scholarly journals Rice husk and melaleuca biochar additions reduce soil CH4 and N2O emissions and increase soil organic matter and nutrient availability

F1000Research ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 1128
Author(s):  
Nam Tran Sy ◽  
Thao Huynh Van ◽  
Chiem Nguyen Huu ◽  
Cong Nguyen Van ◽  
Tarao Mitsunori
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Rice Husk ◽  
Mekong Delta ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Reduce Emissions ◽  
Local Water ◽  
Ch4 And N2o ◽  
Rice Husk Biochar

Background: Biochar is a promising material in mitigating greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions from paddy fields due to its remarkable structural properties. Rice husk biochar (RhB) and melaleuca biochar (MB) are amendment materials that could be used to potentially reduce emissions in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta (VMD). However, their effects on CH4 and N2O emissions and soil under local water management and conventional rice cultivation have not been thoroughly investigated. Methods: We conducted a field experiment using biochar additions to the topsoil layer (0-20 cm). Five treatments comprising 0 t ha-1 (CT0); 5 t ha-1 (RhB5) and 10 t ha-1 (RhB10), and 5 t ha-1 (MB5) and 10 t ha-1 (MB10) were designed plot-by-plot (20 m2) in triplicates. Results: The results showed that biochar application from 5 to 10 t ha-1 significantly decreased cumulative CH4 (24.2 – 28.0%, RhB; 22.0 – 14.1%, MB) and N2O (25.6 – 41.0%, RhB; 38.4 – 56.4%, MB) fluxes without a reduction in grain yield. Increasing the biochar application rate further did not decrease significantly total CH4 and N2O fluxes but was seen to significantly reduce the global warming potential (GWP) and yield-scale GWP in the RhB treatments. Biochar application improved soil Eh but had no effects on soil pH. Whereas CH4 flux correlated negatively with soil Eh (P < 0.001; r2 = 0.552, RhB; P < 0.001; r2 = 0.502, MB). The soil physicochemical properties of bulk density, porosity, organic matter, and anaerobically mineralized N were significantly improved in biochar-amended treatments, while available P also slightly increased. Conclusions: Biochar supplementation significantly reduced CH4 and N2O fluxes and improved soil mineralization and physiochemical properties toward beneficial for rice plant. The results suggest that the optimal combination of biochar-application rates and effective water-irrigation techniques for soil types in the MD should be further studied in future works.

scholarly journals Exploring Suitable Biochar Application Rates with Compost to Improve Upland Field Environment

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1136
Author(s):  
Se-Won Kang ◽  
Jin-Ju Yun ◽  
Jae-Hyuk Park ◽  
Ju-Sik Cho
Keyword(s):  
Soil Quality ◽  
Chinese Cabbage ◽  
Early Period ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Treatment Area ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Upland Field

A field experiment was carried out to investigate crop productivity, emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrous oxide (N2O), and soil quality of an upland field treated with compost and varying rates of biochar (BC) derived from soybean stalks during crop growing periods in a corn and Chinese cabbage rotation system. Compost was supplemented with BC derived from soybean stalks at varying rates of 5, 10, 15, and 20 t ha−1 (BC5, BC10, BC15, and BC20, respectively); the control (BC0) area was untreated. Our results reveal that crop productivity and emissions of CO2 and N2O varied significantly with the biochar application rate. Moreover, irrespective of the biochar application rate, crop productivity was improved after BC application as compared to the control treatment area, by 11.2–29.3% (average 17.0 ± 8.3%) for corn cultivation and 10.3–39.7% (average 27.8 ± 12.7%) for Chinese cabbage cultivation. Peak emissions of CO2 and N2O were mainly observed in the early period of crop cultivation, whereas low CO2 and N2O emissions were determined during the fallow period. Compared to the control area, significant differences were obtained for CO2 emissions produced by the different biochar application rates for both crops. During the two cropping periods, the overall N2O emission was significantly decreased with BC5, BC10, BC15, and BC20 applications as compared to the control, ranging from 11.1 to 13.6%, 8.7 to 15.4%, 23.1 to 26.0%, and 15.0 to 19.6%, respectively (average 16.9% decrease in the corn crop period and 16.3% in the Chinese cabbage crop period). Soil quality results after the final crop harvest show that bulk density, soil organic carbon (SOC), pH, and cation exchange capacity (CEC) were significantly improved by biochar application, as compared to the control. Taken together, our results indicate that compost application supplemented with biochar is potentially an appropriate strategy for achieving high crop productivity and improving soil quality in upland field conditions. In conclusion, appropriate application of biochar with compost has the concomitant advantages of enriching soil quality for long-term sustainable agriculture and reducing the use of inorganic fertilizers.

Eucalyptus grandis Response to Calcium Fertilization in Colombia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zach S Grover ◽  
Rachel L Cook ◽  
Marcela Zapata ◽  
J Byron Urrego ◽  
Timothy J Albaugh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
South America ◽  
Eucalyptus Grandis ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Nutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Site Specific ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Eucalyptus Plantations ◽  
Calcium Source

Abstract Calcium (Ca) is a critical plant nutrient typically applied at the time of planting in intensive Eucalyptus plantations in South America. At two sites in Colombia, we examined (1) calcium source by comparing growth after application of 100 kg ha−1 elemental Ca as lime or as pelletized highly reactive calcium fertilizer (HRCF) compared to a no application control, and (2) Ca rate by applying 0, 100, 200, and 400 kg ha−1 elemental Ca as HRCF with the addition of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, and boron (NPKSB). We assessed height, diameter, and volume after 12 and 24 months. There were no growth differences from Ca source at the 100 kg ha−1 rate. We found increased volume after 24 months at the “Popayan” site with 200 and 400 kg ha−1 Ca HRCF+NPKSB treatments (112 and 113 m3 ha−1, respectively) compared to control (92 m3 ha−1), a 22% increase. In contrast, volume did not differ after 24 months at the “Darien” site, ranging from 114 m3 ha−1 in the 0 kg ha−1 Ca HRCF+NPKSB treatment to 98 m3 ha−1 in the control. Differences in response are likely due to soil characteristics, such as organic matter, emphasizing the importance of identifying site-specific nutrient deficiencies. Study Implications: Operational applications may be over- or under-applying calcium carbonate in Eucalyptus plantations in South America. In the first two years of a seven-year rotation located in volcanic soils in Colombia, we found that one site with more organic matter at a greater depth did not need Ca additions, whereas the other site required greater than current operational applications to optimize productivity. Ca application rate trials across a gradient of soil conditions could establish critical values and improve recommendations of appropriate Ca application rates and emphasize the importance of understanding site-specific soil conditions to produce effective fertilization regimes.

Effects of nitrogen fertiliser and wheat straw application on CH4 and N2O emissions from a paddy rice field

Soil Research ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 45 (5) ◽  
pp. 359 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Ma ◽  
X. L. Li ◽  
H. Xu ◽  
Y. Han ◽  
Z. C. Cai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Straw ◽  
N2o Emission ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Ch4 Emission ◽  
Nitrogen Fertiliser ◽  
Paddy Rice Field ◽  
Straw Incorporation ◽  
Ch4 And N2o ◽  
Fertiliser Application

A 3-year field experiment was conducted to study the effects of nitrogen fertiliser and straw application on CH4 and N2O emissions from a paddy rice field in China from 2003 to 2005. Three rates of nitrogen fertiliser (0, 200, and 270 kg N/ha) and 2 levels of wheat straw (0 and 3.75 × 103 kg/ha) were adopted in this experiment. The effect of nitrogen fertiliser application on CH4 emission seemed to be affected by application rate. Nitrogen fertiliser decreased CH4 emission relative to the control when applied at a rate of 200 kg N/ha, but the effect lessened if the application rate was further increased to a rate of 270 kg N/ha. The depressive effect of nitrogen fertiliser application on CH4 emissions from rice fields became more pronounced when wheat straw was also incorporated with fertiliser, compared with nitrogen fertiliser application alone. Straw incorporation significantly enhanced CH4 emission by 3–11 times (P < 0.05). Nitrogen fertiliser application increased N2O emission by 5–6 times when applied at a rate of 200 kg N/ha and by 10–14 times when applied at a rate of 270 kg N/ha. On average, straw incorporation tended to decrease N2O emission by about 30% significant (P > 0.05). More than 50% of seasonal total amount of N2O was emitted within 11 days after fertiliser application at panicle initiation. The global warming potential caused by both CH4 and N2O emissions was affected by nitrogen fertiliser application rate and significantly stimulated by wheat straw incorporation. The global warming potential was lowest when nitrogen fertiliser was applied at a rate of 200 kg N/ha.

Effects of Rice Husk Biochar and Calcium Amendment on Remediation of Saline Soil from Rice-shrimp Cropping System in Vietnamese Mekong Delta

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nguyen Thi Kim Phuong ◽  
Chau Minh Khoi ◽  
Nguyen Van Sinh ◽  
Nguyen Huu Chiem ◽  
Koki Toyota
Keyword(s):  
Rice Husk ◽  
Saline Soil ◽  
Mekong Delta ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Infiltration Rate ◽  
Lower Surface ◽  
Combined Application ◽  
Chemical Indicators ◽  
Rice Husk Biochar ◽  
Set Up

In a rice-shrimp cropping system in Vietnamese Mekong Delta, more effective techniques are required to remediate the saline soils for lowing salinity to secure rice growth and productivity. The objective of this study was to evaluate the reclamation potential of biochar and calcium in laboratory experiments using a saline soil sample from the rice-shrimp system. Our hypothesis was that the addition of biochar might improve the infiltration rate, so remove salts more effectively, in particular sodium, from the saline soil. The experiment was set up with two kinds of rice husk biochar at rates of 0 and 50 g kg-1 combining with three levels of CaO (0, 0.5 and 2 g kg-1 soil, equivalent to 0, 0.5 and 2 Mg ha-1, respectively). Results indicated that biochar enhanced significantly drainage speed by 4 times compared to the control without biochar application. After leaching, exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) in the soils was significantly lower in biochar treatments than in the control. Some other chemical indicators (K:Na and Ca:Na ratios) were also higher in biochar treatments. Although both biochars effectively removed salts from the saline soil, biochar with a lower Na+ adsorption capacity, a lower surface area and a higher amount of salts performed better in removing Na+ from soil. Combined application of biochar and CaO at low dose was more effective in improving soil properties related to Na+ leaching and ESP.

EFFETS À LONG TERME D’APPORTS DE FUMIER SOLIDE DE BOVINS SUR L’ÉVOLUTION DES CARACTERISTIQUES CHIMIQUES DU SOL ET DE LA PRODUCTION DE MAIS-ENSILAGE

1990 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 767-775 ◽  
Author(s):  
ADRIEN N’DAYEGAMIYE
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Cattle Manure ◽  
Manure Application ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Percent Recovery

A long-term field experiment was initiated on a Neubois silty loam in 1978 in the county of Levis, Québec to study the changes in soil characteristics and silage corn yields following manure application. Solid beef cattle manure was incorporated without fertilizer every 2 yr in fall, at rates of 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 t ha−1. Even when significant differences were observed between treatments low corn yields were obtained from 1978 to 1984. These low yields were related to the low N, P and K recoveries from applied manure. For the 20 t ha−1 application rate, N. P and K recoveries from manure in the first year were 28, 7 and 1396, respectively. N, P and K recovery decreased with manure application rates. Corn yields increased progressively, but they achieved their maximum value (10–12 t ha−1 DM) only in 1985 and after three manure applications. This was due to the important residual effect of manure. Highly significant increases in N (7–64%), P (80–300%) and K (37–158%) as well as other nutrients were associated with manure applications. Manure application also significantly increased soil pH, CEC and organic matter. Average yearly increases of organic matter content were 0.06% and 0.16% for 20 to 40 t ha−1, respectively, and varied from 0.20 to 0.30% for the highest application rates (60–100 t ha−1). These improvements of soil properties constitute the "indirect effect" of manure. This study showed that percent recovery of N, P and K from solid cattle manure was generally low. Thus, manure should be mainly considered as an organic amendment.Key words: Solid cattle manure, corn silage, percent recovery, pH, mineral nutrients, cation exchange capacity, organic matter

Modelling the influence of soil carbon on net greenhouse gas emissions from grazed pastures

2016 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 585 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachelle Meyer ◽  
Brendan R. Cullen ◽  
Richard J. Eckard
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Annual Variation ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
C Sequestration ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Soil C ◽  
High Rainfall ◽  
Sequestration Potential ◽  
Ch4 And N2o

Sequestering carbon (C) in soil organic matter in grassland systems is often cited as a major opportunity to offset greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. However, these systems are typically grazed by ruminants, leading to uncertainties in the net GHG balance that may be achieved. We used a pasture model to investigate the net balance between methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O) and soil C in sheep-grazed pasture systems with two starting amounts of soil C. The net emissions were calculated for four soil types in two rainfall zones over three periods of 19 years. Because of greater pasture productivity, and consequent higher sheep stocking rates, high-rainfall sites were associated with greater GHG emissions that could not be offset by C sequestration. On these high-rainfall sites, the higher rate of soil organic carbon (SOC) increase on low-SOC soils offset an average of 45% of the livestock GHG emissions on the modelled chromosol and 32% on the modelled vertosol. The slow rate of SOC increase on the high-SOC soils only offset 2–4% of CH4 and N2O emissions on these high-rainfall sites. On low-rainfall sites, C sequestration in low-SOC soils more than offset livestock GHG emissions, whereas the modelled high-C soils offset 75–86% of CH4 and N2O emissions. Greater net emissions on high-C soils were due primarily to reduced sequestration potential and greater N2O emissions from nitrogen mineralisation and livestock urine. Annual variation in CH4 and N2O emissions was low, whereas annual SOC change showed high annual variation, which was more strongly correlated with weather variables on the low-rainfall sites compared with the high-rainfall sites. At low-soil C concentrations, with high sequestration potential, there is an initial mitigation benefit that can in some instances offset enteric CH4 and direct and indirect N2O emissions. However, as soil organic matter increases there is a trade-off between diminishing GHG offsets and increasing ecosystem services, including mineralisation and productivity benefits.

scholarly journals CH4 and N2O Emissions From Cattle Excreta: A Review of Main Drivers and Mitigation Strategies in Grazing Systems

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julián Esteban Rivera ◽  
Julian Chará
Keyword(s):  
Food Production ◽  
Carbon Capture ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Animal Manure ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Enteric Methane ◽  
Grazing Systems ◽  
Reduce Emissions ◽  
Ch4 And N2o

Cattle production systems are an important source of greenhouse gases (GHG) emitted to the atmosphere. Animal manure and managed soils are the most important sources of emissions from livestock after enteric methane. It is estimated that the N2O and CH4 produced in grasslands and manure management systems can contribute up to 25% of the emissions generated at the farm level, and therefore it is important to identify strategies to reduce the fluxes of these gases, especially in grazing systems where mitigation strategies have received less attention. This review describes the main factors that affect the emission of GHG from manure in bovine systems and the main strategies for their mitigation with emphasis on grazing production systems. The emissions of N2O and CH4 are highly variable and depend on multiple factors, which makes it difficult to use strategies that mitigate both gases simultaneously. We found that strategies such as the optimization of the diet, the implementation of silvopastoral systems and other practices with the capacity to improve soil quality and cover, and the use of nitrogen fixing plants are among the practices with more potential to reduce emissions from manure and at the same time contribute to increase carbon capture and improve food production. These strategies can be implemented to reduce the emissions of both gases and, depending on the method used and the production system, the reductions can reach up to 50% of CH4 or N2O emissions from manure according to different studies. However, many research gaps should be addressed in order to obtain such reductions at a larger scale.

scholarly journals Increasing Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Corn in Midwestern Cropping Systems

2001 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 682-690 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.L. Hatfield ◽  
J.H. Prueger
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
N Loss ◽  
Potential Yield ◽  
N Application ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
N Application Rate ◽  
Use Efficiency

Nitrogen (N) loss from agricultural systems raises concerns about the potential impact of farming practices on environmental quality. N is a critical input to agricultural production. However, there is little understanding of the interactions among crop water use, N application rates, and soil types. This study was designed to quantify these interactions in corn (Zea mays L.) grown in production-size fields in central Iowa on the Clarion-Nicollet-Webster soil association. Seasonal water use varied by soil type and N application rate. Yield varied with N application rate, with the highest average yield obtained at 100 kg ha-1. N use efficiency (NUE) decreased with increasing N application rates, having values around 50%. Water use efficiency (WUE) decreased as N fertilizer rates increased. Analysis of plant growth patterns showed that in the low organic matter soils (lower water-holding capacities), potential yield was not achieved because of water deficits during the grain-filling period. Using precipitation data coupled with daily water use throughout the season, lower organic matter soils showed these soils began to drain earlier in the spring and continued to drain more water throughout the season. The low NUE in these soils together with increased drainage lead to greater N loss from these soils. Improved management decisions have shown that it is possible to couple water use patterns with N application to increase both WUE and NUE.

scholarly journals Potential Use of Rice Husk Biochar and Compost to Improve P Availability and Reduce GHG Emissions in Acid Sulfate Soil

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 685
Author(s):  
Nguyen Thi Kim Phuong ◽  
Chau Minh Khoi ◽  
Karl Ritz ◽  
Nguyen Van Sinh ◽  
Mitsunori Tarao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rice Husk ◽  
Phosphorus Deficiency ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
P Availability ◽  
Acid Sulfate Soil ◽  
Acid Sulfate ◽  
Inorganic P ◽  
Compost Amendment ◽  
Rice Husk Biochar

Acid sulfate soil (ASS) has major problems related to phosphorus deficiency and high potential for N2O emissions, as well as strong acidity. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of rice husk biochar and compost on P availability and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in ASS in in vitro incubation studies. An ASS was amended with two types of rice husk biochar (at rates of 0 g kg−1, 20 g kg−1, and 50 g kg−1, equivalent to 0 Mg ha−1, 20 Mg ha−1, and 50 Mg ha−1, assuming that bulk density was 1 g cm−3 and evenly applied for 10 cm in depth) and compost (at rates of 0 g kg−1, 10 g kg−1, and 20 g kg−1, equivalent to 0 Mg ha−1, 10 Mg ha−1, and 20 Mg ha−1) and incubated. Application of compost increased labile P by 100% and 200% at rates of 10 g kg−1 and 20 g kg−1, respectively. Both biochars showed an increase in NaHCO3-soluble inorganic P by 16% to 30%, decreases in NaOH-soluble inorganic P and NaHCO3-soluble organic P. N2O emissions were significantly decreased by 80% by a biochar with a higher surface area and higher NH4+ adsorption capacity at a rate of 50 g kg−1 as compared with those in un-amended soil. In contrast, compost amendment at a rate of 10 g kg−1 significantly increased N2O emission by 150%. These results suggest that in ASS, whilst compost is more effective in improving P availability, biochar is more effective in mitigating GHG emissions, emphasizing that fundamental characteristics of organic amendments influenced the outcomes in terms of desirable effects.

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