Moral Values in Professional Communication

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 22-23
Author(s):  
Нохрин ◽  
A. Nokhrin

The notion of “moral values” is analyzed. Notions “professional scientific communication” and “scientific discourse” are being compared. Based on the research articles on ecology, language means of expression of moral values is studied.

2000 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 429-432
Author(s):  
Greg Myers

The language of science has been extensively studied by linguists and rhetoricians – as a distinctive register, as a set of genres that students and academics need to master, and as a discourse of powerful social institutions. Most of these studies have been synchronic, focusing on the structures or styles of more or less contemporary texts, particularly research articles. But if we rely on such studies, we may tend to reify some features of text (such as the Introduction–Methods–Results–Discussion form, or the tendency to passive constructions and nominalizations) as inevitable features of scientific communication. We may also treat scientific institutions – such as the lines between disciplines, or between professionals and amateurs – as given by the subject matter, rather than seeing them as changing and as constituted in part by their communicative practices.


2008 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriella Rundblad

The role of passive voice as a device used in medical and scientific discourse to mystify the author is clearly articulated and well-known. Through analysis of the Methods section of nine medical research articles, this paper shows that metonymy is another frequently used impersonalisation strategy in medical discourse. Furthermore, this paper argues that impersonalisation is not restricted to the authors and that two types of impersonalisation need be distinguished: generalisation and socialisation. Discourse agents were categorised into the ‘present authors’ versus ‘other researchers and health professionals not part of the research team’. Agents were investigated in relation to impersonalisation and social identity. Results show that possessive/causative metonyms are used to produce genderless, generic ‘present authors’ as well as ‘other researchers’. In contrast, more significant ‘health professionals’ are often referred to in terms of representational/locative metonyms highlighting their authoritative social identity. The study also shows that for these non–authorial professionals co-occurrence of metonymy and passive voice is generally avoided. Although ‘present authors’ are mainly absent, this analysis reveals a higher than expected author presence resulting in a significantly higher degree of impersonalisation for non-authorial agents.


2021 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 132-150
Author(s):  
Irina N. Griftsova ◽  
Natalia Yu. Kozlova ◽  

This contribution examines the status of the rhetoric of science in two contexts. The first one is the effect that the changing interpretation of logic (the changing 'image of logic') has had on the status of the rhetoric of science. The second is the role that imagery has in scientific discourse. It is argued that the very possibility of a rhetorical interpretation of science depends on how the logic of science is understood. Informal logic, which acts here as a variant of argumentation theory or a logic of argumentation, is proposed as such a logic. This leads to a revision of the nature of justification in science in general, the substitution of apodictic logic for a logic of argumentation as a principal tool, and the consideration of strict formal ways of material implication-based justification as mere individual cases of a logic of argumentation. The role of imagery in scientific discourse is analysed. It is demonstrated that the situation of rhetoric and perception of imagery is paradoxical: although using rhetorical mechanisms in scientific communication is unavoidable, rhetoric has been criticised for many centuries. It is shown that the negative attitude to using rhetorical elements in scientific texts has long historical roots going back to ancient philosophical thought, namely, Socrates's criticism of eloquence and sophistic rhetoric. Analysis of the functions of imagery in scientific discourse suggests that imagery is an inalienable mechanism of both professional communication and the creation of theoretical models of knowledge.


Author(s):  
Dacia F. Dressen

Long neglected as a primary impetus of study, textual silences abound in such field disciplines as geology, where most field results seem to ‘disappear’ from the published research article. This paper first discusses the nature of textual silence and then proposes a typology of textual silences associated with written scientific discourse. Next, by examining the different disciplinary genres involved in the “recontextualizations” of a fieldwork study in geology, this study seeks to (1) identify textual silence in the various recontextualizations and (2) offer explanations for it.


2021 ◽  
pp. 074108832098336
Author(s):  
Michael Carter

Scholars in the field of writing and rhetorical studies have long been interested in professional writing and the ways in which experts frame their research for disciplinary audiences. Three decades ago, rhetoricians incorporated stasis theory into their work as a way to explore the nature of argument and persuasion in scientific discourse. However, what is missing in these general arguments based on stasis are the particular arguments in science texts aimed at persuasion. Specifically, this article analyzes arguments from the stasis of value in introductions of science research articles. This work is grounded in the Classical topoi, or topics, cataloging types of arguments and identifying seven topoi. I analyzed 60 introductions from articles in three different science journals, totaling the number of value arguments and arguments comprising the topoi. Findings yielded different proportions in types of arguments, sharp disparities among the journals, and widespread use of value arguments. The broader issue at work in this article is how scientists make a case for the importance of their research and how these findings might inform writing and argumentation in the sciences.


Fachsprache ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 40 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 24-46
Author(s):  
Christopher Gledhill ◽  
Mojca Pecman

In this paper, we examine the alternation between pre-modified and post-modified nominals, such as aspirin synthesis as opposed to synthesis of aspirin. This type of alternation has been previously explained in terms of rhetorical function (whether the item is ‘given’ as opposed to ‘new’), and phraseology (whether the item is seen as a ‘packed’ lexicalised term, or an ‘unpacked’ expanded nominal). In this paper, we suggest that other factors may also be involved, and we examine four specific cases from two different varieties of scientific English (Scientific Research Articles vs. Science Forums). Here we investigate the underlying constraints that govern this alternation, and we try to establish whether there is a preference for writers to ‘unpack’ nominal groups early on in a text and then to ‘re-pack’ them later on. Overall, we suggest a number of parameters that may explain the choice of one structure over another. Finally, and more generally, we show that this grammatical variation is a particularly productive resource in English nominal groups, and as such contributes to the rhetorical and cognitive construction of scientific demonstration in particular and scientific discourse more generally.


Author(s):  
Nataliya Kurkan ◽  
Natalya Fadeyeva ◽  
Natalia Mishankina

Введение. Рассматривается специфика коммуникации профессионального сообщества инженеров по отношению к научному дискурсу и специфика агента такой коммуникации как одной из наиболее важных областей современной жизни, обеспечивающей технологическое развитие промышленности, научный потенциал образования. Становление профессионального сообщества инженеров связывается с зарождением и развитием промышленности как общественного фактора: XIX в. сформировал, а XX в. упрочил позицию инженера так же, как когда-то были сформированы корпоративные сообщества медиков, юристов и т. п. Однако, в отличие от последних, инженерная корпорация еще не была изучена ни в аспекте рефлексии профессионального «образа», ни в аспекте коммуникативных практик. Частично тексты профессиональной коммуникации инженеров описаны в рамках научно-технического стиля, но как самостоятельный объект исследования она практически не выступала. Материал и методы. Методологической основой работы послужили исследования в области когнитивнодискурсивной лингвистики: анализа дискурса, научного дискурса, исследования в области функциональной стилистики и жанрологии, профессионального языка и коммуникации, исследование структуры концепта. Результаты были получены с использованием методов: дискурс-анализа, текстологического, дефиниционного, компонентного и количественного анализа, данных ассоциативного словаря, анализа корпусных данных, данных поисковых систем. Материал исследования: данные энциклопедий, словарей, Национального корпуса русского языка, корпуса текстов стандартов. Результаты и обсуждение. В работе решаются две проблемы: 1) определение границ профессиональной коммуникации инженеров как самостоятельной дискурсивной области, описание ее основных параметров в аспекте институциональности, обозначены границы по отношению к научному дискурсу: цели, участники, жанровый состав; 2) определение ключевого агента этой области профессиональной коммуникации: концептуальных границ понятия «инженер», ядром которого является представление о специалисте с высшим техническим образованием, а также соотношение с понятиями «инженерия», «инжиниринг». Обозначение профессиональной области «инженерия» актуализируется в связи с усложнением структуры профессиональной деятельности инженеров, включающей не только разработку и обслуживание новых технических объектов, но и их внедрение. Заключение. Рассматриваемая долгое время как часть научно-технического дискурса инженерная коммуникация выделяется в общей системе институционального дискурса на основании определенных системообразующих параметров.The article discusses the communication specifics of engineering society in relation to the scientific discourse. It also studies the special features of the agent in the engineering communication as one of the key areas of modern life which provides the technological progress of industry as well as the research potential for education. The rise of the engineering professional society was due to the introduction and development of industry as a social force. 19th century introduced the position of the engineer which was strengthened in 20th century in the same way as the corporate societies of other specialists had been developed before. However, the corporate engineering society has not been studied yet either with the reflection of the professional image nor in the communication aspect. There are just few studies which consider the engineering communication as the texts of scientific and technical style but not as an independent object to be studied. The studies in the cognitive and discursive linguistics made the methodological basis of this paper including discourse analysis, scientific discourse studies, the research in functional linguistics and genre studies, the professional language and communication and the concept structure as well. The results were obtained by techniques of discourse analysis, textual, definition and component analysis as well as the qualitative evaluation of the associative dictionary data, the corpora analysis and the analysis of the search engine data. The materials included the encyclopaedia data, dictionaries, Russian National corpora, a body of technical standards. The paper solves the following issues: the boundaries of engineering communication as a certain discourse area, the description of key institutional parameters, the boundaries of engineering discourse against the scientific discourse: purpose, participants, the genre structure. Also, the key agent of the engineering communication was defined: the boundaries of the engineer concept, at which core the image of a specialist with a university degree is. The engineering definition is updated due to the complication and recent development of the engineering activity. The professional communication in engineering sphere traditionally regarded by Russian linguists as a part of the scientific discourse was identified as a separate institutional discourse based on certain compositionally crucial parameters.


Author(s):  
Jing Hao

Abstract The ability to construe and to interpret cause–effect relations is critical to the task of knowledge building in science. It is essential to understanding investigative processes and to interpreting claims. However, in the discourses of science the linguistic construal of cause and effect can be far removed from that of its everyday, commonsense expression. Studies in systemic functional linguistics have found that scientific causality is often realized inside a clause rather than between clauses (Halliday, M. A. K. 1998. Things and relations. In J. R. Martin and R. Veel [eds.], Reading science: Critical and functional perspectives on discourses of science, 185–235. London & New York: Routledge). This paper aims to further understand the challenge of making meanings of scientific causality from a linguistic perspective. I analyze the language of biology in five research articles, which are students’ key reading texts in a core undergraduate biology course at a leading Australian university. I argue that a discourse semantic understanding of “cause inside the clause” is critical for revealing the diverse language resources for constructing scientific causality.


Author(s):  
N.Y. Shnyakina ◽  
◽  
A.M. Klyoster ◽  

This article is devoted to the statement of the normative evaluation principles in the field of professional communication. The aim of the study is to formulate the normative evaluation principles in the German-language scientific discourse from a cognitive point of view. The theoretical task of the work is to model the patterns of existence in the mind of human’s normative evaluation; the practical significance lies in the review of linguistic means used to objectify various aspects of normative evaluation in the field of professional communication. The materials of the research were the examples from scientific and popular science articles. The main research method is contextual analysis, which guides the transition of thought from parts to the general meaning; the authors used elements of definitional analysis and a modeling method allowing to reflect the sequence of cognitive operations in a visual form. A comprehensive analysis of the examples allowed formulating a number of normative evaluation principles. The fundamental logical operations determining the expression of knowledge about the norm are comparison and prediction of the result. The established degree of the evaluated object conformity to the norm predetermines a person’s schematized knowledge of the coincidence with it or deviation from it.


2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giulia Frezza ◽  
Pierluigi Zoccolotti

Abstract The convincing argument that Brette makes for the neural coding metaphor as imposing one view of brain behavior can be further explained through discourse analysis. Instead of a unified view, we argue, the coding metaphor's plasticity, versatility, and robustness throughout time explain its success and conventionalization to the point that its rhetoric became overlooked.


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