scholarly journals The Evolutionary Dynamics of the Artificial Intelligence Ecosystem

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael G. Jacobides ◽  
Stefano Brusoni ◽  
Francois Candelon
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
The United States ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
Evolutionary Analysis ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Digital Platforms ◽  
Evolutionary Account

We analyze the sectoral and national systems of firms and institutions that collectively engage in artificial intelligence (AI). Moving beyond the analysis of AI as a general-purpose technology or its particular areas of application, we draw on the evolutionary analysis of sectoral systems and ask, “Who does what?” in AI. We provide a granular view of the complex interdependency patterns that connect developers, manufacturers, and users of AI. We distinguish between AI enablement, AI production, and AI consumption and analyze the emerging patterns of cospecialization between firms and communities. We find that AI provision is characterized by the dominance of a small number of Big Tech firms, whose downstream use of AI (e.g., search, payments, social media) has underpinned much of the recent progress in AI and who also provide the necessary upstream computing power provision (Cloud and Edge). These firms dominate top academic institutions in AI research, further strengthening their position. We find that AI is adopted by and benefits the small percentage of firms that can both digitize and access high-quality data. We consider how the AI sector has evolved differently in the three key geographies—China, the United States, and the European Union—and note that a handful of firms are building global AI ecosystems. Our contribution is to showcase the evolution of evolutionary thinking with AI as a case study: we show the shift from national/sectoral systems to triple-helix/innovation ecosystems and digital platforms. We conclude with the implications of such a broad evolutionary account for theory and practice.

scholarly journals FORSITE TECHNOLOGIES IN MODERN ECONOMIC RESEARCH

2021 ◽  
pp. 93-107
Author(s):  
Larysa Prodanova
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Economic Research ◽  
The European Union ◽  
End Effects ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
The Future ◽  
Modern Economic ◽  
Prediction And Forecasting ◽  
Scientific Prediction

The article is devoted to the study of the theory and practice of modern technologies of scientific prediction and forecasting of scenarios of the future state of society and its economy for the purposes of effective formation and implementation of socio-economic policy. The purpose of the article is to determine the features of the use of foresight technologies in modern economic research. The dynamics of research publications (journal articles) on the subject of foresight (by keywords "foresight", "foresight technology", "foresight methodology"), presented in the online collection of published scientific materials ScienceDirect published by Elsevier, for the period 1997–2020 is analyzed. The tendencies of foresight distribution in the world practice of scientifically substantiated forecasting and programming of social and economic processes are characterized. The experience of conducting foresight research in the United States, the European Union, Japan, as well as in Kazakhstan, Belarus and Russia is summarized. It is emphasized that the experience of domestic and foreign foresight should be organized taking into account the specifics of the following numerous components of the foresight process: purpose and objectives of the study, way of presenting the future and results, information sources, approach to organization, process structure, procedure and stages of research, research methods and their combination, priority area, scale, field of implementation and scope, focus and time horizon, initiators and performers, range of stakeholders and potential users, results obtained and end effects, sources of funding. As a result of the analysis of the achievements of Ukrainian scientists and the domestic practice of applying the methods of scientific prediction, it is concluded that Ukraine is at the initial stage of the development of foresight technologies.

Optimizing Pump Selection for Energy Efficiency Across Multiple Operating Conditions Using True Weighted Efficiency (TWE)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Trygve Dahl
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
The United States ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Pump Efficiency ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Optimization Program ◽  
Positive Displacement ◽  
New Energy ◽  
Control Curves

Abstract Energy efficiency is emphasized more actively across the pump industry. Legislation in the European Union and in the United States utilize new energy efficiency ranking metrics, but neither of these methods are conveniently applied to customer specified load conditions. True Weighted Efficiency, or TWE, is introduced as a general-purpose, universal pump efficiency metric for pumps operating under multiple operating conditions. The TWE is derived accurately from first principles, using generalized load profiles that include control curves, multiple discrete operating points based on those control curves, and the time of operation at each operating point. A pump selection/optimization program is used to numerically demonstrate the TWE method. Various examples are presented, contrasting candidate pumps based on three different optimization strategies. The study reveals that the pump with the best design point efficiency may not be the best choice from a TWE or an evaluated cost perspective. This method is applicable to rotodynamic or positive displacement pumps operating at fixed or variable speed, on/off operation, throttle control, or by-pass control. and other turbomachinery as well. The TWE methodology, when combined with a pump selection/optimization program, will help practitioners design systems that reduce energy consumption for new or reconfigured pump applications.

International Relations in Africa in Theory and Practice

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy M. Shaw
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
International Relations ◽  
International Development ◽  
The United States ◽  
Network Governance ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Western World ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Developmental States ◽  
The North

One-quarter of the world’s states are African and can contribute to international relations theory and practice as the North enters a period of ambivalence and begins to retreat from positive global engagement. Each actor based in or concerned about the African continent, state and non-state alike, advances a foreign policy to reflect its interests, often in coalition with others. East-South relations and a non-Western world, as well as Brazil, Russia, China, India, and South Africa, are important in international development and emerging powers in Africa. The diversion away from international order and peace of the United States under President Donald Trump, the United Kingdom under Prime Minister Theresa May, and the European Union, the latter characterized by unanticipated immigration and endless Eurozone crises, can be positive for African agency and development if the continent can seize the unprecedented space to advance its own developmental states and regionalisms. Such possibilities of Africa’s enhanced prospects are situated in terms of a changing global political economy in which new economies, companies, and technologies are emerging along with contrary, nontraditional security threats. In response, novel forms of transnational “network” governance are being conceived and charted to advance sustainable developmental states and regionalisms through innovative foreign policy stances outside established, but increasingly dysfunctional and ossified, interstate institutions.

scholarly journals Legal Aspects of Artificial Intelligence on Automated Decision-Making in Indonesia

Lentera Hukum ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 301
Author(s):  
Denindah Olivia
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
United States ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Data Protection ◽  
Personal Data ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
The United States ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Personal Data Protection ◽  
Automated Decision Making

This paper analyzes the importance of Indonesia's comprehensive legal framework on automated decision-making empowered by Artificial Intelligence, comparing it to the European Union, the United States, and China. Specifically, this paper inquires about the status quo of the legal protection of automated decision-making In Indonesia. The analysis highlights profiling in an automated decision-making system with the following discussion about personal data protection. In this context, the European Union's member states set out the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) that prohibits automated decision-making to a certain extent. In the United States, the practice of automated decision-making is rather usual. Simultaneously, China takes an exceptional measure instead and develops this automation through a social credit system. The analysis concludes that Indonesia has weak legal protection towards personal data and profiling, which later becomes the basis in facilitating automated decision-making. The provision of automated decision-making and profiling is the absolute bare minimum to Indonesia's Personal Data Protection Bill due to insufficient legal certainty. In the end, it is paramount for lawmakers to consider a comprehensive regulation on automated decision-making by adopting the European Union's GDPR framework. KEYWORDS: Artificial Intelligence, Automated Decision-Making, Personal Data Protection.

News aggregators and copyright in the European Union and the United States in the digital age: Evolution, comparisons, and implications

First Monday ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qun Wang ◽  
Susan Keith
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
European Union ◽  
The United States ◽  
Copyright Law ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Digital Platforms ◽  
Legal Traditions ◽  
Regulatory Trends ◽  
The U.S ◽  
The Eu

News aggregators have triggered copyright-related disputes between tech companies and news publishers. In the EU and the U.S., copyright systems have developed distinct characteristics. Because American tech companies stand to be hugely affected by the EU’s new copyright rules, some observers point out that the copyright war in Europe is fundamentally a collision between European and American copyright law systems. To respond to this observation, this study examines and compares European and U.S. perspectives on copyright and uses copyright as a lens to explore how digital platforms that aim at global influences provide the opportunity for different legal systems and legal traditions to converse and conflict. Through the comparison, this study argues that fundamental issues such as the nature of news are not effectively addressed in either system. While the EU and the U.S. present different regulatory trends in the case of copyright, a two-way shaping is at play.

scholarly journals Escaping the Western Cosm-Ethical Hegemony: The Importance of Cultural Diversity in the Ethical Assessment of Artificial Intelligence

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmanuel Goffi
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
European Union ◽  
The United States ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The West ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Ethical Assessment ◽  
The World ◽  
Vested Interests ◽  
Potential Benefits

The world of Artificial intelligence (AI) is struggling to set standards that would be globally applied. In this struggle, ethics is extensively summoned to regulate the development and use of AI systems, but also to promote vested interests. The potential benefits associated with AI are such that many actors, public and private, have entered a race for AI dominance led by the United States and China. In this context some actors, such as the European Union, are slowly taking over AI regulation and setting the limits regarding what is ethically acceptable and what is not. Aware of the power of norms, the West has slowly spread its normative influence all around the world, releasing hundreds of documents pertaining to ethical principles, and denying the reality of a world made of a diversity of ethical stances. To impose its own views on ethics applied to AI, the West has developed an ethical narrative transforming ethics into cosm-ethics, that is mere make up through communication. This paper aims at opening a debate on the reality of ethics applied to AI. It contextualizes the subject in a wider setting of race for AI dominance, stressing the Western ethical hegemony over AI established through a pseudo ethical narrative. To illustrate these points, it focuses on the case of the European Union, to eventually stress the urgent need for cultural pluralism in the field of ethics applied to AI.

Through a Glass, Darkly: Artificial Intelligence and the Problem of Opacity†

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Chesterman
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
United States ◽  
European Union ◽  
Deep Learning ◽  
Computer Programs ◽  
The United States ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Court Order ◽  
Learning Methods ◽  
Regulatory Challenges

Abstract As computer programs become more complex, the ability of non-specialists to understand how a given output has been reached diminishes. Opaqueness may also be built into programs to protect proprietary interests. Both types of systems are capable of being explained, either through recourse to experts or an order to produce information. Another class of system may be naturally opaque, however, using deep learning methods that are impossible to explain in a manner that humans can comprehend. An emerging literature describes these phenomena or specific problems to which they give rise, notably the potential for bias against specific groups. Drawing on examples from the United States, the European Union, and China, this Article develops a novel typology of three discrete regulatory challenges posed by opacity. First, it may encourage—or fail to discourage—inferior decisions by removing the potential for oversight and accountability. Second, it may allow impermissible decisions, notably those that explicitly or implicitly rely on protected categories such as gender or race in making a determination. Third, it may render illegitimate decisions in which the process by which an answer is reached is as important as the answer itself. The means of addressing some or all of these concerns is routinely said to be through transparency. Yet, while proprietary opacity can be dealt with by court order and complex opacity through recourse to experts, naturally opaque systems may require novel forms of “explanation” or an acceptance that some machine-made decisions cannot be explained—or, in the alternative, that some decisions should not be made by machine at all.

DEVELOPMENT TRENDS AND PROSPECTS OF ECONOMIC AND TRADE COOPERATION BETWEEN CHINA AND UKRAINE

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 (6) ◽  
pp. 3-12
Author(s):  
Zhang DONGYANG ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Free Trade ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Cooperation ◽  
Free Trade Zone ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Economic Downturn ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Association Agreement ◽  
The Eu

The status and prospects of development of trade and economic relations between Ukraine and China are considered. It is proved that bilateral cooperation in the trade and economic sphere has made significant progress. In 2012–2017, China was the second largest trading partner of Ukraine after Russia. However, the problem of imbalance in imports and exports between Ukraine and China has not yet been resolved. In addition, the scale and number of projects in which Ukraine attracts Chinese investment is much less than investments from European countries and the United States. It is justified that trade and economic cooperation between Ukraine and China is at a new historical stage. On the one hand, Ukraine signed the Association Agreement with the European Union, and on January 1, 2016, the rules of the free trade zone between Ukraine and the EU entered into force. This helps to accelerate the integration of Ukrainian economy into European one. On the other hand, the global economic downturn requires the introduction of innovations in the model of cooperation. The Chinese initiative “One belt is one way” is one of the variants of the innovation model of cooperation. Its significance is to unite the Asia-Pacific region with the EU in order to join the Eurasian Economic Union, create a new space and opportunities for development and achieve prosperity with the Eurasian countries. All this forms unprecedented opportunities for development of bilateral economic and trade relations. It seems that to fully open the potential of Ukrainian economy and expand bilateral trade and economic cooperation, it is necessary to take into account such proposals as the establishment of the Sino-Ukrainian industrial park, the promotion of cooperation in the field of electronic commerce, the formation of the Sino-Ukrainian free trade zone and enhanced interaction within multilateral mechanisms (for example, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization and the interaction of China and the countries of Central and Eastern Europe in the 16 + 1 format).

The Central Asian Economies in the Twenty-First Century

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Pomfret
Keyword(s):  
Migrant Workers ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
The United States ◽  
Kyrgyz Republic ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
Asian Economies ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
External Powers

This book analyzes the Central Asian economies of Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan, from their buffeting by the commodity boom of the early 2000s to its collapse in 2014. The book examines the countries' relations with external powers and the possibilities for development offered by infrastructure projects as well as rail links between China and Europe. The transition of these nations from centrally planned to market-based economic systems was essentially complete by the early 2000s, when the region experienced a massive increase in world prices for energy and mineral exports. This raised incomes in the main oil and gas exporters, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan; brought more benefits to the most populous country, Uzbekistan; and left the poorest countries, the Kyrgyz Republic and Tajikistan, dependent on remittances from migrant workers in oil-rich Russia and Kazakhstan. The book considers the enhanced role of the Central Asian nations in the global economy and their varied ties to China, the European Union, Russia, and the United States. With improved infrastructure and connectivity between China and Europe (reflected in regular rail freight services since 2011 and China's announcement of its Belt and Road Initiative in 2013), relaxation of UN sanctions against Iran in 2016, and the change in Uzbekistan's presidency in late 2016, a window of opportunity appears to have opened for Central Asian countries to achieve more sustainable economic futures.

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