scholarly journals “Meet Me Halfway”: The Costs and Benefits of Bargaining

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xu Zhang ◽  
Puneet Manchanda ◽  
Junhong Chu
Keyword(s):  
Price Discrimination ◽  
Structural Model ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Product Category ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Loss Of Face ◽  
Pricing Decisions ◽  
Policy Simulations ◽  
Seller Behavior

Bargaining is an important pricing mechanism, prevalent in both online and offline markets. However, there is little empirical work documenting the costs and benefits of bargaining, primarily because of the lack of real-world bargaining data. We leverage rich, transaction-level bargaining data from a major online platform and supplement it with primary data to quantify the costs and benefits of bargaining for sellers, buyers, and the platform. We do this by building a structural model of buyer demand and seller pricing decisions while allowing for the existence of bargaining initiation cost, loss-of-face cost, and price discrimination. Using our results, we perform three policy simulations to quantify the importance of not distinguishing between no-bargain and failed-bargain transactions, ignoring the loss-of-face cost, and not allowing for bargaining. These simulations provide rich details on how the various costs of bargaining impact our understanding of buyer and seller behavior and transaction outcomes. Banning bargaining, in particular, benefits the buyer and the platform greatly but only has a modest benefit for sellers. Finally, we show that our results are robust to our assumptions and replicate in another product category.

scholarly journals The Effect of Human Capital and Organizational Learning on Performance Mediated by Organizational Competency

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 217-228
Author(s):  
Yusi Damayanti ◽  
Hadita ◽  
Yulianah
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Organizational Learning ◽  
Structural Model ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Measurement Model ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Company Performance ◽  
Organizational Competence

The purpose of this research is to analyze the effect of human capital and organizational learning on company performance which is mediated by organizational competence. This research uses quantitative research with descriptive analysis approach. The population in this study were 75 respondents, each of whom worked for 3 MSMEs in the city of Jakarta. The sampling technique used is a saturated sample. The types of data in this study are primary data and secondary data. Data collection techniques using observation techniques, in-depth interviews and questionnaires. The analysis technique is carried out with two main parts, namely the measurement model and the structural model. Based on the results of research data analysis, it can be concluded that: 1) Human Capital has a positive and significant effect on organizational competency with a t-statistic value of 5.176; 2) Organizational Learning has a positive and significant effect on organizational competency with a t-statistic value of 4.786; 3) Human Capital has a positive and significant effect on Company Performance mediated by organizational competence with a t-statistic value of 5.387; 4) Organizational Learning has a positive and significant effect on Company Performance mediated by organizational competence with a t-statistic value of 3.175; and 5) Organizational Competency does not directly affect the Company's Performance with a t-statistic value of 1.571.

Analyzing predisposing, precipitating, and perpetuating factors of militancy through declassified interrogation summaries: A case study

2020 ◽  
pp. 136346152091931
Author(s):  
Neil Krishan Aggarwal
Keyword(s):  
Minority Groups ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Al Qaeda ◽  
Public Health Approach ◽  
Research Subjects ◽  
Group Leaders ◽  
Religious Texts ◽  
Violent Content

Researchers and policymakers have supported a public health approach to countering violent extremism throughout the War on Terror. However, barriers to obtaining primary data include concerns from minority groups about stigmatization, the ethics of harming research subjects by exposing them to violent content, and restrictions on researchers from institutions and governments. Textual analyses of declassified documents from government agencies may overcome these barriers. This article contributes a method for analyzing the predisposing, precipitating, and perpetuating factors of terrorism through open source texts. This method is applied to FBI interrogation summaries of Al Qaeda terrorist Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab who attempted an attack aboard an airplane in 2009. This analysis shows that consuming militant content online led him to narrow his social relationships offline to extremists and foster identifications with subjugated Muslims around the world. After deciding to wage militancy, loyalty to Al Qaeda members, swearing allegiance to and obeying group leaders, and interpreting religious texts militantly perpetuated violent activities. Such work can advance empirical work on militant behavior to develop interventions.

Retail pricing decisions and product category competitive structure

2010 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 110-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Óscar González-Benito ◽  
María Pilar Martínez-Ruiz ◽  
Alejandro Mollá-Descals
Keyword(s):  
Product Category ◽  
Retail Pricing ◽  
Pricing Decisions ◽  
Competitive Structure

Comparative study

2018 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 311-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sri Indarti ◽  
Yulia Efni
Keyword(s):  
Risk Taking ◽  
Structural Model ◽  
Planning Process ◽  
Development Program ◽  
Measurement Model ◽  
Mediation Effect ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Entrepreneurial Attitude ◽  
Partnership Program

Purpose This paper aims to investigate the role of corporate social responsibility (CSR) funding through Partnership and Development Nurturing Program (PDNP) in the development of entrepreneurial attitude and the small and micro entrepreneurs’ (SMEs’) income in Pekanbaru. Design/methodology/approach Primary data were obtained from the SMEs’ response to the development of entrepreneurial attitude, income of sales and expenses before and after getting PDNP fund. Secondary data were obtained from the publication of firms and relevant authorities. The sample used in this study comprised 95 respondents, including the SMEs in Pekanbaru who received PDNP fund in 2013 and who were selected by purposive sampling. Generalized structural component analysis (GSCA) was used to analyze the data for inner model (hypothesis testing for structural model) and outer model (measurement model for unobservable variables). Sobel test (under GSCA model) was used to test whether a variable is a mediating variable that assesses the relationship between endogenous variables and exogenous variables. Findings CSR funding (by PNBP fund) is significantly effective for entrepreneurial attitude. The higher value of CSR funding (by PNBP fund), which is reflected in the high values of turnover (X1), marketing coverage (X2), partnership program (X3) and sales (X4), will lead to a higher value of entrepreneurial attitude, which is reflected in the high value of planning (M1), confidence (M2), orientation to task (M3), risk taking (M4), leadership (M5) and honesty (M6). Entrepreneurial attitude significantly affects the income of SMEs. The higher value of entrepreneurial attitude, which is reflected in the high value of planning (M1), confidence (M2), orientation to task (M3), risk taking (M4), leadership (M5) and honesty (M6), will lead to a higher value of income of SMEs, which is reflected in the high value of effectivity (Y1), efficiency (Y2) and economist (Y3). CSR funding (by PNBP Fund) has a significant effect on the SMEs’ income with a mediation effect of entrepreneurial attitude. A high value of CSR funding (by PNBP Fund), which is reflected in the high values of turnover (X1), marketing coverage (X2), partnership program (X3) and sales (X4), will lead to a higher value of income of SMEs, which is reflected in the high value of effectivity (Y1), efficiency (Y2) and economist (Y3), if the value of entrepreneurial attitude is higher, which is reflected in the high values of planning (M1), confidence (M2), orientation to task (M3), risk taking (M4), leadership (M5) and honesty (M6). Originality/value A gap exists between the expected goals of SMEs, which is to increase people’s income through the development of their entrepreneurship, and the realization of the program. Hence, it is necessary to improve the implementation of the partnership program, which needs improvement in planning, process and the evaluation of the program. This phenomenon motivated the researcher to conduct this study so that the partnership and the community development program, as a form of CSR, benefit SMEs to increase their income.

scholarly journals Brand importance across product categories in the Czech Republic

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 341-354
Author(s):  
Tomáš Formánek ◽  
Radek Tahal
Keyword(s):  
Customer Loyalty ◽  
Brand Loyalty ◽  
Product Category ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Loyalty Programs ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Empirical Estimation ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Product Categories ◽  
Empirically Supported

Abstract This paper deals with customer loyalty to brands and provides an analysis of brand-related attitudes among Czech consumers. Brand loyalty is a very important aspect of competitive marketing and we contribute an empirically supported point of view on the topic. Based on primary data from a complex consumer survey carried out for the purpose of this study, we investigate the extent of brand loyalty across different product categories, mostly fast moving consumer goods (FMCG). For convenience, the analysis of our survey-data may be divided in two main areas. First, product categories are ranked according to their potential power to attract customers’ interest and loyalty towards brands. When loyalty programs are prepared, it is important to discern product categories where loyalty potential is weak from those categories that attract consumer loyalty. Second, sociodemographic features and lifestyle factors from the survey are evaluated with respect to different product categories, by means of logistic regression and subsequent average partial effect (APE) analysis. A detailed and practically oriented interpretation of the empirical results is provided by the authors. However, both corporate marketers and academic readers can use the tables with empirical estimation outputs that are provided in this article to draw their own conclusions, which may be focused on the product category of interest and/or focused on any specific consumer group that is of particular interest. Among other topics, this paper emphasizes the fact that brand loyalty is a highly complex phenomenon and that it can and should be analysed from different perspectives.

scholarly journals The Challenges Faced in Technology-Driven Classes During COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-39
Author(s):  
Sangeeta Sharma ◽  
Arpan Bumb
Keyword(s):  
Structural Model ◽  
Traditional Classroom ◽  
The Other ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Ideal Solution ◽  
Computer Based Learning ◽  
Online Lectures ◽  
Order Preference ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
Interpretive Structural Model

In the wake of coronavirus pandemic, social distancing became a mandate that led to the transition from traditional classroom-based lectures to computer-based learning. This paper extensively deals with the ranking of the challenges faced by instructors and students. Primary data from 624 participants (399 students and 225 instructors) is collected through a questionnaire. To assign the ranking to the challenges, Technique of Order Preference Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) is deployed. A contextual model is developed by using Interpretive Structural Model (ISM) technique that further provides recommendations for prioritizing the challenges that need to be addressed to mitigate the problems faced in online lectures in coronavirus situation. The number of variables is reduced to simplify the interpretation by exploratory factor analysis. The study also provides the basis to formulate the strategies for policymakers and administration after identifying which challenges need to be addressed first for mitigating all the other challenges.

Cost-effectiveness of treating head and neck cancer using intensity-modulated radiation therapy: implications for cancer control program in India

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 492-499
Author(s):  
Akashdeep Singh Chauhan ◽  
Shankar Prinja ◽  
Sushmita Ghoshal ◽  
Roshan Verma
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Incremental Cost ◽  
Head And Neck ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Intensity Modulated ◽  
The Cost ◽  
3D Crt

BackgroundThe newer cancer treatment technologies hold the potential of providing improved health outcomes at an additional cost. So it becomes obligatory to assess the costs and benefits of a new technology, before defining its clinical value. We assessed the cost-effectiveness of intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) as compared to 2-dimensional radiotherapy (2-DRT) and 3-dimensional radiotherapy (3D-CRT) for treating head and neck cancers (HNC) in India. The cost-effectiveness of 3-DCRT as compared to 2-DRT was also estimated.MethodsA probabilistic Markov model was designed. Using a disaggregated societal perspective, lifetime study horizon and 3 percent discount rate, future costs and health outcomes were compared for a cohort of 1000 patients treated with any of the three radiation techniques. Data on health system cost, out of pocket expenditure, and quality of life was assessed through primary data collected from a large tertiary care public sector hospital in India. Data on xerostomia rates following each of the radiation techniques was extracted from the existing randomized controlled trials.ResultsIMRT incurs an incremental cost of $7,072 (2,932–13,258) and $5,164 (463–10,954) per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) gained compared to 2-DRT and 3D-CRT, respectively. Further, 3D-CRT as compared to 2-DRT requires an incremental cost of $8,946 (1,996–19,313) per QALY gained.ConclusionBoth IMRT and 3D-CRT are not cost-effective at 1 times GDP per capita for treating HNC in India. The costs and benefits of using IMRT for other potential indications (e.g. prostate, lung) require to be assessed before considering its introduction in India.

scholarly journals Background Indicators

Econometrics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 20
Author(s):  
Burkhard Raunig
Keyword(s):  
Instrumental Variable ◽  
Latent Variable ◽  
Structural Model ◽  
Simulation Experiment ◽  
Random Noise ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Causal Effects ◽  
Economic Uncertainty ◽  
Aggregate Consumption ◽  
The Impact

It is customary to assume that an indicator of a latent variable is driven by the latent variable and some random noise. In contrast, a background indicator is also systematically influenced by variables outside the structural model of interest. Background indicators deserve attention because in empirical work they are difficult to distinguish from ordinary effect indicators. This paper assesses instrumental variable (IV) estimation of the effect of a latent variable in a linear model when a background indicator replaces the latent variable. It turns out that IV estimates are inconsistent in many important cases. In some cases, the estimates capture causal effects of the indicator rather than causal effects of the latent variable. A simulation experiment that considers the impact of economic uncertainty on aggregate consumption illustrates some of the results.

Financial inclusion and socioeconomic development: gaps and solution

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (7) ◽  
pp. 1122-1140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shailesh Rastogi ◽  
Ragabiruntha E.
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Structural Model ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Financial Inclusion ◽  
Degree Of Freedom ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Content Type

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to identify factors relevant for financial inclusion (FI) and establish a model that shows how these factors lead to economic development (ED) through FI. Design/methodology/approach Primary data were collected through structured questionnaire. Out of 350, 311 respondents accurately filled the questionnaire. The data were collected from rural areas of Tamil Nadu. Exploratory factor analysis has been applied to evaluate drivers/factors relevant for FI. Confirmatory factor analysis has been applied to establish reliability and validity of the identified factors. A structural model has been proposed and empirically tested for ED through FI. Findings The main findings of the current paper are as follows: online banking (OB), understanding banking services (UBS) and financial literacy (FL) are the drivers of FI; FI can lead to ED, as the proposed model of ED, through FI, is supported in the paper (χ2/degree of freedom and CMIN/degree of freedom are less than 3; GFI and AGFI are more than 0.90 and 0.85, respectively). Behavior of the people, with respect to mode of financial transactions, has changed due to demonetization. (The χ2 test for mode of financial transaction is significant). Research limitations/implications The geographical reach of the sample should cover the whole India. The sample should also have equal representation from rural and urban areas. Practical implications The identified factors for FI (OB, UBS and FL) should be more focused to bring about better results for FI in India. These factors can lead to a more effective execution of FI initiatives. In addition to this, policy makers can be confident of relying upon FI as a tool for ED. Originality/value The identified three drivers for FI have not been explored earlier. In addition to this, ED (through FI) in the form of structural model has also not been tested earlier. Government of India can realign their policies toward FI by using findings of this paper. In addition to increasing the access of formal financial system to masses, more thrust can be given to OB and FL for better results of FI in India.

scholarly journals Retail price discrimination and food waste

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
pp. 1861-1896
Author(s):  
Timothy J Richards ◽  
Stephen F Hamilton
Keyword(s):  
Food Waste ◽  
Price Discrimination ◽  
Structural Model ◽  
Quality Standard ◽  
Retail Price ◽  
The Us ◽  
Retail Prices ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Retail Food ◽  
Minimum Quality

Abstract We examine a food retailer’s incentive to use a minimum quality standard as part of a quality-based price-discrimination strategy and show how price discrimination can result in a substantial level of retail food waste. Using data from a major US food retailer, we estimate a structural model of retail price discrimination and conduct a series of counter-factual experiments to demonstrate that observed retail prices are consistent with quality-based price discrimination in the retail market. Our findings indicate that quality standards on fresh produce can explain a substantial proportion ($7.5\%$) of food waste by retailers in the US.

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