◽  
pp. 64-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saïd Kourrich ◽  
Antonello Bonci
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Information Transmission ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Neural Plasticity ◽  
Neuronal Transmission ◽  
Plastic Changes ◽  
External Stimuli ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Complex Organ

The brain is an extraordinarily complex organ that constantly has to process information to adapt appropriately to internal and external stimuli. This information is received, processed, and transmitted within neural networks by neurons through specialized connections called synapses. While information transmission at synapses is primarily chemical, it propagates through a neuron via electrical signals made of patterns of action potentials. The present chapter will describe the fundamental types of plastic changes that can affect neuronal transmission. Importantly, these various types of neural plasticity have been associated with both adaptive such as learning and memory or pathological conditions such as neurological and psychiatric disorders.

Clinical Neuroscience Approaches in Psychiatry

1988 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 412-414
Author(s):  
John M. Morihisa
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Clinical Neuroscience ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
New Approaches ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
The Mind ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Underlying Pathophysiology

Recent advances in the clinical neurosciences have begun to expand and change our understanding of how the brain functions. As further neuroscientific principles are delineated we may gain insights into the underlying pathophysiology of some psychiatric disorders and through this new understanding we may be able to define new therapeutic interventions. Two illustrative examples of neuroscientific research are discussed and reviewed both in terms of the promises and dangers inherent in these new approaches to the mind.

scholarly journals A robust image registration interface for large volume brain atlas

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong Ni ◽  
Chaozhen Tan ◽  
Zhao Feng ◽  
Shangbin Chen ◽  
Zoutao Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Volume ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Brain Atlas ◽  
Biological Images ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
Streak Image ◽  
Dataset Size ◽  
The Brain

AbstractMapping the brain structures in three-dimensional accurately is critical for an in-depth understanding of the brain functions. By using the brain atlas as a hub, mapping detected datasets into a standard brain space enables efficiently use of various datasets. However, because of the heterogeneous and non-uniform characteristics of the brain structures at cellular level brought with the recently developed high-resolution whole-brain microscopes, traditional registration methods are difficult to apply to the robust mapping of various large volume datasets. Here, we proposed a robust Brain Spatial Mapping Interface (BrainsMapi) to address the registration of large volume datasets at cellular level by introducing the extract regional features of the anatomically invariant method and a strategy of parameter acquisition and large volume transformation. By performing validation on model data and biological images, BrainsMapi can not only achieve robust registration on sample tearing and streak image datasets, different individual and modality datasets accurately, but also are able to complete the registration of large volume dataset at cellular level which dataset size reaches 20 TB. Besides, it can also complete the registration of historical vectorized dataset. BrainsMapi would facilitate the comparison, reuse and integration of a variety of brain datasets.

scholarly journals Toward a neurobiologically informed psychiatry

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 2514183X1771409
Author(s):  
Werner Strik
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Clinical Importance ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Modular Organization ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
Levels Of Organization ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Higher Brain Functions ◽  
The Brain

Schizophrenia is a severe and, at the same time fascinating disorder. It is traditionally defined as a «dissociation» of higher brain functions, which implies a modular organization of the brain up to its highest levels of organization. This short review shows how the study of the disorder is still flawed by fundamentally different definitions of the disorder, and that a consistent naturalistic approach may help to revise the vocabulary of psychiatric disorders, opening the way towards a neurobiologically informed psychiatry. Empirical studies and clinical importance supporting this novel approach are summarized.

TEORI KECERDASAN, PENDIDIKAN ANAK, DAN KOMUNIKASI DALAM KELUARGA

1970 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muskinul Fuad
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Intelligences ◽  
Educational Activity ◽  
Howard Gardner ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Family ◽  
Education Today ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Spatial Logics

The education system in Indonesia emphasize on academic intelligence, whichincludes only two or three aspects, more than on the other aspects of intelligence. For thatreason, many children who are not good at academic intelligence, but have good potentials inother aspects of intelligence, do not develop optimally. They are often considered and labeledas "stupid children" by the existing system. This phenomenon is on the contrary to the theoryof multiple intelligences proposed by Howard Gardner, who argues that intelligence is theability to solve various problems in life and produce products or services that are useful invarious aspects of life.Human intelligence is a combination of various general and specific abilities. Thistheory is different from the concept of IQ (intelligence quotient) that involves only languageskills, mathematical, and spatial logics. According to Gardner, there are nine aspects ofintelligence and its potential indicators to be developed by each child born without a braindefect. What Gardner suggested can be considered as a starting point to a perspective thatevery child has a unique individual intelligence. Parents have to treat and educate theirchildren proportionally and equitably. This treatment will lead to a pattern of education that isfriendly to the brain and to the plurality of children’s potential.More than the above points, the notion that multiple intelligences do not just comefrom the brain needs to be followed. Humans actually have different immaterial (spiritual)aspects that do not refer to brain functions. The belief in spiritual aspects and its potentialsmeans that human beings have various capacities and they differ from physical capacities.This is what needs to be addressed from the perspective of education today. The philosophyand perspective on education of the educators, education stakeholders, and especially parents,are the first major issue to be addressed. With this step, every educational activity andcommunication within the family is expected to develop every aspect of children'sintelligence, especially the spiritual intelligence.

Dendrobium officinalis Flower Improves Learning and Reduces Memory Impairment by Mediating Antioxidant Effect and Balancing the Release of Neurotransmitters in Senescent Rats

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 402-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lin-Zi Li ◽  
Shan-Shan Lei ◽  
Bo Li ◽  
Fu-Chen Zhou ◽  
Ye-Hui Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Brain Aging ◽  
Morris Water Maze Test ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Histopathological Analysis ◽  
Hippocampal Damage ◽  
Common Belief ◽  
Mao B ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
The Brain

Aim and Objective: The Dendrobium officinalis flower (DOF) is popular in China due to common belief in its anti-aging properties and positive effects on “nourish yin”. However, there have been relatively few confirmatory pharmacological experiments conducted to date. The aim of this work was to evaluate whether DOF has beneficial effects on learning and memory in senescent rats, and, if so, to determine its potential mechanism of effect. Materials and Methods: SD rats were administrated orally DOF at a dose of 1.38, or 0.46 g/kg once a day for 8 weeks. Two other groups included a healthy untreated control group and a senescent control group. During the 7th week, a Morris water maze test was performed to assess learning and memory. At the end of the experiment, serum and brain samples were collected to measure concentrations of antioxidant enzymes, including malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione reductase (GSH-Px) in serum, and the neurotransmitters, including γ-aminobutyric acid (γ-GABA), Glutamic (Glu), and monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) in the brain. Histopathology of the hippocampus was assessed using hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining. Results: The results suggested that treatment with DOF improved learning as measured by escape latency, total distance, and target quadrant time, and also increased levels of γ-GABA in the brain. In addition, DOF decreased the levels of MDA, Glu, and MAO-B, and improved SOD and GSHPx. Histopathological analysis showed that DOF also significantly reduced structural lesions and neurodegeneration in the hippocampus relative to untreated senescent rats. Conclusion: DOF alleviated brain aging and improved the spatial learning abilities in senescent rats, potentially by attenuating oxidative stress and thus reducing hippocampal damage and balancing the release of neurotransmitters.

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