Methodological and theoretical foundations of the study of anticipation in minors convicted without imprisonment

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Vyacheslav Pozdnyakov ◽  
Olesya Volotkevich
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Problems ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Psychological Characteristics ◽  
Diagnostic Approach ◽  
Behavioral Characteristics ◽  
Psychological Science ◽  
Theoretical Foundations ◽  
Critical Perspectives

The article presents scientific approaches to the study and interpretation of the anticipitation phenomenon in historiographical and conceptually critical perspectives. The laws and mechanisms of anticipation are considered. Theories are studied that explain the essence of prognostic abilities. Currently, psychological science is trying to find, understand and explain in an accessible way a conceptual solution to the problem that poses the question of the essence of factors, mechanisms, and individual psychological characteristics of a person that affect a person’s behavior in various life situations that determine his future fate, as well as the essence of those arising from this. psychological problems and methods for solving them. Forecasting the results makes the activity self-regulating and helps to adjust the activity in the present. Due to the specifics of the personality and behavioral characteristics of minors, convicted conditionally, it is argued that Because of the lack of development in adolescents anticipation as the ability to represent the possible result of their actions before their implementation and to take into account this in the construction of their behavior, among this category of penitentiary special contingent there is a high rate of recidivism of criminal acts. The importance of implementing a comprehensive psycho-diagnostic approach in the study of the anti-cipipal wealth of the identity of juvenile convicts, as well as the factors and conditions that determine their right-setting behavior, is substantiated.

Women Elite Athletes; Do They Differ from Men? Gender Patterns in Psychological Characteristics of International Cross-Country Ski Medalists

1998 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-105
Author(s):  
Nils Vikander ◽  
Tor Solbakken ◽  
Margarita Vikander
Keyword(s):  
Elite Athletes ◽  
Psychological Characteristics ◽  
Behavioral Characteristics ◽  
Gender Similarities ◽  
Cross Country Skiing ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
Gender Patterns ◽  
As Relationship ◽  
Psychological Dimensions

The propose of the study was to investigate gender patterns in psychological/behavioral characteristics of elite Cross County skiers. Twentyeight athletes who won medals in Olympic Games or World Championships were accessed using the Behavior Inventories for Cross County Skiers (Rushall and Vikander, 1987). Nine clusters common to both men and women were identified as: relationship with other athletes; relationship with the coach; relationship to significant others; training factors; pre-competition factors; competition factors; reactions to things that go wrong; considerations about the sport, and things champions like about cross country skiing. With this inquiry we have uncovered both gender similarities and differences among the world’s foremost cross country skiers in psychological dimensions as well as in the behavioral arena.

New trends in chromosomal investigation in children with cardiovascular malformations

2004 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 622-629 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth Schellberg ◽  
Gesa Schwanitz ◽  
Lutz Grävinghoff ◽  
Rolf Kallenberg ◽  
Detlef Trost ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chromosomal Aberrations ◽  
In Situ Hybridisation ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Diagnostic Approach ◽  
Fluorescence In Situ Hybridisation ◽  
Cardiovascular Malformations ◽  
Genetic Investigation ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Cardiovascular Defects

We investigated a group of 376 children, seen over a period of 7 years with different types of congenital cardiovascular defects, to assess the presence of chromosomal aberrations. The diagnostic approach, achieved in 3 consecutive steps, revealed conventional chromosomal aberrations in 30 of the patients (8%) excluding trisomies 13, 18, 21. Fluorescence in situ hybridisation for microdeletions showed 51 microdeletions (15%), with 43 patients having deletions of 22q11.2, 7 patients with deletion of 7q11.23, and 1 patient with deletion of 4p16.3. In 23 patients with additional clinical abnormalities, we carried out a subtelomeric screening. This revealed, in two cases (9%), different subtelomeric aberrations, namely deletions of 1p and of 1q. Thus, subtelomeric screening proved to be a very valuable as a new diagnostic approach. Our approach to genetic investigation in three phases makes it possible to detect a high rate of pathologic karyotypes in patients with congenital cardiovascular malformations, thus guaranteeing more effective genetic counselling of the families, and a more precise prognosis for the patient.

scholarly journals Collective Psychology and Behavioral Characteristics of Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Single Cohort Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 159-169
Author(s):  
Ai Morimoto ◽  
Hiroaki Ito
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Bowel Disease ◽  
Bowel Disease ◽  
Formal Analysis ◽  
Psychological Characteristics ◽  
Behavioral Characteristics ◽  
Stressful Situation ◽  
Coping With Stress ◽  
Color Selection ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Projection Approach

<b><i>Background:</i></b> We previously treated patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) using color therapy as part of projective psychotherapy and found differences in preferred colors selected in an imagined stressful situation between patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) and those with Crohn’s disease (CD). In this study, we investigated differences in color selection among UC patients, CD patients, and healthy volunteers (HVs). More precisely, formal analysis using a projective technique was performed to evaluate their emotional characteristics when coping with stress, and egogram analysis was performed to investigate their collective psychological characteristics and behavioral characteristics as social selves. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Eighty-three HVs, 70 UC patients, and 71 CD patients were shown a sheet displaying images of bottles each containing 2 horizontally separated compartments filled in the same color or different colors. The preferred colors selected under imagined psychological stress (loneliness) were analyzed using a projection approach to investigate the emotional characteristics of the inner self. The Tokyo University Egogram New Version II (TEG<sup>®</sup>II) was then used to analyze collective psychological characteristics and behavioral characteristics as social selves in the HV, UC, and CD groups. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Comparison of all 3 groups with the χ<sup>2</sup> test showed that more participants chose calm colors in the CD group than in the HV and UC groups, while more participants chose stimulating colors in the UC group than in the CD group (<i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.01). Analysis of TEG<sup>®</sup>II results with one-way analysis of variance and then with the Tukey-Kramer multiple comparison test revealed differences in collective psychological characteristics and behavioral characteristics in all 3 groups. Comparing scores for 5 types of ego states (Critical Parent, Nurturing Parent, Adult, Free Child, and Adapted Child) revealed that more participants in the CD group had a low Critical Parent score than in the HV group (<i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.05). More participants in the IBD group had a low Nurturing Parent score than in the HV group (CD vs. HV, <i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.01; UC vs. HV, <i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.05). Significantly more participants in the UC group had a higher Adult score than in the HV or CD group (each <i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.01). <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> The psychological characteristics of patients with IBD differ depending on the type of disease (i.e., CD vs. UC). Management based on such differences should be provided for patients with each disease type.

Stress Seeking: Selected Behavioral Characteristics of Elite Rock Climbers

1985 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 400-404 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.W. Robinson
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Sensation Seeking ◽  
Rock Climbing ◽  
Social Bond ◽  
Psychological Characteristics ◽  
Behavioral Characteristics ◽  
Social Risks ◽  
Seeking Behavior ◽  
The Individual

Although it has generated much theorizing (Csikszentmihalyi, 1975; Ellis, 1973; Harris, 1980; Mitchell, 1983), the phenomenon of stress-seeking behavior, as demonstrated in regular long-term involvement in the high-risk sports, has not been researched widely. In an attempt to go beyond the prevalent but simplistic "exhilaration' ' type of explanation for stress-seeking, this study examined the phenomenon in terms of the psychological characteristics associated with successful long-term involvement in the risk sport of rock climbing. Four behavioral characteristics were assessed: sensation seeking (SS), defined as "the need for varied, novel and complex sensations and experiences and the willingness to undertake physical and social risks for the sake of such experiences" (Zuckerman, 1979, p. 10); trait anxiety (TA), which refers to relatively stable individual differences in anxiety proneness (Spielberger, Gorsuch, & Lushene, 1970); need for achievement (NAch), which relates to the determinants of direction, magnitude, and persistence of behavior when the individual knows that his or her performance will be evaluated (Atkinson, 1964); and affiliation (AFF), which refers to the tendency to seek out, attain, and maintain a social bond with other people (Alderman, 1974).

Consumer Self-Concept, Symbolism and Market Behavior: A Theoretical Approach

1967 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 22-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward L. Grubb ◽  
Harrison L. Grathwohl
Keyword(s):  
Consumer Behavior ◽  
Theoretical Approach ◽  
Psychological Characteristics ◽  
Self Concept ◽  
Purchase Behavior ◽  
Market Behavior ◽  
Symbolic Value ◽  
Behavior Based ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Theoretical Foundations

What is the relationship between the psychological characteristics of a consumer and his purchase behavior? In this paper the authors briefly review pertinent research and lay theoretical foundations for a model of consumer behavior based upon an individual's self-concept and the symbolic value of the goods he buys.

Social-psychological characteristics of adolescent mothers and behavioral characteristics of their first-born infants

1979 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Joseph McLaughlin ◽  
Howard M. Sandler ◽  
Kathryn Sherrod ◽  
Peter M. Vietze ◽  
Susan O'Connor
Keyword(s):  
Adolescent Mothers ◽  
Psychological Characteristics ◽  
Behavioral Characteristics ◽  
Social Psychological

scholarly journals THE METHOD PROBLEM IN THE CONTEXT OF PSYCHOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE INTEGRATION

2020 ◽  
Vol 116 (5) ◽  
pp. 100-109
Author(s):  
Vladislav A. Medintsev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Research Methods ◽  
Knowledge Integration ◽  
Theoretical Research ◽  
Universal Method ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Psychological Science ◽  
Method Integration ◽  
Integration Problem ◽  
Psychological Knowledge ◽  
Theoretical Foundations

In psychological science, the «method problem» remains one of the most fundamental and relevant, and a new content shade of this problem is associated with the activation of discussion on the psychological knowledge integration. In this context, the problem acquires an updated content as a problem of a universal method in psychology. There is a reason to believe that the «method problem» is transformed into the «universal method problem» and then into the «universal method integration problem». The efforts to solve these problems are often depreciated due to the ignorance of experimenting and practicing psychologists by methodological knowledge. The possible way to build a universal method for theoretical research in psychology is to use for this purpose a procedural interpretation of theorizing based on set-theoretic process description method. In the article components of theoretical research are considered as the purpose, object, subject, hypothesis of the research, as well as the considered empiricism, theoretical foundations, method of theorizing and research tasks. Two methodological «poles» of theoretical research are identified – the «normative» method and modern research methods, and a variant of analyzing their structures is proposed. To create a universal method suitable for psychological knowledge integration is associated with obstacles, which can be overcome by their systematic analysis. The article outlines a variant of this analysis, in which the causes and sources of these obstacles are differentiated based on the system of concepts used for describing processes. The sources of integration obstacles include components of prototype modi, and the causes are properties of modi functions in the recording of processes as maps of sets. The examples describe the integration obstacles at the two levels of interactions.

scholarly journals TEENAGERS’ AGGRESSION AS A PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PEDAGOGICAL PROBLEM

2020 ◽  
pp. 133-141
Author(s):  
Наталія Савінова ◽  
Ніна Стельмах ◽  
Марія Берегова ◽  
Тетяна Іванова
Keyword(s):  
Personal Development ◽  
Emotional State ◽  
Personality Development ◽  
Psychological Characteristics ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Theoretical Foundations ◽  
Aggressive Personality ◽  
Complex Influence ◽  
Living Being

The article analyses a sufficient number of psychological literature on the problem of aggression. We have revealed the state of development of the problem under study in science, its conceptual and theoretical foundations, namely the following provisions: determination of personality behaviour by dialectical unity of external and internal (dependence of behaviour on biological and social factors); abrupt, stage personal development in ontogeny; personality development is caused by a complex influence on her psyche of heredity, environment, upbringing. The driving force behind personality development is contradiction. The development of aggression occurs in the process of socialization of the individual, and its manifestations depend on individual-psychological characteristics, social competence in the conditions of aggression, cognitive and psycho-emotional state, etc.We have found out that there are different approaches to the study of aggression, the reasons for its occurrence, to determine its nature and structure of aggressive personality behaviour. It has been established that, despite the controversy of this issue, its various interpretations, psychologists are united in the fact that aggression is a form of behaviour aimed at harming another living being. Aggressiveness is a personality trait that expresses readiness for aggression. Aggressive behaviour is a complex and multifaceted process that involves various factors, both social and biological. We have identified the prerequisites and causes of aggression in adolescence. The authors identified criteria and indicators that diagnosed the aggression of adolescents in two secondary schools: district and city. We found the levels of aggression in adolescents from both schools based on the interpretation of the obtained data. As a result of correlation measurements, we found a higher level of aggression in adolescents of urban school.

scholarly journals Internet addiction and addiction to computer games in the work of Russian psychologists

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-54
Author(s):  
N.V. Kochetkov
Keyword(s):  
Internet Addiction ◽  
Computer Games ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Problem Area ◽  
Value Orientations ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Psychological Characteristics ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Internet Users

Objectives. This literary review is devoted to domestic research in the field of psychology of Internet addiction and addiction to computer games. Background. The popularity of topics related to Internet technologies is explained by their novelty, great dynamism and poorly studied, which causes social anxiety, catalyzing the activity of scientists in this area. In addition, one can note the high rate of spread of cyberdictions, due to which some authors are in a hurry to call them a threat to society. The structure of the study. The article provides data on the criteria, diagnostic techniques, causes, programs for the prevention and rehabilitation of Internet addiction and computer games, gives psychological characteristics of addicts, and traces the current trends in research into this problem area. Conclusions. According to the results of domestic empirical studies, Internet users, Internet addicts and gamers have negative psychological characteristics. The Internet has a destructive influence on the person, which is manifested in the simplification of speech, isolationism, and Internet users have difficulties in communication, a tendency to negativity, inadequate self-esteem, etc. Internet addicts will be characterized by deviations in the intellectual, motivational spheres, interpersonal relationships, coping strategies, value orientations, and planning. Users who are addicted to computer games will be distinguished by inconsistency with social norms, an overestimation of their capabilities, an unformed form of self, and unmotivated actions. Currently, the grounds for highlighting the criteria for cyberdictions are being rethought, more and more publications are turning to the positive impact of the Internet and computer games, noting their resource potential.

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