scholarly journals ENVIRONMENTAL TAXES AND EMISSIONS OF POLLUTANTS IN THE EU: EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS

MEST Journal ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-74
Author(s):  
Viktor Koziuk ◽  
Oleksandr Dluhopolskyi ◽  
Kazymyr Voznyi
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Iso 14001 ◽  
Environmental Taxation ◽  
Environmental Taxes ◽  
Environmental Tax ◽  
Inverse Effect ◽  
Cross Correlation Analysis ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
The Eu

The system of environmental taxes in EU countries is expected to have an impact on reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Since 2010 the emphasis on environmental regulation has shifted towards the EU 2020 strategy. This research continues the previous author’s studies about the environmental measurement of welfare economics. The article tests the hypothesis of the inverse effect of the environmental taxation level on CO2 emissions. The method of cross-correlation analysis was used to confirm the hypothesis. As the dependent variables were chosen emission indicators (CO2, PM2.5mg), and the independent variables were selected environmental taxes, the share of renewable energy, the number of businesses in the country that have an environmental certificate ISO 14001. The level of environmental taxation has a significant impact on the amount of CO2 emissions in the direction of their reduction. The share of renewable energy in final consumption also has a significant impact on the dynamics of changes in the amount of CO2. The analysis of environmental tax revenues in the EU showed the dominance of their fiscal component over the regulatory one.

scholarly journals ACCOUNTING AND TAX ASPECTS OF COLLECTION OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL TAX

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Borys Zanko
Keyword(s):  
Financial Stability ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Environmental Taxation ◽  
Environmental Taxes ◽  
Environmental Tax ◽  
Nature Protection ◽  
Environmental Situation ◽  
Tax Benefits ◽  
Environmental Measures ◽  
The Impact

The article considers the main aspects of collecting environmental tax. Collection of environmental taxes is one of the means that can restrain the process of deteriorating environmental conditions, and in some cases improve the environmental situation. The article also examines the impact of environmental taxation on improving the environmental situation. The role of the environmental tax at financing of nature protection measures is considered. There are critical remarks of some scientists who point out that the availability of revenues from the environmental tax is not a guarantee of sufficient funding for environmental measures. Attention is paid to the risks of environmental taxation, which are associated with reduced solvency and financial stability of environmental taxpayers who pollute the environment. The classification of environmental taxes is considered, which is built depending on the purposes for which the amounts received as a result of taxation are directed. The essence of the environmental tax levied in Ukraine is investigated. The article analyzes the norms of the Tax Code of Ukraine, which regulate the object of taxation with an environmental tax. Factors influencing the amount of environmental tax to be paid to the budget are studied. First of all, these are the factors that lead to an increase in the tax base. In addition, higher environmental tax rates, which are set by the Tax Code of Ukraine for more hazardous pollutants, also affect the amount of environmental tax to be paid to the budget. The amount of environmental tax paid to the budget is also increased by special coefficients used in calculating the tax liability. It is proposed to apply tax benefits related to the construction of treatment facilities and the installation of treatment equipment when collecting environmental tax. The essence of the proposed environmental tax benefits is that the environmental taxpayer will be able to reduce part of the tax liability. This reduction is carried out by the amount of depreciation of fixed assets, which directly carry out the treatment of pollutant emissions into the atmosphere, discharges of pollutants into water bodies, etc. Some aspects of environmental tax accounting are considered.

scholarly journals Spatial Patterns in Fiscal Impacts of Environmental Taxation in the EU

Economies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 104
Author(s):  
Vít Pászto ◽  
Jarmila Zimmermannová ◽  
Jolana Skaličková ◽  
Judit Sági
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Spatial Patterns ◽  
Environmental Taxation ◽  
Environmental Tax ◽  
K Nearest Neighbors ◽  
Fiscal Impact ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
Tax Revenues ◽  
Fiscal Impacts ◽  
The Eu

There are several reasons for environmental taxation implementation. Besides its environmental impact, the main reason for such taxation is its fiscal impact, particularly in generating revenues of public budgets. The main goal of this paper is to observe possible spatial patterns in fiscal impacts of environmental taxation in the EU countries, and to depict the groups of countries with the same (or similar) fiscal impact of these instruments on public budget revenues, including environmental and economic characteristics. Two methods of cluster analysis are used, Ward linkage and K-nearest neighbors (spatial) cluster analysis to observe potential geographical links or implication of fiscal impact. The study is performed for the years 2008 and 2017. Based on the results, we can say that in the year 2008, the EU countries were divided into “the west” and “the east”, with some exceptions. The western countries were characterized by high environmental tax revenues, the eastern countries by low environmental tax revenues. For 2017, the situation is different. The border between old and new EU member states is not so abrupt and clear. The results show higher diversification between EU countries concerning the fiscal impacts of environmental taxation.

scholarly journals Linking between Renewable Energy, CO2 Emissions, and Economic Growth: Challenges for Candidates and Potential Candidates for the EU Membership

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1528 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuriy Bilan ◽  
Dalia Streimikiene ◽  
Tetyana Vasylieva ◽  
Oleksii Lyulyov ◽  
Tetyana Pimonenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Panel Cointegration ◽  
Potential Candidate ◽  
Total Energy Consumption ◽  
Renewable Energy Consumption ◽  
Eu Membership ◽  
The Eu

This paper investigates the impact of renewable energy sources (RESs), CO2 emissions, macroeconomics, and the political stability in a country on the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The authors analyse the dynamics of RESs use, CO2 emissions, and GDP development and also test the following hypotheses: (1) The country’s economic growth is related to the energy consumption, in terms of both human resources and capital; (2) the share of the renewable energy consumption of the total energy consumption has a positive impact on the economic growth; and (3) the share of the renewable energy consumption of the total energy consumption is unrelated to the economic growth. To test the above hypotheses, the authors use the modified Cobb-Douglas production function, which also considers RES production volumes, CO2 emissions, and economic growth. The study employs data between 1995 to 2015 from the candidate and potential candidate countries for the EU membership. The data are drawn from the World Bank and Eurostat. The analyses entail panel unit root tests, Pedroni panel cointegration tests, fully modified OLS (FMOLS), dynamic OLS (DOLS) panel cointegration techniques, and the Vector Error Correction model (VECM). The findings confirm the relationship between RESs, CO2 emissions, and the GDP. For the EU countries, RESs as human resources and capital have an impact on the GDP. Moreover, the results reveal a correction retraction when the economic growth leads to an increase in renewable energy consumption. The investigation also finds that candidate and potential candidate countries for the EU membership should foster renewable energy development. The authors conclude that developing affordable and effective instruments and mechanisms to boost the RES implementation is necessary to decrease the anthropogenic impact on the environment (in particular, decreasing CO2 emissions) without any attendant reduction in the economic growth.

Comparison of Environmental Tax Systems of China and the United States and the Enlightenments

2019 ◽  
Vol 07 (03) ◽  
pp. 1950008
Author(s):  
Yunfeng YAN ◽  
Ran WANG ◽  
Qingwen FAN
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Environmental Taxation ◽  
Environmental Taxes ◽  
Tax Revenue ◽  
Absolute Amount ◽  
Environmental Tax ◽  
Green Development ◽  
Important Means ◽  
Taxation System

Environmental taxes are an important means of achieving green development. By referring to the statistical coverage of environmental taxes by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), this paper analyzed the scale, changing tendency, income structure and stringency of environmental taxes in China and the United States, and compared the basic environmental taxation elements of the two countries. The findings show that in terms of absolute amount, China’s environmental tax revenues were much higher than those of the United States; in terms of relative amount, the proportions of environmental taxes in China’s tax revenue and in GDP also surpassed those of the United States. Besides, in 2010, the Environmental Policy Stringency (EPS) Index in China also exceeded that of the United States, indicating that China’s taxation frame has been further developed towards a greener one; but China’s environmental taxation still faces problems such as improper tax system and imperfect design of taxation elements. The authors suggest that it is necessary to deepen the reform of the top-level design of environmental taxes, scientifically determine taxation elements and taxation structure, and establish an extensive environmental taxation system.

scholarly journals MACROECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF TAX ECONOMIC REFORMS IN EU COUNTRIES

2019 ◽  
pp. 36-45
Author(s):  
I. Marekha ◽  
V. Myrhorodska
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Correlation Analysis ◽  
Environmental Taxes ◽  
Environmental Tax ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Macroeconomic Factors ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
European Union Countries ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Eu

The article substantiates the necessity to introduce systematic and effective tax eco-reforms in the context of resource-oriented economic development by the European Union countries. The performance and effectiveness of the reforms are estimated in relation to the main four groups of environmental taxes: energy taxes, pollution taxes, resource taxes and transport taxes. The macroecological policy of the European Union countries is the object of the undertaken analysis. The article examines the impact of macroeconomic factors on environmental taxes across the EU, using a correlation analysis toolkit. Four groups of macroeconomic parameters were selected for analysis: internal macroeconomic factors (nominal GDP, real GDP, inflation, business cycle stage, budget deficit, energy consumption level); external macroeconomic factors (government debt, exports, foreign direct investments); institutional macroparameters (environmental culture, shadow economy, trust in government) and fiscal macroparameters (tax culture and fiscal freedom). The economic interpretation of the obtained correlates is given. Based on the correlation analysis, stimulators and de-stimulators of tax environmental reforms across the EU were identified. It is established that the factors that positively influence on the tax environmental reforms are the overwhelming majority of the analyzed factors. The formation of indicators of the effectiveness of tax environmental reforms is undertaken for six countries of the Community. In particular, the analysis covers three economic leaders (Germany, the United Kingdom and France) and three leading EU countries in the field of environmental tax collection (Latvia, Greece and Slovenia). The article presents approaches to improving the assessment of the effectiveness of tax environmental reforms based on the consideration of fiscal (budget-filling) and reproductive (multiplicative) functions of environmental taxes. In this regard, the environmental tax multiplier and accelerator, as well as the GDP elasticity coefficient for environmental taxes, were calculated for the analyzed group of countries. The criteria of economic efficiency of tax eco-reforms are proposed. Keywords: environmental taxes, macroeconomic effect, macro-environmental policy, multiplier, accelerator, elasticity

Environmental Tax Revenue and Expenditures in EU and Serbia - Lessons to be Learnt from Statistics

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 503-522
Author(s):  
Goranka Knežević ◽  
Vladan Pavlović
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Environmental Awareness ◽  
Environmental Taxes ◽  
Tax Revenue ◽  
Environmental Tax ◽  
The Eu

In this research, we emphasize the issues of collecting environmental taxes and spending for environmental protection at the EU 28 plus countries as a benchmark and Serbia. We find no correlation between environmental taxes in EU and expenses incurred for the environment, while at the same time there is a positive, statistically significant relationship between the two variables in Serbia. The observed period covers 2009-2017. This means that government taxes and budget are the main sources of financing green projects in Serbia, therefore, showing lower environmental awareness of companies and citizens.

scholarly journals Current state of ecological taxation in Ukraine and its improvement according to the EU experience

2020 ◽  
pp. 111-126
Author(s):  
Oleksandra Oliynychuk
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Environmental Security ◽  
Environmental Taxation ◽  
Environmental Tax ◽  
Compensatory Mechanisms ◽  
Tax System ◽  
Partial Restoration ◽  
The World ◽  
The Eu

The deteriorating environmental situation on Earth has become over the last decades an almost general cause for concern. Many people around the world, united in environmental organisations express their concern because the Earth is our common home, and our health and well-being are dependent on it. At the same time methods of economic activities, intensification of production can lead to ecological catastrophe. Therefore, neglecting environmental issues in global and regional dimensions is unacceptable. Excessive consumption of natural resources, pollution of the atmosphere and water bodies, continuous generation of non-recyclable waste are problems that need not only general recognition, but also the adoption and implementation of effective programmes to prevent the relevant harmful effects. This is especially true of Ukraine in view of the Chornobyl nuclear plant disaster with its ramifications, but this area has not been investigated sufficiently. Unfortunately environmental pollution in Ukraine is one of the major causes of increased mortality. The world community has already implemented preventative and compensatory mechanisms that contribute to the partial restoration of the natural environment. This encourages economical use of natural resources and reduces the environmental impact of business activity. The most effective of these are the economic mechanisms that make environmentally hazardous industries switch to energy-efficient and non-waste or low-waste technologies. An important instrument of these mechanisms is ecological taxation, which is why each country creates its own environmental tax system, adapted to the specifics of economic processes. Moreover, ecological taxation is a critical tool for ensuring the country’s environmental security. Thus, the research of the ecological taxation system, its elements, efficiency of functioning has important scientific and practical value. The purpose of the study is to establish the role of the environmental taxation in ensuring the environmental security, based on the analysis of the current ecological taxation in Ukraine and the EU.The aims of the article are to consider various aspects of environmental taxation in Ukraine and the EU; to make comparisons of the ecological taxes in Ukraine and in the EU countries; to assess the fiscal efficiency of environmental taxation; to suggest the ways to improve the environmental tax system in Ukraine in order to endure the environmental security taking into account the EU experience. The following reasoning methods were used in the research: analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, comparison, generalisation and others.

scholarly journals Environmental Taxes as a Fiscal Policy Instrument: The Case of the Baltic States

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hilal Görkem
Keyword(s):  
Policy Instrument ◽  
Environmental Taxation ◽  
Environmental Taxes ◽  
Tax Revenue ◽  
Environmental Tax ◽  
Baltic States ◽  
Tax Reforms ◽  
Baltic Countries ◽  
Energy Taxes ◽  
The Baltic

The aim of this study is to evaluate environmental taxation in the Baltic States (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania). First, environmental policies and environmental tax reforms of these countries will be generally overviewed. After addressing the legal regulations related environmental taxation, the composition of environmental taxes, the share of environmental taxes in total tax revenue and GDP will be put forward. In the light of these indicators, the situation of the Baltic countries in EU will be assessed. The reports of the European Commission, Eurostat database, and OECD Database on instruments used for environmental policy are the main data sources used in the study. According to Eurostat data for 2014, energy taxes take the largest share from environmental taxes in EU. While Lithuania has the highest share of energy taxes (93,78%) in EU, Estonia has the lowest share of transport taxes (2,12%). Latvia ranks fifth in terms of the share of environmental taxes in total tax revenue (9.16%). Estonia is among in top ten countries with a share of 8,22%. The share of Lithuania (6.06%) remains slightly below average.

scholarly journals MANAGEMENT OF SUSTAINABLE ENTREPRENEURSHIP ADAPTATION TO TAX CHANGES IN ENVIRONMENTAL INVESTMENT

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 96-105
Author(s):  
Yaroslav Kvach ◽  
Nataliia Piatka ◽  
Viktor Koval
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Analysis ◽  
Green Economy ◽  
Environmental Taxation ◽  
Environmental Taxes ◽  
Investment Efficiency ◽  
Sustainable Entrepreneurship ◽  
Environmental Investment ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
Tax Changes ◽  
The Eu

The article highlights the problem of management of sustainable entrepreneurship adaptation to tax changes in environmental investment and substantiation of the conceptual basis for assessing the efficiency of environmental investment in terms of Ukraine’s integration processes into European community that involves introduction of sustainable economic development and mechanisms of “green” economy. Methods. A study of the peculiarities of environmental financing in Ukraine has been conducted. The theoretical bases of investment management have been examined by means of the following methods: semantic analysis of interaction of the basic elements of environmental investment process for sustainable entrepreneurship development. With the use of a comparative analysis of environmental investment, efficiency and effectiveness of environmental tax collection in Ukraine and the EU countries, the expedience of using environmental taxation as a means of stimulating domestic environmental investment has been substantiated and the need to assess the efficiency of environmental investment has been defined. Results. A study of the peculiarities of domestic environmental taxation in order to establish its efficiency has been carried out. The experience of using taxes as a means of stimulating environmental investment in the EU countries has been under consideration. This research has shown that the efficiency of environmental taxes is ensured by their high rates, which encourage companies to innovate and make appropriate environmental investments. A number of shortcomings in the domestic environmental policy have been identified. It has proven the low efficiency of its instruments, in particular, related to assessing the efficiency of environmental investment. A study of the peculiarities of environmental financing in Ukraine has been conducted. The current tendencies of investment in environmental activities with the identification of causal relationships to substantiate management decisions to improve the use of financial resources for environmental purposes have been highlighted.

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