scholarly journals Recent advances in understanding antitumor immunity

F1000Research ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 2545 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Ramella Munhoz ◽  
Michael Andrew Postow
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Antitumor Immunity ◽  
Adoptive Cell Therapy ◽  
Immune Checkpoints ◽  
Tumor Control ◽  
Adaptive Immune Responses ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Open Questions

The term “antitumor immunity” refers to innate and adaptive immune responses which lead to tumor control. Turning the immune system into a destructive force against tumors has been achieved in a broad range of human cancers with the use of non-specific immunotherapies, vaccines, adoptive-cell therapy, and, more recently with significant success, through blockade of immune checkpoints. Nevertheless, the efficacy of these approaches is not universal, and tools to identify long-term responders and primarily refractory patients are warranted. In this article, we review recent advances in understanding the complex mechanisms of antitumor immunity and how these developments can be used to address open questions in a setting of growing clinical indications for the use of immunotherapy.

scholarly journals Novel Concepts for HIV Vaccine Vector Design

mSphere ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Quazim A. Alayo ◽  
Nicholas M. Provine ◽  
Pablo Penaloza-MacMaster
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Viral Vectors ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Viral Vector ◽  
Intracellular Pathogens ◽  
Adaptive Immune Responses ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Robust Adaptive ◽  
Selection Of

ABSTRACT The unprecedented challenges of developing effective vaccines against intracellular pathogens such as HIV, malaria, and tuberculosis have resulted in more rational approaches to vaccine development. Apart from the recent advances in the design and selection of improved epitopes and adjuvants, there are also ongoing efforts to optimize delivery platforms. The unprecedented challenges of developing effective vaccines against intracellular pathogens such as HIV, malaria, and tuberculosis have resulted in more rational approaches to vaccine development. Apart from the recent advances in the design and selection of improved epitopes and adjuvants, there are also ongoing efforts to optimize delivery platforms. Viral vectors are the best-characterized delivery tools because of their intrinsic adjuvant capability, unique cellular tropism, and ability to trigger robust adaptive immune responses. However, a known limitation of viral vectors is preexisting immunity, and ongoing efforts are aimed at developing novel vector platforms with lower seroprevalence. It is also becoming increasingly clear that different vectors, even those derived from phylogenetically similar viruses, can elicit substantially distinct immune responses, in terms of quantity, quality, and location, which can ultimately affect immune protection. This review provides a summary of the status of viral vector development for HIV vaccines, with a particular focus on novel viral vectors and the types of adaptive immune responses that they induce.

scholarly journals Lactate-Dependent Regulation of Immune Responses by Dendritic Cells and Macrophages

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Indumathi Manoharan ◽  
Puttur D. Prasad ◽  
Muthusamy Thangaraju ◽  
Santhakumar Manicassamy
Keyword(s):  
Dendritic Cells ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Adaptive Immune Responses ◽  
Effector Functions ◽  
Tissue Microenvironment ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Adaptive Immune Cells

For decades, lactate has been considered an innocuous bystander metabolite of cellular metabolism. However, emerging studies show that lactate acts as a complex immunomodulatory molecule that controls innate and adaptive immune cells’ effector functions. Thus, recent advances point to lactate as an essential and novel signaling molecule that shapes innate and adaptive immune responses in the intestine and systemic sites. Here, we review these recent advances in the context of the pleiotropic effects of lactate in regulating diverse functions of immune cells in the tissue microenvironment and under pathological conditions.

scholarly journals Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses to SARS-CoV-2 in Humans: Relevance to Acquired Immunity and Vaccine Responses

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stanley Jordan
Keyword(s):  
T Cell ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Innate Immune Responses ◽  
Adaptive Immune Responses ◽  
Vaccine Responses ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
New Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
New Frontier

The factors responsible for the spectrum of COVID-19 disease severity and the genesis and nature of protective immunity against COVID-19 remain elusive. Multiple studies have investigated the immune responses to COVID 19 in various populations, including those without evidence of COVID 19 infection. Information regarding innate and adaptive immune responses to the novel SARS-CoV-2 has evolved rapidly. Here, data are accumulating defining disease phenotypes that aid in rational and informed development of new therapeutic approaches for the treatment of patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 and the development of novel vaccines. In this article, we summarize data on important innate immune responses including cytokines, specifically IL-6 and complement, and explore potential treatments. We also examine adaptive immune responses and derivative therapeutics such as monoclonal antibodies directed at spike proteins. Finally, we explore data on real-time assessments of adaptive immune responses which include CD4+/CD8+ T-cells, NKT-cells, memory B-cells, and T-follicular cells with specificities for COVID-19 peptides in infected individuals and normals. Data of two novel vaccines have been released, both showing >95% efficacy in preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection. Analysis of humoral and cellular responses to the vaccines will determine the robustness and durability of protection. In addition, long-term assessment of SARS-CoV-2 memory B and T-cell mediated immune responses in patients recovering from an infection or those with cross-reactive immunologic memory will help to define risk for future SARS-CoV infections. Finally, patients recovering from SARS-CoV-2 infection may experience prolonged immune activation likely due to T-cell exhaustion. This will be an important new frontier for study.

Neutrophils: New insights and open questions

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (30) ◽  
pp. eaat4579 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaus Ley ◽  
Hal M. Hoffman ◽  
Paul Kubes ◽  
Marco A. Cassatella ◽  
Arturo Zychlinsky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Tissue Injury ◽  
First Line ◽  
Adaptive Immune Responses ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Inflammatory Conditions ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi ◽  
Infectious Organism

Neutrophils are the first line of defense against bacteria and fungi and help combat parasites and viruses. They are necessary for mammalian life, and their failure to recover after myeloablation is fatal. Neutrophils are short-lived, effective killing machines. Their life span is significantly extended under infectious and inflammatory conditions. Neutrophils take their cues directly from the infectious organism, from tissue macrophages and other elements of the immune system. Here, we review how neutrophils traffic to sites of infection or tissue injury, how they trap and kill bacteria, how they shape innate and adaptive immune responses, and the pathophysiology of monogenic neutrophil disorders.

scholarly journals Recent advances in understanding dendritic cell development, classification, and phenotype

F1000Research ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 1558 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Schlitzer ◽  
Wei Zhang ◽  
Mei Song ◽  
Xiaojing Ma
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Essential Role ◽  
Infectious Agents ◽  
Functional Heterogeneity ◽  
Adaptive Immune Responses ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
The Core ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
New Evidence ◽  
Activation Status

Dendritic cells (DCs) play an essential role in the induction of adaptive immune responses against infectious agents and in the generation of tolerance to self-antigens. In this mini-review, we summarize new evidence suggesting that the tissue of residence significantly shapes the last developmental steps of DCs into locally adapted cellular entities, enabling them to perform tissue-specific tasks while maintaining the core DC properties. We also discuss recent advances that have highlighted DCs’ rather complex phenotypic and functional heterogeneity in the tumor microenvironment, based on their physical characteristics, such as activation status, maturity, and polarization, illustrating a key role for DCs in the induction of anti-tumor immunity.

scholarly journals 69. Combination Therapy of Reovirus and PD-1 Blockade Effectively Establishes Tumor Control Via Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses

2015 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. S30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karishma Rajani ◽  
Kevin Shim ◽  
Christopher Parrish ◽  
Liz Ilett ◽  
Tim Kottke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Combination Therapy ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Tumor Control ◽  
Adaptive Immune Responses ◽  
Adaptive Immune

scholarly journals Reprogramming immune responses via microRNA modulation

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan R. Cubillos-Ruiz ◽  
Melanie R Rutkowski ◽  
Julia Tchou ◽  
Jose R. Conejo-Garcia
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Adaptive Immune Responses ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Individual Mirnas ◽  
Selective Modulation

AbstractIt is becoming increasingly clear that there are unique sets of miRNAs that have distinct governing roles in several aspects of both innate and adaptive immune responses. In addition, new tools allow selective modulation of the expression of individual miRNAs, both in vitro and in vivo. Here, we summarize recent advances in our understanding of how miRNAs drive the activity of immune cells, and how their modulation in vivo opens new avenues for diagnostic and therapeutic interventions in multiple diseases, from immunodeficiency to cancer. Recent contributions from our laboratory and other groups to novel formulations for miRNA mimetics are further discussed

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document