scholarly journals Katse kirjeldada artefaktinimesid

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-162
Author(s):  
Tiina Laansalu ◽  
Peeter Päll ◽  
Tõnu Tender
Keyword(s):  
Urban Environment ◽  
Rural Environment ◽  
Place Names ◽  
Classical Description ◽  
Estonian Language

Artefaktinimed on traditsiooniliselt liigitatud kultuurnimede alaliigiks, mis hõlmab inimese loodud rajatiste nimesid. Inimtekkeliste objektide hulk on tänapäeval aga üha suurem ja erinäolisem, eriti linlikus keskkonnas, mistõttu vajab traditsioonilise kohanimede klassifikatsiooni artefaktinimede rühma kirjeldus täpsustamist ja täiendamist. Artikkel vaatleb artefaktinimesid kolmes kasutussfääris: maapiirkonnas, linnapiirkonnas ja slängis. Ruraalsete artefaktinimede puhul on analüüsitud Harjumaa Jüri ja Kose kihelkonna kohanimistuid, urbonüümide alusandmed pärinevad KNABist ning keskenduvad suures osas Tallinna nimedele. Slänginimede puhul on esitatud valdavalt Tallinna ja Tartu näited, mis pärinevad eri aegadel valminud teadustöödest, artiklitest ning internetist. Abstract. Tiina Laansalu, Peeter Päll, and Tõnu Tender: An attempt to describe artefact names. Artefact names have been traditionally classified as a subtype of cultural names designating names of man-made facilities. The number of human-constructed objects is growing rapidly and they are very diverse, especially in the urban environment, therefore the classical description of artefact names needs updating and elaborating. The article looks into artefact names in three domains: the rural environment, the urban environment and slang expressions. Examples of rural artefact names have been taken from the Jüri and Kose parishes in Harjumaa, urban names are based on the data from Tallinn of the Place Names Database (KNAB) of the Institute of the Estonian Language, slang names are taken from various sources covering mainly Tallinn and Tartu.

Impact of Enhanced Physical Education on Muscle Strength of the Prepubescent Child

1994 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roy J. Shephard ◽  
Hughes Lavallée
Keyword(s):  
Physical Education ◽  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Urban Environment ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Gender Effects ◽  
Rural Environment ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Strength Data ◽  
Experimental Intervention ◽  
Prepubescent Child

The influence upon muscle strength of 1 h/day of required physical education was tested in 546 prepubescent children over a 5-year period. Experimental students began the program in Grade 1, with immediately preceding and succeeding classes serving as controls. Annual measurements showed a linear increase of limb circumferences with stature (H), but strength increased more rapidly than H2. Strength data showed gender effects (M > F) at all ages and environmental effects (rural > urban) in older children (10–12 years). Experimental students were stronger in 19 of 42 comparisons. Girths were greater in girls (7 of 18 comparisons) and in the rural environment (4 of 18 comparisons), but were unaffected by the experimental intervention. Bone diameters were greater in the boys (16 of 18 comparisons) and in the urban environment (2 of IS comparisons). Daily required physical education leads to small increases of isometric strength without significant increments of limb dimensions.

scholarly journals Treatment of names in Zambia and Estonia: A comparative analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 235-247
Author(s):  
Osward Chanda ◽  
Peeter Päll
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
The Other ◽  
Place Names ◽  
The Past ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Colonial Experience ◽  
British Colonial ◽  
Estonian Language

Names constitute a key component of the cultural heritage of any region. Though geographically, culturally and linguistically apart, Estonia and Zambia share some elements and motivations in naming. Zambia’s British colonial experience and Estonia’s Danish, German, Polish, Swedish and Russian/ Soviet influence in the past made significant changes to personal and place names in both regions. Following independence, both states made strides in the indigenisation of names for promoting local heritage and national identity. Zambia predominantly focused on changing the names of some towns, and of the country (from Northern Rhodesia to Zambia). On the other hand, the Estonian onomastic experience has been more comprehensive – regulating both personal and place names, enacting corresponding laws and maintaining the Institute of the Estonian Language to oversee language and name planning, among other responsibilities. Kokkuvõte. Osward Chanda ja Peeter Päll: Nimekorraldus Sambias ja Eestis: võrdlev analüüs. Artikkel vaatleb Sambia ja Eesti nimesituatsiooni erinevusi ja sarnasusi. Sambia on mitmekeelne maa, ametikeel on inglise; Eesti on ametlikult ükskeelne maa, praktikas käibivad eesti keele kõrval ka vene ja inglise keel. Sambia isikunimedes on perekonnanimed valdavalt kohalikku päritolu, eesnimed enamjaolt euroopalikud; kohanimed on valdavalt ühekordsed. Sambias ei ole erinevalt Eestist nimeseadusi isiku- ja kohanimede reguleerimiseks. Ühine on mõlema maa puhul asjaolu, et ajaloos on varem domineerinud võõrvõimud, mis on jätnud jälje nimepilti. Kui proovida sõnastada universaalseid nimekorralduspõhimõtteid, siis võiksid need olla 1) nimede kui kultuuripärandi kaitse; 2) kohalike nimekujude eelistamine; 3) nimede keeleline korrektsus, 4) oma kultuuriidentiteedi hoidmine, 5) nimede pragmaatiliste aspektide (eristatavus, nimeinfo kättesaadavus jm) arvestamine.

scholarly journals Specific developments in Kiili place names

2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 173-188
Author(s):  
Tiina Laansalu
Keyword(s):  
Place Names ◽  
Estonian Language

Place names have changed with the rest of the vocabulary during the development of the Estonian language. However, with place names characteristic developments have occurred that differ from the general vocabulary. Irregular shortening, group transition, folk etymology and adaptation have occurred. This article will give a brief review of each specific development and will give examples, based on the settlement names in Kiili.

scholarly journals Variations of GSM Path Loss Exponent with Propagation Distance at L-Band Frequencies in Different Microcellular Environment of Southwestern Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Isaac Chukwutem Abiodun ◽  
Joshua Idogho
Keyword(s):  
Urban Environment ◽  
Path Loss ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Propagation Path ◽  
Rural Environment ◽  
Network Systems ◽  
Path Loss Exponent ◽  
Breakpoint Distance ◽  
L Band ◽  
Suburban Environment

Propagation path loss exponent is an important component of system design, and knowing the values helps to avoid surprises when the actual service begins. The path loss exponent is known to be critical in establishing the coverage of any new cellular network. Estimating the path loss exponent of any environment requires raising new data sets, which can be accomplished by conducting experiments. With this objective, the present study reports the L-band signal RSS level measurements of 6 GSM base stations in the urban, suburban and rural environments of Ondo and Ekiti States in the Southwestern region of Nigeria. Using a Sony Ericsson TEMS phone monitoring device—connected to a laptop equipped with TEMS software and base station cell reference—and a GPS device, RSS measurements were performed in each sector of the base station up to 1200 m, employing a single sector verification method. The values of path loss exponents were computed from the deduced values of path loss at 50 m intervals up to distances of 1200 m. Close to the base station, the following exponent values were observed—between 2.0 and 3.8 in the urban environment, 2.0 to 2.8 in the suburban environment while for the rural environment, 1.5 to 2.6 we're observed. After the breakpoint distance, higher path loss exponent values of up to 6 was recorded in the urban environment, exponent value of up to 4.3 was observed in the suburban environment and up to 3.5 exponent value in the rural environment. It was also observed that the rural environment presented the longest breakpoint distance of 500 m. The high path loss exponents observed, especially in the urban environment, could cause GSM operators to rethink the margins they have provided. This study is useful for the design of upcoming network systems in these regions and in similar regions.

Walking, Identity and Visual Perception in Romantic and Modernist Literature

2020 ◽  
pp. 152-170
Author(s):  
Andrew Michael Roberts ◽  
Eleanore Widger
Keyword(s):  
Visual Field ◽  
Visual Perception ◽  
Urban Environment ◽  
Distributed Cognition ◽  
Rural Environment ◽  
Modernist Literature ◽  
Power Structures ◽  
Embodied Mind ◽  
Romantic Poetry ◽  
The Aesthetic

This chapter considers enactivist theories of cognition and perception in relation to aspects of Romantic and Modernist literature, in particular how walking relates to visual perception and the representation of the visual field (sensorimotor enactivism); and how movement and visuality inflect ideas of subjectivity, identity and consciousness (autopoietic enactivism). It draws on Alva Noë’s account of sensorimotor enactivism in Action in Perception (2004), on Evan Thompson’s account of autopoietic enactivism in Mind in Life: Biology, Phenomenology and the Sciences of Mind (2007), and on Varela, Thompson and Rosch’s The Embodied Mind (1993), to argue that, while Romantic poetry tends to an affirmative account of unconstrained walking in a rural environment, facilitating identity-enhancing interaction, Modernist literature shows a marked duality in its representation of urban walking. In T.S. Eliot’s poetry, walking constrained by an oppressive urban environment threatens to fragment identity, implying dysfunctional forms of distributed cognition. However, although women’s urban walking in the Modernist period has often been seen to be constrained by gendered power structures, Virginia Woolf’s writing at times celebrates the aesthetic and sensory pleasures of urban walking, leading to more affirmative versions of dispersed identity.

scholarly journals Vadja loodus- ja viljelusnimedest

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 163-211
Author(s):  
Enn Ernits
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Mother Tongue ◽  
Morphological Features ◽  
Leningrad Region ◽  
Place Names ◽  
Generic Term ◽  
Estonian Language

Vadja toponüüme koguti süstemaatiliselt XX sajandi teisel poolel. Sellest ajast pärinevad Eesti Keele Instituudi ja Emakeele Seltsi kohanimekogud. Siinkirjutajal õnnestus aastatel 2001–2004 panna kirja kõigest 40 kohanime. Vadja toponüümikat on seni uurinud peamiselt Paul Ariste. Käesoleval sajandil on väheste toponüümide algupära käsitlenud üksnes Leningradi oblasti Kingissepa rajooni asjaarmastajad. Käesolevas kirjutises, mis lähtub peamiselt mainitud kogudest ning käsitleb loodusja viljelusnimesid, on põhitähelepanu pööratud kohanimede päritolule. See võimaldab paigutada nad atribuutide ehk täiendosade järgi tähendusrühmadesse. Uurimuses tehakse kindlaks samuti kohanimede determinandid ehk liigisõnad. Tähelepanuta ei jää ka nende morfoloogilised iseärasused. Vadja keeles leidub nii primaarseid kui ka sekundaarseid kohanimesid, sageli on kirja pandud ka determinandita toponüüme, samuti üksikuid terminnimesid. Loodus- ja viljelusnimed on päritolult üsna sarnased. Nad on arenenud looduskogumeid, loomi, taimi, omadusi, asendit jt aspekte tähistavatest apellatiividest, tulenedes mõnikord ka reaalsete isikute või pühakute nimedest. Toponüümide moodustamise printsiibid sarnanevad teiste läänemeresoome keelte kohanimede moodustamise põhimõtetega. Nimede atribuut esineb peamiselt ainsuse nimetavas ja omastavas, determinant aga tavaliselt ainsuse ja harva mitmuse nimetavas käändes. Üks ja sama toponüüm võib mõnikord tähistada heinamaad, sood, metsa ja põldu. See näitab nende kunagist vahelduvat kasutusala. Kohanimede päritolu uurimisel on selgunud hulk üldnimesid, mida pole registreeritud väljaspool toponüümikat. Abstract. Enn Ernits: Votic names of natural and cultivation objects. A more systematical recording of Votic toponyms took place in the second half of the 20th century. Since then, the place name collections of the Institute of the Estonian Language and the Mother Tongue Society have been dated. The author managed to record only 40 toponyms between 2001 and 2004. Votic toponymy has so far been studied mainly by Paul Ariste (1964, 1965a, 1965b, 1967, 1968). In this century, only the amateurs of the Kingisepp district of the Leningrad region have dealt with the origin of some toponyms (see Demina 2009). This paper, which is mainly based on the previously mentioned collections and deals with the names of natural and cultivation objects, focuses on their origin. This allows us to classify place names by attributes into groups by their meaning. The study also identifies the generic terms of place names. The morphological features of toponyms are not neglected either. In Votic language, there are both primary and secondary place names, often toponyms without a generic term and sometimes term names. Names of natural and cultivation objects are quite similar in origin. They have evolved from the apellatives denoting nature, animals, plants, features, location and other aspects, sometimes deriving from the names of real persons or saints. The principles of toponym forming are similar to those in other Finnic languages (Ariste (1967: 83). The attribute of names occurs mainly in the nominative and genitive of singular, but the generic term is usually in the singular and rarely the plural. The same toponym can simultaneously refer to meadows, marshes, forests and fields. This indicates their former, alternative use. Examination of the origin of place names revealed a number of common names not recorded outside the toponymy.

scholarly journals 1114 Urbanicity And The Sleep-mental Health Relationship

SLEEP ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 43 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. A423-A424
Author(s):  
J Moore ◽  
A Seixas ◽  
G Casimir ◽  
J Nunes ◽  
F Matadiaby ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Health Status ◽  
Urban Environment ◽  
Sleep Duration ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Poor Mental Health ◽  
Mental Health Status ◽  
Rural Environment ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Inadequate Sleep

Abstract Introduction Inadequate sleep has been found to be associated with poor mental health. This is especially true in low-income and minority populations, who are concentrated in cities. It is not understood to what degree living in a city vs. a rural environment affects sleep and resulting mental health outcomes. This study seeks to understand how living in an urban environment affects the relationship between inadequate sleep and mental health. Methods The study used data from the 2018 US Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS,) a nationwide health dataset collected by telephone. Respondents were classified as living in either an urban or rural environment based on their zip code. Respondents reported hours of sleep per night and mental health status. This study classified mental health status based on whether the respondent reported one or more incidences of poor mental health in the previous 30 days. Results After filtration, 348,540 respondents were split into urban and rural groups. Binary logistic regression was run in each group to compare how much living in an urban environment contributed to the relationship between sleep duration and mental health. Sleep in the analysis was found to significantly contribute to both models; urban X2(15, N=295,796) = 11,485.70, p <0.001 rural X2(15, N=52,744) = 2,465.64, p <0.001. The estimated odds ratio resulted in a decrease of 13.9% [Exp(B) = 0.861] in reported poor mental health for every unit increase of sleep in the urban population, and decrease of 14.9% [Exp(B) = 0.851] in the rural population. Conclusion In urban and rural dwellers, sleep duration predicted poor mental health. Contrary to expectations, sleep was more strongly tied to mental health in rural than urban populations. This was true even after controlling for sex, income, and education level. Further research should seek to understand how environment affects sleep and mental health. Support This study was supported by funding from the NIH: R01MD007716, R01HL142066, R01AG056531, K01HL135452, and K07AG052685.

Mobile Communications: The Beginning

2021 ◽  
pp. 233-244
Author(s):  
Laszlo Solymar
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Mobile Phone ◽  
Urban Environment ◽  
Mobile Phones ◽  
Mobile Communications ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Rural Environment ◽  
Frequency Allocation ◽  
Working Frequency

weThe problem to solve was the frequency allocation and power requirements. A working frequency for a given cluster had to be chosen high enough so that there are enough channels. The power radiated out by the mobile phone had to be large enough to reach the base station and low enough not to cause disturbance in the neighbouring cluster. Also the size of the clusters depended on population density, larger in urban environment, smaller in rural environment. The sudden growth of the number of mobile phones in the period 1994 to 1997 is noted and plotted.

Racist prejudices in different contexts. Differences between rural and urban environments

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-29
Author(s):  
Juana Maria Anguita Acero ◽  
Oscar Navarro Martinez ◽  
Angel Luis Gonzalez Olivares ◽  
Monica di Martino
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
University Students ◽  
Urban Environment ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Rural Environment ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Urban Rural

The purpose of this research is to analyse the presence of racist prejudices in response to certain statements in two different contexts, namely, a rural environment and an urban environment. A questionnaire was prepared using nine statements in respect to real situations of preconceived ideas regarding certain minority groups of society. Specifically, these situations refer to gypsies, Blacks, immigrants, Moroccans, beggars, refugees from Latin America or handicapped persons. The questionnaire was given to university students, who were asked to assess the racist characteristics of each statement on a scale of 1–4. The results obtained show certain differences that are detected between the two contexts in respect to participants’ perception of prejudice. The conclusion is that the presence of racist prejudices is very similar in the two contexts in which the research was carried out, with a high correlation between students’ answers. Keywords: Prejudices, university students, urban, rural

scholarly journals The quantity of information which parents and their seven-year-old children have on the affects of nutrition, oral hygiene and fluoride prophylaxis on dental health

2009 ◽  
Vol 62 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 421-426
Author(s):  
Marija Igic ◽  
Mirjana Apostolovic ◽  
Ljiljana Kostadinovic ◽  
Olivera Trickovic-Janjic ◽  
Dusan Surdilovic
Keyword(s):  
Oral Health ◽  
Health Education ◽  
Urban Environment ◽  
Oral Hygiene ◽  
Human Population ◽  
Dental Health ◽  
Rural Environment ◽  
Oral Diseases ◽  
Rural Environments ◽  
Rural And Urban

Introduction. Health education plays a crucial oral in maintaining good oral health of human population and, primarily, in reducing the incidence of caries as one of the most frequent oral diseases. This implies the need for a change in the behavior of individuals, groups or the society as a whole, in terms of the following: establishing a proper nutrition regime, establishing the habit of maintaining oral hygiene and the use of fluorides. The goal of the paper is to determine the quantity of information which parents and their seven year old children have on the effects of nutrition, oral hygiene and fluoride prophylaxis on dental health in rural and urban environment. Material and methods. The survey included 450 seven-year-old children and their parents in urban and rural environments. The quantity of information about proper nutrition, oral hygiene and fluoride prophylaxis was determined based on specific questionnaires for children and their parents. Results. The quantity of information about the effects of proper nutrition, oral hygiene and fluoride prophylaxis on dental health of seven year old children is significantly larger in urban, as compared to the rural environment. The quantity of information of parents about the effects of proper nutrition, oral hygiene and fluoride prophylaxis on dental health is larger in urban, as compared to the rural environment. Conclusion. This research suggests a need to intensify health education activities, especially in the rural environment.

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