Leveraging existing program data for routine efficiency measurement in Zambia

Background: As donor contributions for HIV/AIDS stagnate globally, national governments must seek ways to improve use of existing resources through interventions to drive efficiency at the facility level. But program managers lack routinely available information on unit expenditures at points of care, and higher-level planners are unable to assess how resources are used throughout the health system. Thus, managers cannot measure current levels of technical efficiency, and are unable to evaluate effectiveness of interventions to increase technical efficiency. Methods: FHI 360 developed the Routine Efficiency Monitoring System (REMS), a relational database that leverages existing budget, expenditure and output data to produce quarterly site-level estimates of unit expenditure per service. Along with the Government of the Republic of Zambia (GRZ) and implementation partner Avencion, we configured REMS to measure technical efficiency of Ministry of Health resources used to deliver HIV/AIDS services in 326 facilities in 17 high-priority districts in Copperbelt and Central Provinces. REMS allocation algorithms were developed through facility assessments and key informant interviews with MoH staff. Existing IFMIS and DHIS-2 data streams provide recurring flows of expenditure and output data needed to estimate service-specific unit expenditures. Trained users access REMS output through user-friendly dashboards delivered through a web-based application. Results: District health management teams are using REMS to identify “outlier” facilities to test performance improvement interventions. Provincial and national planners are using REMS to seek savings and ensure that resources are directed to geographic and programmatic areas with highest need. REMS can support reimbursement for social health insurance and provide time-series data on facility-level costs for modeling purposes. Conclusions: REMS gives managers and planners substantially-improved data on how programs transform resources into services. The GRZ is seeking funding to expand REMS nationally, covering all major disease areas. Improved technical efficiency supports the goal of a sustainable HIV/AIDS response.

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Leveraging existing program data for routine efficiency measurement in Zambia

Gates Open Research ◽

10.12688/gatesopenres.12851.2 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2 ◽

pp. 40

Author(s):

Rick Homan ◽

John Bratt ◽

Gregory Marchand ◽

Henry Kansembe

Keyword(s):

Technical Efficiency ◽

Test Performance ◽

Time Series Data ◽

Health Resources ◽

Series Data ◽

District Health ◽

Output Data ◽

The Government ◽

Facility Level ◽

Hiv Aids

Rationale: As donor contributions for HIV/AIDS stagnate globally, national governments must seek ways to improve use of existing resources through interventions to drive efficiency at the facility level. But program managers lack routine information on unit expenditures at points of care, and higher-level planners are unable to assess resource use in the health system. Thus, managers cannot measure current levels of technical efficiency, and are unable to evaluate effectiveness of interventions to increase technical efficiency. Phased Implementation of REMS: FHI 360 developed the Routine Efficiency Monitoring System (REMS)-a relational database leveraging existing budget, expenditure and output data to produce quarterly site-level estimates of unit expenditure per service. Along with the Government of the Republic of Zambia (GRZ) and implementation partner Avencion, we configured REMS to measure technical efficiency of Ministry of Health resources used to deliver HIV/AIDS services in 326 facilities in 17 high-priority districts in Copperbelt and Central Provinces. REMS allocation algorithms were developed through facility assessments, and key informant interviews with MoH staff. Existing IFMIS and DHIS-2 data streams provide recurring flows of expenditure and output data needed to estimate service-specific unit expenditures. Trained users access REMS output through user-friendly dashboards delivered through a web-based application. REMS as a Solution: District health managers use REMS to identify “outlier” facilities to test performance improvement interventions. Provincial and national planners are using REMS to seek savings and ensure that resources are directed to geographic and programmatic areas with highest need. REMS can support reimbursement for social health insurance and provide time-series data on facility-level costs for modeling. Conclusions and Next Steps: REMS gives managers and planners substantially-improved data on how programs transform resources into services. The GRZ is seeking funding to expand REMS nationally, covering all major disease areas. Improved technical efficiency supports the goal of a sustainable HIV/AIDS response.

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Transport infrastructure of the Rostov Oblast: Problems and prospects for development in the context of national projects implementation

Economic Analysis Theory and Practice ◽

10.24891/ea.19.6.1015 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 19 (6) ◽

pp. 1015-1034

Author(s):

O.Yu. Patrakeeva

Keyword(s):

Time Series Data ◽

Mutual Influence ◽

Rostov Oblast ◽

Transport Infrastructure ◽

Series Data ◽

Cointegration Tests ◽

Level Of Economic Development ◽

Short Run ◽

The Government ◽

The Impact

Subject. The paper considers national projects in the field of transport infrastructure, i.e. Safe and High-quality Roads and Comprehensive Plan for Modernization and Expansion of Trunk Infrastructure, and the specifics of their implementation in the Rostov Oblast. Objectives. The aim is to conduct a statistical assessment of the impact of transport infrastructure on the region’s economic performance and define prospects for and risks of the implementation of national infrastructure projects in conditions of a shrinking economy. Methods. I use available statistics and apply methods and approaches with time-series data, namely stationarity and cointegration tests, vector autoregression models. Results. The level of economic development has an impact on transport infrastructure in the short run. However, the mutual influence has not been statistically confirmed. The paper revealed that investments in the sphere of transport reduce risk of accidents on the roads of the Rostov Oblast. Improving the quality of roads with high traffic flow by reducing investments in the maintenance of subsidiary roads enables to decrease accident rate on the whole. Conclusions. In conditions of economy shrinking caused by the complex epidemiological situation and measures aimed at minimizing the spread of coronavirus, it is crucial to create a solid foundation for further economic recovery. At the government level, it is decided to continue implementing national projects as significant tools for recovery growth.

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Hypothesizing directional causality between the governance indicators and economic growth: the case of Afghanistan

Future Business Journal ◽

10.1186/s43093-020-00039-4 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Mohammad Naim Azimi ◽

Mohammad Musa Shafiq

Keyword(s):

Economic Growth ◽

Rule Of Law ◽

Time Series Data ◽

Political Stability ◽

Wald Test ◽

Series Data ◽

Vector Autoregressive ◽

Government Effectiveness ◽

Governance Indicators ◽

The Government

AbstractThis paper examines the causal relationship between governance indicators and economic growth in Afghanistan. We use a set of quarterly time series data from 2003Q1 to 2018Q4 to test our hypothesis. Following Toda and Yamamoto’s (J Econom 66(1–2):225–250, 1995. 10.1016/0304-4076(94)01616-8) vector autoregressive model and the modified Wald test, our empirical results show a unidirectional causality between the government effectiveness, rule of law, and the economic growth. Our findings exhibit significant causal relationships running from economic growth to the eradication of corruption, the establishment of the rule of law, quality of regulatory measures, government effectiveness, and political stability. More interestingly, we support the significant multidimensional causality hypothesis among the governance indicators. Overall, our findings not only reveal causality between economic growth and governance indicators, but they also show interdependencies among the governance indicators.

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Expanding home-based management of malaria to all age groups in Rwanda: analysis of acceptability and facility-level time-series data

Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene ◽

10.1093/trstmh/try093 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 112 (11) ◽

pp. 513-521 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Aline Uwimana ◽

Michael J Penkunas ◽

Marie Paul Nisingizwe ◽

Didier Uyizeye ◽

Dieudonne Hakizimana ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Time Series ◽

Time Series Data ◽

Age Groups ◽

Series Data ◽

Home Based ◽

Facility Level

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ANALISIS PENGARUH REMITANSI, INVESTASI ASING LANGSUNG, IMPOR DAN PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI DI INDONESIA

Jurnal Kajian Ekonomi dan Pembangunan ◽

10.24036/jkep.v2i4.10383 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2 (4) ◽

Author(s):

Regina Septriani Putri ◽

Ariusni Ariusni

Keyword(s):

Economic Growth ◽

Foreign Direct Investment ◽

Direct Investment ◽

Time Series Data ◽

Positive Impact ◽

Series Data ◽

Long Run ◽

Short Run ◽

The Government ◽

Positive Effect

Abstract : This study examined and analysis the effect of remittances, foreigndirect investment, imports, and economic growth in Indonesia in the long run andshort run. This study using Error Correction Model (ECM) method and using theannual time series data from 1989 to 2018. This study found that: (1) remittancehave an insignificant positive effect on economic growth in the long run and shortrun,(2)foreign direct investment have a significant positive impact on economicgrowth in the long run and short run, (3) import have an insignificant positiveimpact on economic growth both in the long run and short run. To increase theeconomic growth in the future, this study suggests the government to decresingimports of consume goods and increasing the inflow of capital goods, rawmaterial goods, remittances and foreign direct investment.Keyword : Remittance, Foreign Direct Investment, Import, Economic Growth andECM

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Analysis of Budget Imbalance Dynamics in Kenya

Journal of Economics and Public Finance ◽

10.22158/jepf.v4n4p352 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 4 (4) ◽

pp. 352

Author(s):

Alex Oguso ◽

Francis M. Mwega ◽

Nelson H. Wawire ◽

Purna Samanta

Keyword(s):

Public Sector ◽

Time Series Data ◽

Supply And Demand ◽

Series Data ◽

Fiscal Consolidation ◽

The Public ◽

Distributed Lag ◽

Seeking Behavior ◽

Development Goals ◽

The Government

Kenya needs substantial and sustained fiscal consolidation to create fiscal space for financing the government’s election pledges, the Vision 2030 development projects, and sustainable development goals. However, the government has found it hard to sustain its fiscal consolidation attempts. This study investigates the fiscal consolidation constraints that act through the budget imbalance dynamics in Kenya using the Olivera-Tanzi effect approach. The study covers the period 2000-2015 using time series data and employs three Auto-regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) error correction models in the analysis. The study showed that a rise in the general price levels in the economy, adjustment of minimum wages, rise in perceived levels of corruption in the public sector and the political budget cycles (occurrence of a general election) worsen the budget imbalances (deficits) thus constrain fiscal consolidation efforts in Kenya. The study also demonstrated that budget imbalance dynamics in Kenya could partly be explained by the Olivera-Tanzi proposition. The study recommends measures to reduce the fiscal imbalance gap in Kenya, which include controlling both supply and demand side inflationary pressure and dealing with rent seeking behavior in the public sector.

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Current Situation of Egyptian Cotton: Econometrics Study Using ARDL Model

Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.5539/jas.v11n10p88 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (10) ◽

pp. 88

Author(s):

Yosri Nasr Ahmed ◽

Huang Delin

Keyword(s):

Time Series Data ◽

Agricultural Practices ◽

Government Support ◽

Series Data ◽

Cotton Crop ◽

Export Prices ◽

The Government ◽

Bound Test ◽

Egyptian Cotton ◽

Relative Profitability

The Egyptian cotton crop have experienced challenges in recent years from a drop in the quantity produced and exported, to a decrease in cultivated areas, this have affected the production quantity and value of exports. This study aims to bridge the research gap by exploring the nexus between cultivated area of cotton in Egypt, Relative profitability (cotton-clover/rice-clover), export quantity of cotton, the export prices of Egyptian cotton and the export prices of American cotton (Pima). In order to clarify the relationship between the variables studied and the cultivated area of cotton, the research use time series data from 1980 to 2016, using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bound test to the find the co-integration between the variables after checking the stationarity in chosen variables with different unit root tests e.g. Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) and the Phillips-Perron (PP). The results show, significant factors that influence the cultivated area of cotton include Relative profitability (cotton-clover/rice-clover), export quantity of cotton in long run term. Which underscores the need for government support in agriculture, in particular, cotton crop support. The increasing trend of cotton cost with declining revenue and decreasing in exports quantity is the main cause of decreased cultivated area of Egyptian cotton. Research recommends that support should be given to cotton farmers, in the form of agricultural equipment or training in good agricultural practices or set a price for cotton guaranteeing a decent profit margin for the farmers. The government (policy makers) should improve the productivity of cotton with the purpose of reducing the total costs and increasing the degree of competitiveness of the Egyptian cotton. Some effective policy measures may include but not limited to, farmer training programs and providing better extension services that will led to the capacity development of farmers.

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IMPACT OF FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT ON EXPORT SECTOR IN NIGERIA (1981-2018)

International Journal of Indian Economic Light ◽

10.36713/epra3009 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 19-24

Author(s):

Edeh, Chukwudi Emmanuel ◽

Obi, Cyril Ogugua ◽

Mbaeri, Clara Ndidiamaka ◽

Ebite Ogochukwu Njideka

Keyword(s):

Foreign Direct Investment ◽

Direct Investment ◽

Time Series Data ◽

Linear Equations ◽

Series Data ◽

Cent Increase ◽

Oil Export ◽

Oil Sector ◽

The Government ◽

The Impact

The objective of the study is to examine the impact of FDI on exports in Nigeria for the period 1981-2018. Specifically, two linear equations were formulated to trace the impact of FDI on oil sector and non-oil sector. The explanatory variables in the study were exchange rate, GDP, degree of openness, FDI, and inflation. The ADF technique was used to test for the stationarity of the time series data. The results of the Error Correction models reveal that there is a positive and significant (P(FDI) = 0.000) relationship between FDI and oil export in Nigeria. One per cent increase in FDI leads to 0.47 per cent increase in oil export over the period under study. There is a positive and significant (P(FDI) = 0.005) relationship between FDI and non-oil export in Nigeria. One per cent increase in FDI leads to 0.31 per cent increase in non-oil export over the period under study. The impact of FDI on the oil export is higher than the non-oil sector by 0.16 per cent. The study recommends for more aggressive policies to attract FDI in the oil sector to be pursued by the government. Obstacles to doing business in Nigeria should be removed. KEYWORDS: Foreign direct investment, oil export, non-oil export

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Risk Based Bank Rating dalam Mengukur Tingkat Kesehatan Perbankan

Assets : Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Akuntansi, Keuangan dan Pajak ◽

10.30741/assets.v3i2.442 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 114-123

Author(s):

Neny Tri Indrianasari ◽

Khoirul Ifa

Keyword(s):

Corporate Governance ◽

Financial Services ◽

Time Series Data ◽

Risk Profile ◽

Series Data ◽

Average Value ◽

Good Corporate Governance ◽

Source Data ◽

The Government ◽

Descriptive Method

The Financial Services Authority assesses the national banking industry in the better shape shown by some indicators, one of which the involvement of the Government in realizing economic growth. With the better banking conditions will marimbas Bank on growth Of Islamic Peoples. This research aims to know the level of health of bank Syariah BPR in East Java by using methods of Risk-Based Bank Rating. The assessment by the method of Risk-Based Bank Rating consists of four factors of risk profile, Good Corporate Governance, earning and capital of each bank. This research uses descriptive method quantitative approach to analyze the ratio-the ratio of the measured. The data type used is the time series data of the year 2015 – 2017. Source data obtained from the Financial Services Authority website (OJK). Data analysis techniques using analysis of Risk-Based Bank Rating (RBBR) consist of four-factor risk profile, Good Corporate Governance, earning and capital. The study concluded that the overall average value of NPF Bank Of Islamic People (BPRS) of 13.37% unhealthy, with an average overall rating Of Sharia Rural Banks ROA (BPRS) of 0.11% with the predicate less healthy and that the average overall rating Of Sharia Rural Banks CAR (BPRS) amounted to 28.47% with very healthy.

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The Nexus between Export and Economic Growth in Tanzania

International Business & Economics Studies ◽

10.22158/ibes.v1n2p95 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. p95

Author(s):

Romanus L. Dimoso (PhD, Economics) ◽

UTONGA, Dickson (MSc. Economics)

Keyword(s):

Economic Growth ◽

Time Series Data ◽

Series Data ◽

Test Results ◽

Causality Test ◽

Goods And Services ◽

Long Run ◽

Causality Tests ◽

The Government ◽

Econometrics Analysis

This study explored the causal relationship between exports and economic growth in Tanzania. It analyzed time series data for the period of 1980 to 2015. Economic growth is measured in terms of growth per cent while exports are measured in percentage change of goods and services sold abroad. Econometrics analysis was employed in the due course. Such procedures as testing for the presence of unit root, co-integration and causality were done. Furthermore, the Johansen co-integration and Granger causality tests were employed to examine the long-run relationship among variables. The results of co-integration indicate the existence of one co-integrating equation. The causality test results exhibited causality which runs from economic growth to exports. The results conclude that, in the long run, there is a relationship between exports and economic growth in Tanzania. This study recommends the Government to make efforts to improve exports and eventually, in the long-run, rejuvenating the economy.

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