Effect of Increasing Levels of Sodium Chloride in Drinking Water on Intake, Digestion and Blood Metabolites in Barbarine Sheep = Effet de Niveaux Croissants de Chlorure de Sodium dans l'Eau d'Abreuvement sur l'Ingestion, la Digestion et les Métabolites Sanguins chez le Mouton de Race Barbarine

2017 ◽  
Vol 90 (90) ◽  
pp. 202-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ibrahim Yousfi ◽  
Hichem Ben Salem
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Blood Metabolites

Studies on salt tolerance of sheep. V. The tolerance of sheep for mixtures of sodium chloride, sodium carbonate, and sodium bicarbonate in the drinking water

1963 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 815 ◽  
Author(s):  
AW Peirce
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Rain Water ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Health Food ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Entire Experiment ◽  
Daily Intakes ◽  
Saline Solutions

Six groups, each of six sheep, were fed in pens for 15 months on a ration of chaffed lucerne and wheaten hays. One group was offered rain-water to drink, another group was offered 1.30% sodium chloride, whereas the others were offered one of the following mixtures of sodium chloride, carbonate, and bicarbonate: 1.26 + 0.015 + 0.025, 1.21 + 0.04 + 0.06, 1.12 + 0.08 + 0.13, and 0.95 + 0.161+ 0.25%. The intake of all saline solutions was higher than that of rain-water, ranging from 150% above for 1.30% sodium chloride to 60% above for the highest level of carbonates; the mean daily intakes for the entire experiment by the six groups were 2.6, 6.6, 4.8, 5.7, 5.8, and 4.2 l. respectively. The intake also increased in all groups with temperature, being 40–70% higher in the hottest months than in the coldest months.Weight increase was less from 6 months onward in the group receiving 1.30% sodium chloride, and was less at certain times only in the experiment in the groups receiving 0.04 or 0.10% carbonates, than in that receiving rain-water (control group). There were no differences in weight increase between the control group and the groups receiving the highest concentrations (0.21 and 0.41%) of carbonates The saline drinking waters had no effect on the concentrations of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, or chloride in the blood plasma. The concentration of carbon dioxide was higher, for the last year of the experiment, in the blood of the control group, and, for approximately one-third of the experiment, in that of the group receiving the highest level of carbonates in its drinking water, than in that of any of the groups receiving lower levels of carbonates. There were differences in blood carbon dioxide on one occasion only between the control group and that receiving the highest level of carbonates. None of the solutions used in the experiment had any adverse effect on the general health, food consumption or wool production of the sheep.

Influence of saline drinking water on the flow and mineral composition of saliva and rumen fluid of sheep

1975 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 585 ◽  
Author(s):  
FM Tomas ◽  
BJ Potter
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Chloride Ions ◽  
Saliva Flow Rate ◽  
Parotid Duct ◽  
Saliva Flow ◽  
Drinking Fluid

The influence of sodium chloride ingestion via the drinking water upon the flux of fluid and minerals to and from the rumen of sheep has been examined. Four Merino wethers were each prepared with ruminal and bilateral parotid duct fistulas to allow continuous sampling and measurement of flow rates and were offered rainwater which was zero, 136 or 221mM with respect to sodium chloride as the only source of drinking fluid. Parotid salivary flow rate decreased by up to 43% when the saline concentration of the drinking water was increased. There was an inverse relationship between saliva flow rate and the fluid intake, but much of the effect appeared to be due to ingestion of sodium chloride per se. Salt water ingestion caused an increase in the salivary concentration of sodium and phosphate; a decrease in that of potassium; and no change in that of chloride or osmolality. The rate of secretion of sodium varied directly with saliva flow rate. The outflow of water from the rumen to the omasum, or its net absorption across the rumen wall, were not influenced by treatment. In centrifuged rumen fluid samples saline ingestion caused increased levels of sodium, chloride and osmolality; decreased levels of potassium; and no change in calcium, magnesium or phosphate. Outflows of sodium and chloride to the omasum were increased. The apparent absorption of sodium and chloride from the rumen increased proportionately to the inflows of these ions via the saliva and drinking fluid. The additional sodium and chloride ions arising from the ingested saline were absorbed in approximately equal amounts. Saline drinking by sheep leads to a reduction in the rate of secretion of parotid saliva and its accompanying ions, which partially compensates for the added amount of fluid and electrolyte which enter the rumen in the drinking water.

scholarly journals Performance, Body Water Balance, Ingestive Behavior and Blood Metabolites in Goats Fed with Cactus Pear (Opuntia ficus-indica L. Miller) Silage Subjected to An Intermittent Water Supply

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 2881
Author(s):  
Italo Albuquerque ◽  
Gherman Araújo ◽  
Fernanda Santos ◽  
Gleidson Carvalho ◽  
Edson Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Retention ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Ingestive Behavior ◽  
Blood Metabolites ◽  
Cactus Pear ◽  
Intermittent Water Supply ◽  
Efficiency Rate

This study evaluated the performance, body water balance, ingestive behavior and blood metabolites in goats fed with cactus pear silage subjected to an intermittent water supply. Thirty-six goats were distributed in a randomized block design arranged as a 3 × 3 factorial with cactus pear silage in the goats’ diet (on a 0%, 21% and 42% dry matter-DM basis) and water offer frequency (ad libitum, and 24 and 48 h water restrictions). There was an interaction only between the cactus pear silage level and water offerings for drinking water. Goats fed 42% cactus pear silage had greater intake of non-fibrous carbohydrates, energy, Ca, Mg and Na minerals, water intake, urinary water excretion, body water retention and nutrient digestibility. Cactus pear silage inclusion up to a 42% rate reduced eating and ruminating time and increased the time spent idling as well as the eating and the ruminating efficiency rate. Water restriction at 48 h reduced drinking water intake. Performance and blood metabolites were not affected by cactus silage inclusion or water offering. Cactus pear silage inclusion at up to 42% for goats is recommended during periods of water shortage in semiarid and arid regions because it improves eating, the ruminating efficiency rate, and body water retention; cactus pear silage inclusion at this rate reduces water consumption and it does not affect the performance or health of the animals.

Effects of Sodium Chloride and Sucrose on Caries Activity in Rats

1971 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 850-853 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.J. Esposito
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Caries Activity ◽  
White Rats

Studies of caries activity in caries-susceptible white rats fed sucrose diets and drinking water that contained sodium chloride suggest that sodium chloride may alter the cariogenicity of sucrose.

Observations on the Intake of Water and Electrolytes by the Duck (Anas Platyrhynchos) Maintained on Fresh Water and on Hypertonic Saline

1968 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 325-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. L. FLETCHER ◽  
W. N. HOLMES
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Hypertonic Saline ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Gradual Loss ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Food And Water Intake

1. Intake of food, water and electrolyte by ducks maintained on fresh water and on hypertonic saline were measured over periods up to several months. 2. Transfer to saline approximately equivalent to 60% sea water was followed during the first 24 hr. by a sharp rise and fall in the plasma concentrations of sodium and chloride, which thereafter remained similar to the concentrations found in the freshwater-maintained birds. 3. Transfer to saline equivalent to 100% sea water resulted in a rise in these concentrations during the first 10 hr., which continued for a period up to 14 days, after which the birds either died or became unhealthy. 4. Upon transfer to saline drinking water (284 mM/l. Na+, 6.0 mM/l. K+) there was a gradual loss of body weight accompanied by a reduction in the food and water intake. Body weights tended to become stable after about 3 weeks, but some individuals continued to lose weight while others regained what they had lost. 5. When the concentration of sodium chloride in the drinking water exceeded 143 mM/l. the amount of sodium chloride ingested remained constant. Thus there was progressive decline in the volume of water drunk as the concentration increased. It would appear therefore that the saline-adapted duck possessed some mechanism whereby the daily intake of sodium chloride was regulated. 6. The cloacal output from saline-adapted ducks over a 24 hr. period showed that only 10% of the ingested sodium was excreted via this pathway as compared with over 70% of the ingested potassium. Most of the sodium appeared to be excreted via the nasal glands. 7. The possible interactions between the renal and extra-renal excretory pathways in the maintenance of homeostasis during adaptation to diets including hypertonic saline or seawater are discussed.

Studies on salt tolerance of sheep. I. The tolerance of sheep for sodium chloride in the drinking water

1957 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 711 ◽  
Author(s):  
AW Peirce
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Adequate Diet ◽  
Cent Sodium ◽  
Entire Experiment ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Daily Intakes ◽  
Very High

Four groups, each of six sheep, were fed in pens for 15 months on an adequate diet of chaffed lucerne and wheaten hays. One group was offered rain-water to drink, whereas the others were offered similar water to which sufficient sodium chloride had been added to give concentrations of 1.0, 1.5, or 2.0 per cent. sodium chloride. The intake of water increased with concentration of sodium chloride, the mean daily intakes for the entire experiment being 2.0, 3.0, 4.4, and 3.0 1. for the groups whose water contained 0, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 per cent. sodium chloride, respectively. It also increased in all groups with temperature, being 50-70 per cent. higher in the hottest months than in the coldest months. The intake of sodium chloride by some sheep was very high; four of them consumed over 115 g (0.25 lb) daily for more than half the experiment, and 170-230 g daily for periods of 1-10 weeks. A concentration of 1.0 per cent. sodium chloride in the drinking water had no adverse effects on the sheep, but 1.5 per cent. TI-as detrimental to a small proportion and 2.0 per cent. was detrimental to all of the sheep. There was a decline in food consumption and body weight of the affected ammals, and several receiving 2.0 per cent. sodium chloride became very emaciated and weak and two were killed in extrentis. The only other obvious sign was an occasional diarrhoea which occurred in most of the sheep receiving 2.0 per cent. sodium chloride. Sodium chloride in the drinking water had no effect on the concentration of sodium, potassium, calcium, or magnesium in the blood plasma. It did, however, affect the chloride concentration; this was significantly higher, throughout the experiment, in the group which received water containing 2.0 per cent. sodium chloride.

EFFECT OF DIETARY EDTA ON THE ABILITY OF CHICKS TO TOLERATE SODIUM CHLORIDE IN THE WATER

1971 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 633-637
Author(s):  
T. K. J. COWAN ◽  
G. D. PHILLIPS ◽  
D. B. BRAGG
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Block Design ◽  
High Salt ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
Broiler Chicks

Broiler chicks, allocated in a randomized block design, were fed four diets containing ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) at 0, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4% of the diet and drinking water with a high salt concentration (6000 ppm). A control group received tap water and the EDTA-free diet. The addition of 6000 ppm NaCl in the drinking water had no effect on weight gain or feed conversion. Similarly, the inclusion of up to 0.4% EDTA in the feed had no adverse effect on weight gain. Analyses of packed-cell volume (PCV) and plasma sodium, chloride and calcium concentrations showed no changes as a result of treatment. Water consumption almost doubled for the chicks subjected to high salt water regimens compared with the control. Two groups of chicks received the EDTA-free diet, and significantly (P < 0.10) higher mortality was found for the group on the salt water compared with the tap water controls. The mortality in the former was also significantly (P < 0.10) higher than for the group receiving 0.2% EDTA in the diet and salt water. The chicks on the 0.4% EDTA diet had significantly (P < 0.05) higher mortality than control chicks on tap water and those chicks receiving salt water and diets containing 0.1% and 0.2% EDTA. Postmortem examination indicated that ascites and widespread edema were the causes of death in chicks that drank salt water and consumed diets containing no EDTA or 0.4% EDTA. The death of chicks on treatments that resulted in low mortality rates was not attributable to ascites. The reason for the apparent beneficial effect of feeding 0.2% EDTA in the diet in conjunction with the salt water remains open to conjecture.

Effect of high intakes of sodium chloride on the utilization of a protein concentrate by sheep. I. Wool growth

1975 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 709 ◽  
Author(s):  
JA Hemsley
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
High Protein Diet ◽  
Protein Concentrate ◽  
Linseed Meal ◽  
Wool Growth ◽  
Ruminal Degradation

Both the water intakes and wool growth rates of sheep fed on a high protein diet (37% crude protein), consisting mainly of linseed meal, were significantly increased when salt (c. 130 g sodium chloride per day) was given in both the food and drinking water. Offering the food once a day resulted in a higher wool growth response to salt (22%) as compared with offering the food at 3-hr intervals (14%). It is suggested that the effects of salt were due to reduced ruminal degradation of protein, which remained in the rumen for a shorter time than usual when salt was given.

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