scholarly journals Verwaltung per Brief. Die Korrespondenz des Utrechter Landkomturs mit seinen Angestellten, 1753‒1845

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 223-249
Author(s):  
Renger Evert De Bruin
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Age Of Revolution ◽  
Survival Mechanism ◽  
Proper Functioning ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
Military Orders ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Military ◽  
Insight Into

Administration by mail: The correspondence of the Utrecht land commander with his staff, 1753‒1845   The correspondence between the land commanders of the Teutonic Order’s Bailiwick of Utrecht and their staff, the stewards and clerks, provides a detailed insight into the institution’s functioning between 1753 and 1845. The Bailiwick was administered from the Teutonic House in Utrecht by a resident steward who mostly communicated with his superior in writing, as the latter lived at a considerable distance and came to Utrecht at most once a year. A relationship of trust was essential for the proper functioning of this arrangement. In the first decades after the start of a reorganisation in 1753, this was certainly the case, but the lack of this relationship of trust led to major problems later on. The analysis of the correspondence paints a picture of the management of dispersed large estates in the pre-industrial era, before major advancements in both transportation and communication. The case study is also important for the knowledge of the Military Orders after the Reformation and during the Age of Revolution, when these institutions were seriously threatened. Additionally, the Bailiwick of Utrecht did not escape abolition by Napoleon, but this was reversed in 1815. The increasingly hostile correspondence between the land commander and the steward about the liquidation procedures in 1812‒1813 provides insight into the survival mechanism of the Bailiwick of Utrecht. The research presented in this article is part of a larger study of the Bailiwick of Utrecht between 1640 and the middle of the twentieth century.

On Metaphysics and the Political: A Polemics of Reading Baudelaire in the 1930s

2019 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 249-259
Author(s):  
Joseph Acquisto
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Political Crisis ◽  
The Political ◽  
Modern Poetry ◽  
Progressive Politics ◽  
The World ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Insight Into

This essay examines a polemic between two Baudelaire critics of the 1930s, Jean Cassou and Benjamin Fondane, which centered on the relationship of poetry to progressive politics and metaphysics. I argue that a return to Baudelaire's poetry can yield insight into what seems like an impasse in Cassou and Fondane. Baudelaire provides the possibility of realigning metaphysics and politics so that poetry has the potential to become the space in which we can begin to think the two of them together, as opposed to seeing them in unresolvable tension. Or rather, the tension that Baudelaire animates between the two allows us a new way of thinking about the role of esthetics in moments of political crisis. We can in some ways see Baudelaire as responding, avant la lettre, to two of his early twentieth-century readers who correctly perceived his work as the space that breathes a new urgency into the questions of how modern poetry relates to the world from which it springs and in which it intervenes.

The Military Orders and the Reformation: Choices, State Building, and the Weight of Tradition

2008 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 1238
Author(s):  
Gary W. Jenkins ◽  
Johannes A. Mol ◽  
Klaus Militzer ◽  
Helen J. Nicholson
Keyword(s):  
State Building ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
Military Orders ◽  
The Military

scholarly journals The «New School» of Basilicata in Mid-twentieth Century. Arturo Arcomano’s Contribution for a Different Education in Southern Italy 

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-67
Author(s):  
Michelina D’Allessio
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Southern Italy ◽  
Teaching Profession ◽  
Teaching Methodologies ◽  
New School ◽  
Professional Profile ◽  
The One ◽  
Italian Education ◽  
Insight Into

This article falls within a branch of studies aimed at highlighting the experiences of some neglected protagonists of Italian education through their professional writings. Indeed, school journals and records give an insight into the transformations that the teaching profession and school culture have undergone throughout the years. From such a historiographical perspective, this contribution highlights the «new school» experiment carried out by the teacher Arturo Arcomano (1927-2007) in a small town in Basilicata, a region of Southern Italy, in the mid-twentieth century. By looking at the material held in the private archive of this educator, scholar, professor and politician, particularly his school journals, as well as at the notebooks and school papers produced by his pupils, we can get a sense of the «new life» breathed through the school of Roccanova, where Arcomano applied the teaching methodologies that were becoming popular in those years, like the use of free writing and Freinet’s printing press at school. The Arcomano case study enables us to understand both the resistance and the push towards this experimentation, which was based on a «different» pedagogical culture, and action intended to fit the environmental context. The use of the sources that can be found in Arcomano’s personal archive on the one hand enables us to define the human and professional profile of the teacher, and on the other, contributes to the reconstruction of the renovation process that affected education in Southern Italy in the mid-twentieth century. 

Conundrums of War and Law

2019 ◽  
pp. 91-154
Author(s):  
G. Edward White
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Prisoners Of War ◽  
Law Of War ◽  
Total War ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Military ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Modern War ◽  
Twentieth Century America

This chapter discusses the emergence of “modern,” “total” war in late nineteenth- and twentieth-century America, and the relationship of modern war to traditional doctrines of the “law of war,” such as the treatment of “enemies,” “belligerents” and “nonbelligerents,” and prisoners of war, as well as the relationship of courts to the military in wartime.

scholarly journals A Plague of Kinyounism: The Caricatures of Bacteriology in 1900 San Francisco

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 489-514
Author(s):  
Lukas Engelmann
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
San Francisco ◽  
Disease Diagnosis ◽  
Hospital Service ◽  
Bubonic Plague ◽  
Laboratory Methods ◽  
History Of ◽  
Insight Into

Abstract The arrival of bubonic plague in San Francisco in 1900 has become a pivotal case study in the history of American public health. The presence of plague remained contested for months as the evidence provided by the federal bacteriologist Joseph Kinyoun of the Marine Hospital Service was rejected, his laboratory methods disputed and his person ridiculed. Before the disease diagnosis became widely accepted, Kinyoun had been subjected to public caricature; his expensive and disruptive pragmatics for containing the epidemic were ridiculed as a plague of ‘Kinyounism’. Not only does this history offer insight into the difficult and contradictory ways in which bacteriology became an established science, it also provides an early twentieth-century example of ‘politicised science’. This paper revisits the controversy around Kinyoun and his bacteriological practice through the lens of caricature to sharpen the historical understanding of the shifting and shifty relationships between science, medicine, public health and politics.

scholarly journals DAMAGE IN HISTORIC RAMMED EARTH STRUCTURES: A CASE STUDY AT AMBEL, ZARAGOZA, SPAIN

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Jaquin ◽  
Christopher Gerrard ◽  
Charles Augarde ◽  
Jacinto Canivell
Keyword(s):  
Rammed Earth ◽  
Damage Mechanisms ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Water Based ◽  
Military Orders ◽  
Earth Structures ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Military

This paper examines the possible causes of damage to historic rammed earth structures based on a case study of a medieval and later building, formerly a preceptory of the Military Orders, in the village of Ambel in Aragon, north-east Spain. Structural and water-based mechanisms of damage are reviewed and an engineering basis for the cause of damage is proposed. Since a number of repair strategies have already been attempted on this structure, their effectiveness is also discussed. A four storey granary at the north-east corner of the preceptory complex is described in detail since it encapsulates many damage mechanisms and repair strategies which are common to historic rammed earth. The granary tower has a random rubble foundation, which is probably in part the remains of previous building, with rammed earth walls for the three storeys above. This rammed earth was originally rendered and scored to imitate fired brick but almost all of this has now fallen away. The gable end of the building has fired brick quoins, and now leans outwards slightly at the head of the wall. There is evidence of water damage because the building was neglected in the past, though not enough to initiate collapse. Structural and water based damage mechanisms are identified, and example repair strategies used at Ambel are described.

scholarly journals Silentium est aurum: The relationship between silence and sound in film as illustrated by films Le Samourai (1967) Goya’s Ghosts (2006), The Artist (2011) i Acts of Vengeance (2017)

Muzikologija ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 143-159
Author(s):  
Monika Novakovic
Keyword(s):  
Film History ◽  
Body Language ◽  
Specific Information ◽  
Technological Advancement ◽  
Marcus Aurelius ◽  
Loss Of Hearing ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Insight Into

Silence in film and understanding of silence in the seventh art poses many questions. The results of the analysis of these four films gave their unique answers to the said questions. The unique relationship of silence and sound was considered, and the reason for dedicating equal attention to both ends of this important spectre was to reach better understanding of the films that served as case studies, as well as to understand message or messages that were given to the viewers in conjuction with the action on screen (or lack thereof). Special attention was also given to several elements that, I believe, play vital part in understanding the usage of silence in film, such as: character?s behaviour and body language as well as his appearance, his relationship with other characters, and, maybe most important, the reason why director chose to build specific sound world around the particular character. Jef Costello (Le Samourai), as a character, is defined by his cold exterior, few words and little to no dialogue he exchanges with other characters - silence is inherent to him as a person. Goya?s Ghosts is the perfect example of the biopic that can be built around one specific information from a person?s biography. Of course, I?m speaking of Goya?s loss of hearing which was illustrated in the film via his relationship with other characters and also via the fact that, like Costello, he expresses himself using body language, except it is for entirely different reasons. In the third case study, George Valentin is a character whose profession is silence and who refuses to give it up for the sake of new technological advancement in films - sound, the sole enemy to his professional survival (the very film The Artist is a silent movie depicting this golden era of film history). Last case study provides an insight into the nature of vow of silence, especially in stoic sense of the word. Namely, character Frank Valera takes a vow of silence until he avenges his family and the basis for his vow is the book Meditations which Marcus Aurelius wrote. Equipped with the appropriate theoretical apparatus, these four ?views? on silence show how silence can be understood and presented in diverse ways. Directors may use it to reach better effectiveness of the film they direct and that fact has been, ultimately, manifested through four unique types of silence: 1) silence as the absence of dialogue and as dominant ?sound landscape? of the film, filled with ambient sounds and, therefore, realistic (Le Samourai), 2) loss of auditory world and entrance into the embrace of silence (Goya?s Ghosts), 3) genre-specific silence (The Artist) and 4) stoic silence (Acts of Vengeance).

The “Delaware Horror”

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis B. Downey
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
African American ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Jim Crow ◽  
The Other ◽  
The North ◽  
North And South ◽  
Insight Into

This chapter provides a case study of a lynching at the other end of the northeastern seaboard: the mass mob execution by burning of George White, an African American, in Wilmington, Delaware, in June 1903. Delaware had been a slave state that did not join the Confederacy, and while it implemented a Jim Crow system similar to those in neighboring lower Mid-Atlantic states Maryland and Virginia, the state experienced less lynching. Delaware's evolving economy and social relations were strongly tied to the rapidly urbanizing regions of southeastern Pennsylvania and New Jersey. The chapter's analysis of the role of white and black Protestant ministers in the Wilmington mob execution and its aftermath offers significant insight into a well-publicized early-twentieth-century lynching that occurred somewhere between the North and South.

Margaret de Lacy and the Hospital of St John at Aconbury, Herefordshire

1999 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 629-651 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. J. NICHOLSON
Keyword(s):  
Valuable Insight ◽  
Military Orders ◽  
The Military ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
King John

On 10 October 1216, eight days before his death, King John sent instructions to Walter de Lacy, sheriff of Hereford, by letters patent:Know that for the sake of God we have conceded to Margaret de Lacy three carucates of land to be assarted and cultivated in our forest of Aconbury, to build there a certain religious house for the souls of William de Braose her father, Matilda her mother and William her brother. And we instruct you to assign those three carucates of land in the aforesaid forest to the same Margaret.For the historian of King John, this concession indicates that the king was at last prepared to restore to his favour the Braoses and the Lacys, Welsh Marcher lords and barons of Ireland, who had spectacularly fallen from favour in 1208. Yet for the historian of the military orders and of monastic orders in general, it marks the beginning of a relationship between a patron and a religious house which gives a valuable insight into how that relationship could go badly wrong.

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