scholarly journals Scientific goals of optical instruments of the National Heliogeophysical Complex

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-122
Author(s):  
Roman Vasilyev ◽  
Maksim Artamonov ◽  
Aleksandr Beletsky ◽  
Olga Zorkaltseva ◽  
Evgeniya Komarova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Diurnal Variations ◽  
Vertical Wind ◽  
Upper Atmosphere ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Stereo Image ◽  
Joint Work ◽  
Party Organizations ◽  
Optical Instruments ◽  
Charged Component

Studies of the upper atmosphere have to be performed using optical photometric and spectrometric means. Modern devices allow precise photometry of the glow of the night atmosphere — airglow — with high temporal spatial and spectral resolution. As a result, the obtained airglow parameters make it possible to determine the physicochemical properties of the upper atmosphere and observe their variation under the influence of various factors. The National Heliogeophysical Complex, which is being created in Eastern Siberia, is therefore to include a certain set of modern optical instruments. The paper presents the main phenomena that will be investigated by the optical instruments of the complex, provides information on their composition and scientific goals, presents the results of preliminary studies performed using a prototype of the instruments. As a result of the studies, the presence of a significant (about 10 m/sec) vertical wind at various altitudes (100 and 250 km) was established, the importance of taking into account the vertical wind to study the vertical dynamics of the charged component was demonstrated. The long-term dynamics of the vertical wind at an altitude of about 100 km has a pronounced seasonal variations and the absence of diurnal variations, whereas the dynamics of the vertical wind at an altitude of 250 km has a pronounced diurnal variations, which is mostly clearly defined in winter. This suggests the presumed presence of vertical circulation cells at various altitude levels. The possibilities of optical stereoscopy and differential image analysis methods are demonstrated, as applied to the study of fast luminous formations and conducting active ground and space experiments to modify Earth's ionosphere. We report the results of the determination of a three-dimensional picture of a long-lived meteor track with the use of two wide-angle cameras. We propose an algorithm that allows us to get a stereo image of events occurring in the upper atmosphere, recorded simultaneously from different observation points. The joint work of the tools of this complex and the development of cooperation with third-party organizations are shown to be a good enough direction for further study of the vertical dynamics of Earth’s upper atmosphere and space weather phenomena.

scholarly journals Scientific goals of optical instruments of the National Heliogeophysical Complex

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 84-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roman Vasilyev ◽  
Maksim Artamonov ◽  
Aleksandr Beletsky ◽  
Olga Zorkaltseva ◽  
Evgeniya Komarova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Diurnal Variations ◽  
Vertical Wind ◽  
Upper Atmosphere ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Stereo Image ◽  
Joint Work ◽  
Party Organizations ◽  
Optical Instruments ◽  
Charged Component

Studies of the upper atmosphere have to be performed using optical photometric and spectrometric means. Modern devices allow precise photometry of the glow of the night atmosphere — airglow — with high temporal spatial and spectral resolution. As a result, the obtained airglow parameters make it possible to determine the physicochemical properties of the upper atmosphere and observe their variation under the influence of various factors. The National Heliogeophysical Complex, which is being created in Eastern Siberia, is therefore to include a certain set of modern optical instruments. The paper presents the main phenomena that will be investigated by the optical instruments of the complex, provides information on their composition and scientific goals, presents the results of preliminary studies performed using a prototype of the instruments. As a result of the studies, the presence of a significant (about 10 m/sec) vertical wind at various altitudes (100 and 250 km) was established, the importance of taking into account the vertical wind to study the vertical dynamics of the charged component was demonstrated. The long-term dynamics of the vertical wind at an altitude of about 100 km has a pronounced seasonal variations and the absence of diurnal variations, whereas the dynamics of the vertical wind at an altitude of 250 km has a pronounced diurnal variations, which is mostly clearly defined in winter. This suggests the presumed presence of vertical circulation cells at various altitude levels. The possibilities of optical stereoscopy and differential image analysis methods are demonstrated, as applied to the study of fast luminous formations and conducting active ground and space experiments to modify Earth's ionosphere. We report the results of the determination of a three-dimensional picture of a long-lived meteor track with the use of two wide-angle cameras. We propose an algorithm that allows us to get a stereo image of events occurring in the upper atmosphere, recorded simultaneously from different observation points. The joint work of the tools of this complex and the development of cooperation with third-party organizations are shown to be a good enough direction for further study of the vertical dynamics of Earth’s upper atmosphere and space weather phenomena.

Trial by Jury as “Mockery of Justice”: Party Contention, Courtroom Corruption, and the Ironic Judicial Legacy of Antimasonry

2016 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 155-198
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Bussiere
Keyword(s):  
Political Culture ◽  
Early Republic ◽  
Democratic Politics ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Party Organization ◽  
Party Organizations ◽  
Political Landscape ◽  
The Social ◽  
Modern Mass ◽  
True Mass

Sweeping across the social and political landscape of the northeastern United States during the late 1820s and early 1830s, the Antimasonic Party has earned a modest immortality as the first “third” party in American history. In pamphlets, speeches, sermons, protests, and other venues, Antimasons lambasted the fraternal order of Freemasonry as undemocratic, inegalitarian, and un-Christian, reviling it as a threat to the moral order and civic health of the Early Republic. Because they believed that the fraternal organization largely controlled all levels of government, antebellum Antimasons first created a social movement and then an independent political party. Even before the full emergence of modern mass democratic politics, Antimasons demonstrated the benefits of party organization, open national nominating conventions, and party platforms. Scholars with otherwise different perspectives on the “party period” tend to agree that Antimasonry had an important impact on what became the first true mass party organizations—the Jacksonian Democrats and the Whigs—and helped push the political culture in a more egalitarian and populist direction.

scholarly journals The Coplane Analysis Technique for Three-Dimensional Wind Retrieval Using the HIWRAP Airborne Doppler Radar

2015 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 605-623 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony C. Didlake ◽  
Gerald M. Heymsfield ◽  
Lin Tian ◽  
Stephen R. Guimond
Keyword(s):  
Global Optimization ◽  
Doppler Radar ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Optimization Method ◽  
Vertical Wind ◽  
Wind Component ◽  
Global Optimization Method ◽  
Analysis Technique ◽  
Radar Measurements ◽  
Cross Track

AbstractThe coplane analysis technique for mapping the three-dimensional wind field of precipitating systems is applied to the NASA High-Altitude Wind and Rain Airborne Profiler (HIWRAP). HIWRAP is a dual-frequency Doppler radar system with two downward-pointing and conically scanning beams. The coplane technique interpolates radar measurements onto a natural coordinate frame, directly solves for two wind components, and integrates the mass continuity equation to retrieve the unobserved third wind component. This technique is tested using a model simulation of a hurricane and compared with a global optimization retrieval. The coplane method produced lower errors for the cross-track and vertical wind components, while the global optimization method produced lower errors for the along-track wind component. Cross-track and vertical wind errors were dependent upon the accuracy of the estimated boundary condition winds near the surface and at nadir, which were derived by making certain assumptions about the vertical velocity field. The coplane technique was then applied successfully to HIWRAP observations of Hurricane Ingrid (2013). Unlike the global optimization method, the coplane analysis allows for a transparent connection between the radar observations and specific analysis results. With this ability, small-scale features can be analyzed more adequately and erroneous radar measurements can be identified more easily.

scholarly journals Mars Global Ionosphere-Thermosphere Model: Solar cycle, seasonal, and diurnal variations of the Mars upper atmosphere

2015 ◽  
Vol 120 (2) ◽  
pp. 311-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. W. Bougher ◽  
D. Pawlowski ◽  
J. M. Bell ◽  
S. Nelli ◽  
T. McDunn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solar Cycle ◽  
Diurnal Variations ◽  
Upper Atmosphere ◽  
Seasonal And Diurnal Variations

A Voxel-Based Numerical Method for Computing and Visualising the Workspace of Offshore Cranes

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lars I. Hatledal ◽  
Filippo Sanfilippo ◽  
Yingguang Chu ◽  
Houxiang Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Method ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Point Clouds ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Operational Performance ◽  
The Monte Carlo Method ◽  
Load Limit ◽  
Offshore Crane ◽  
Safe Working

Workspace computation and visualisation is one of the most important criteria in offshore crane design in terms of geometry dimensioning, installation feasibility and operational performance evaluation. This paper presents a numerical method for the computation and visualisation of the workspace of offshore cranes. The Working Load Limit (WLL) and the Safe Working Load (SWL) can be automatically determined. A three-dimensional (3D) rectangular grid of voxels is used to describe the properties of the workspace. Firstly, a number of joint configurations are generated by using the Monte Carlo method, which are then mapped from joint to Cartesian space using forward kinematics (FK). The bounding box of the workspace is then derived from these points, and the voxels are distributed on planes inside the box. The method distinguishes voxels by whether they are reachable and if they are on the workspace boundary. The output of the method is an approximation of the workspace volume and point clouds depicting both the reachable space and the boundary of the workspace. Using a third-party software that can work with point clouds, such like MeshLab, a 3D mesh of the workspace can be obtained. A more in-depth description and the pseudo-code of the presented method are presented. As a case study, the workspace of a common type of offshore crane, with three rotational joints, is computed with the proposed method.

Lower Extremity Joint Work During Acceleration, Deceleration, and Steady State Running

2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.S. Blaise Williams ◽  
Jonathan H. Cole ◽  
Douglas W. Powell
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Joint Work ◽  
Negative Work ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Acceleration And Deceleration ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Positive Work

Running during sports and for physical activity often requires changes in velocity through acceleration and deceleration. While it is clear that lower extremity biomechanics vary during these accelerations and decelerations, the work requirements of the individual joints are not well understood. The purpose of this investigation was to measure the sagittal plane mechanical work of the individual lower extremity joints during acceleration, deceleration, and steady-state running. Ten runners were compared during acceleration, deceleration, and steady-state running using three-dimensional kinematics and kinetics measures. Total positive and negative joint work, and relative joint contributions to total work were compared between conditions. Total positive work progressively increased from deceleration to acceleration. This was due to greater ankle joint work during acceleration. While there was no significant change in total negative work during deceleration, there was a greater relative contribution of the knee to total negative work with a subsequent lower relative ankle negative work. Each lower extremity joint exhibits distinct functional roles in acceleration compared with deceleration during level running. Deceleration is dominated by greater contributions of the knee to negative work while acceleration is associated with a greater ankle contribution to positive work.

Evaluation of micro physical products of GPM/DPR with X-band radar network data

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nobuhiro Takahashi ◽  
Takeharu Kouketsu
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Vertical Wind ◽  
Network Data ◽  
Dual Frequency ◽  
Convective Storm ◽  
Radar Rainfall ◽  
Radar Network ◽  
X Band ◽  
Vertical Wind Speed

<p>One of the major characteristics of dual-frequency precipitation radar (DPR) onboard Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) core satellite, is estimation of cloud physical properties of precipitation such as drop size distribution (DSD), existence of hail/graupel particles and possibly the mixed phase region above freezing height.  In this study, ground-based X-band radar network data are utilized for evaluate the cloud physical products from GPM/DPR.  The X-band radar network, composed of 39 X-band dual polarimetric radars developed by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (MLIT) of Japan, called XRAIN[1] is utilized for the evaluation.  The XRAIN radar completes volume scan up to the elevation angle of 20 degrees in 5 minutes.  By using multiple radars, three dimensional wind field is estimated by using the dual-Doppler analysis technique.　In this analysis DSD parameter from DPR (which is called epsilon in DPR product) and dual frequency ratio (DFR) that correlate well median diameter of DSD are compared with ZDR and KDP from XRAIN data.  The vertical wind data from XRAIN is utilized to characterize the Z of DPR. The case on August 27, 2018, on which GPM satellite flew over a hail producing convective storm around Tokyo, is analyzed.  Comparison of three dimensional structure of the storm between KuPR (Ku-band radar of DPR) and XRAIN from multiple radar observations shows that both observations are quite similar each other except for the KuPR observation show rather larger volume because of the larger footprint size.  At the rain region (below freezing height), the DSD parameter of DPR (epsilon) and DFR correlate well with ZDR and KDP from XRAIN, respectively.  This result indicates the DPR algorithm works well to estimate the DSD information of rain.  The comparison of Z with vertical wind speed indicates that the higher Z is characterized as higher variance of vertical wind speed. Above the freezing height, the relationship between both observations are complicated.  This result indicates that the various types of precipitation particles not only solid particles but also liquid/mixed phase particle can exist in the severe convective storm.  The hydrometeor type classification from XRAIN by using the method by Kouketsu et al. (2015) [2] confirms that the various types of precipitation exist in this case.</p><p>References</p><p>[1] Tsuchiya, S., M. Kawasaki, H. Godo, 2015: Improvement of the radar rainfall accuracy of XRAIN by modifying of rainfall attenuation correction and compositing radar rainfall, Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser. B1 (Hydraulic Engineering), 2015, Volume 71, Issue 4, pp. I_457-I_462 (in Japanese with English abstract).</p><p>[2] Kouketsu, T., Uyeda, H., Ohigashi, T., Oue, M., Takeuchi, H., Shinoda, T., Tsuboki, K., Kubo, M., and Muramoto, K., 2015: A Hydrometeor Classification Method for X-Band Polarimetric Radar: Construction and Validation Focusing on Solid Hydrometeors under Moist Environments, Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 32(11), 2052-2074.</p>

Retrieved Thermodynamic Structure of Hurricane Rita (2005) from Airborne Multi-Doppler Radar Data

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annette M. Boehm ◽  
Michael M. Bell
Keyword(s):  
Wind Shear ◽  
Doppler Radar ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Vertical Wind Shear ◽  
Vertical Motion ◽  
Radar Data ◽  
Vertical Wind ◽  
Vertical Acceleration ◽  
Hurricane Rita ◽  
Doppler Radar Data

AbstractThe newly developed SAMURAI-TR is used to estimate three-dimensional temperature and pressure perturbations in Hurricane Rita on 23 September 2005 from multi-Doppler radar data during the RAINEX field campaign. These are believed to be the first fully three-dimensional gridded thermodynamic observations from a TC. Rita was a major hurricane at this time and was affected by 13 m s−1 deep-layer vertical wind shear. Analysis of the contributions of the kinematic and retrieved thermodynamic fields to different azimuthal wavenumbers suggests the interpretation of eyewall convective forcing within a three-level framework of balanced, quasi-balanced, and unbalanced motions. The axisymmetric, wavenumber-0 structure was approximately in thermal-wind balance, resulting in a large pressure drop and temperature increase toward the center. The wavenumber-1 structure was determined by the interaction of the storm with environmental vertical wind shear resulting in a quasi-balance between shear and shear-induced kinematic and thermo-dynamic perturbations. The observed wavenumber-1 thermodynamic asymmetries corroborate results of previous studies on the response of a vortex tilted by shear, and add new evidence that the vertical motion is nearly hydrostatic on the wavenumber-1 scale. Higher-order wavenumbers were associated with unbalanced motions and convective cells within the eyewall. The unbalanced vertical acceleration was positively correlated with buoyant forcing from thermal perturbations and negatively correlated with perturbation pressure gradients relative to the balanced vortex.

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