Optimizing Pump Selection for Energy Efficiency Across Multiple Operating Conditions Using True Weighted Efficiency (TWE)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Trygve Dahl
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
The United States ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Pump Efficiency ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Optimization Program ◽  
Positive Displacement ◽  
New Energy ◽  
Control Curves

Abstract Energy efficiency is emphasized more actively across the pump industry. Legislation in the European Union and in the United States utilize new energy efficiency ranking metrics, but neither of these methods are conveniently applied to customer specified load conditions. True Weighted Efficiency, or TWE, is introduced as a general-purpose, universal pump efficiency metric for pumps operating under multiple operating conditions. The TWE is derived accurately from first principles, using generalized load profiles that include control curves, multiple discrete operating points based on those control curves, and the time of operation at each operating point. A pump selection/optimization program is used to numerically demonstrate the TWE method. Various examples are presented, contrasting candidate pumps based on three different optimization strategies. The study reveals that the pump with the best design point efficiency may not be the best choice from a TWE or an evaluated cost perspective. This method is applicable to rotodynamic or positive displacement pumps operating at fixed or variable speed, on/off operation, throttle control, or by-pass control. and other turbomachinery as well. The TWE methodology, when combined with a pump selection/optimization program, will help practitioners design systems that reduce energy consumption for new or reconfigured pump applications.

The Pumping Dynamics of a Positive Displacement Pump Employing Self-Acting Valves

1990 ◽  
Vol 112 (4) ◽  
pp. 748-754 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. A. Edge ◽  
P. N. Brett
Keyword(s):  
Pressure Fluctuations ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Cylinder Pressure ◽  
Valve Timing ◽  
Inlet Valve ◽  
Positive Displacement ◽  
Displacement Pump ◽  
Valve Dynamics

The paper describes a general purpose digital computer model for the analysis of the pumping dynamics of positive displacement pumps employing self-acting valves. This model is verified by comparison with experimental tests on a diaphragm separator pump. Predicted and simulated cylinder pressure transients and inlet and delivery valve dynamics are compared over the complete pumping cycle. Close agreement between theory and experiment is achieved. The induction performance of the pump is examined in detail and the effects of operating conditions on volumetric efficiency are presented. The effect of inlet valve timing on delivery manifold pressure fluctuations is also discussed.

Analysis of the Existent Problem and the Policy Suggestions for Chinese New Energy Industry

2012 ◽  
Vol 490-495 ◽  
pp. 1967-1970
Author(s):  
Miao Liu
Keyword(s):  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Energy Industry ◽  
The European Union ◽  
National Economic ◽  
Policy Suggestions ◽  
New Energy ◽  
The Government ◽  
Existent Problem ◽  
New Situation

After the Financial Crisis, to stave off recession, the United States, the European Union enacted and promulgated a series of policies, those developed countries not only put forward the development of new energy industry as avery important national economic strategy but also make the relevant laws and regulations and policies to ensure a favorable environment for new energy industry. In such a new situation, our country is vigorously promoting the development of new energy sources. But we also meet some problems in the process of develop. This paper discuss the issues regarding the policies and capital bottleneck that appears on the development of new energy industry, calls upon the Government to implement relevant policies of new energy industry as soon as possible and make effort to support the industry development

Appliance and Equipment Efficiency Standards

2002 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 159-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Nadel
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Minimum Energy ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
The United States ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Air Conditioners ◽  
Adverse Impacts ◽  
Setting Process ◽  
Energy Efficiency Standards

▪ Abstract  Minimum energy efficiency standards are regulations that require products to meet specific energy efficiency requirements. Standards have been adopted in 17 countries plus the European Union. Standards have been set on more than 35 products, with refrigerators, air conditioners, ballasts, and freezers being the most common. Based on the available evidence, standards appear to be a very effective energy-saving policy. They have reduced energy use substantially in the United States and made good initial progress in other countries. The standards that have been implemented thus far appear to be cost effective to consumers and result in minimal adverse impacts on manufacturers. Available evidence indicates that the costs of actually implementing standards are commonly less than estimates made by manufacturers and government agencies during the standard-setting process. Standards are frequently a useful complement to other policies such as product labeling, incentives, and voluntary agreements. However, standards are not appropriate for all products and situations.

scholarly journals A Comparative Study of Different Energy Efficiency of OECD and Non-OECD Countries

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 194008291983744 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying Li ◽  
Yung-Ho Chiu ◽  
Lihua Wang ◽  
Yi-Chu Liu ◽  
Ching-Ren Chiu
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
United Arab Emirates ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
The United States ◽  
Oecd Countries ◽  
Data Envelopment Analysis Model ◽  
Technology Gap ◽  
Gap Ratio ◽  
New Energy ◽  
Technology Gap Ratio

Greater and greater attention is being paid to air pollution problems, because of their negative impact on the environment and human health. This article measures energy efficiency, carbon dioxide emissions efficiency, and particulate matter (PM2.5) concentration efficiency to compare the energy efficiency differences between Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) member countries and non-OECD member countries from 2010 to 2014 using a metafrontier dynamic Data Envelopment Analysis model. We calculate technology gap ratio and input and output efficiency values to measure the energy efficiencies of each economy, finding that (a) OECD countries have a technology gap ratio of 1 or very close to 1; and except for the United Arab Emirates and Singapore, both of which exhibit annual improvements, the non-OECD countries have a significant need for efficiency improvements; (b) the average technology gap ratio of OECD is higher than that of non-OECD countries; that is, while OECD countries’ technology gap ratio (TGR) changes are relatively stable, non-OECD countries’ TGRs are gradually increasing; (c) non-OECD countries have large PM2.5 concentration efficiency gaps, with the annual efficiencies in China, India, and Nepal being less than 0.2; (d) Switzerland, Denmark, France, the United Kingdom, Iceland, Luxembourg, Norway, the United States, and the United Arab Emirates all have new and traditional energy efficiency values of 1; and (e) Botswana, Algeria, and Cambodia have poor traditional energy efficiencies, but better new energy efficiencies, whereas Hungary, South Korea, Slovakia, and Slovenia have poor new energy efficiencies and better traditional energy efficiencies.

The Exploitation of Oceanic Methane Hydrate: Legal Issues and Implications for China

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 348-381 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yen-Chiang Chang
Keyword(s):  
Methane Hydrate ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
The United States ◽  
High Energy ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Customary International Law ◽  
Balanced Approach ◽  
State Practice ◽  
New Energy

Abstract With the growth of global energy demand, States are actively considering the exploration for new energy. Methane hydrate is one of the world’s new energy sources with high energy density and abundant reserves, which have great strategic significance. This article focuses on three aspects, namely, project preparation, risk prevention and accident management, and addresses the risk issues arising from the exploration of methane hydrate. It is important to apply the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and other treaties, as well as customary international law, while examining the rules applicable to the exploration of methane hydrate. State practice such as those of the United States, Russia, Japan, the European Union and China, are also discussed. The article puts forward some suggestions on the development of China’s methane hydrate resources. The core objective is to achieve a balanced approach to the development of environmental protection and energy development.

scholarly journals The Evolutionary Dynamics of the Artificial Intelligence Ecosystem

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael G. Jacobides ◽  
Stefano Brusoni ◽  
Francois Candelon
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
The United States ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
Evolutionary Analysis ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Digital Platforms ◽  
Evolutionary Account

We analyze the sectoral and national systems of firms and institutions that collectively engage in artificial intelligence (AI). Moving beyond the analysis of AI as a general-purpose technology or its particular areas of application, we draw on the evolutionary analysis of sectoral systems and ask, “Who does what?” in AI. We provide a granular view of the complex interdependency patterns that connect developers, manufacturers, and users of AI. We distinguish between AI enablement, AI production, and AI consumption and analyze the emerging patterns of cospecialization between firms and communities. We find that AI provision is characterized by the dominance of a small number of Big Tech firms, whose downstream use of AI (e.g., search, payments, social media) has underpinned much of the recent progress in AI and who also provide the necessary upstream computing power provision (Cloud and Edge). These firms dominate top academic institutions in AI research, further strengthening their position. We find that AI is adopted by and benefits the small percentage of firms that can both digitize and access high-quality data. We consider how the AI sector has evolved differently in the three key geographies—China, the United States, and the European Union—and note that a handful of firms are building global AI ecosystems. Our contribution is to showcase the evolution of evolutionary thinking with AI as a case study: we show the shift from national/sectoral systems to triple-helix/innovation ecosystems and digital platforms. We conclude with the implications of such a broad evolutionary account for theory and practice.

Analysis Criteria for Choosing Energy Efficient High-Quality Light Sources and Luminaires

2018 ◽  
pp. 113-119
Author(s):  
Gennady Ya. Vagin ◽  
Eugene B. Solntsev ◽  
Oleg Yu. Malafeev
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
National Standards ◽  
Light Sources ◽  
The European Union ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Eu Directive ◽  
The World ◽  
A New Technique ◽  
Energy Labelling

The article analyses critera applying to the choice of energy efficient high quality light sources and luminaires, which are used in Russian domestic and international practice. It is found that national standards GOST P 54993–2012 and GOST P 54992– 2012 contain outdated criteria for determining indices and classes of energy efficiency of light sources and luminaires. They are taken from the 1998 EU Directive #98/11/EU “Electric lamps”, in which LED light sources and discharge lamps of high intensity were not included. A new Regulation of the European Union #874/2012/EU on energy labelling of electric lamps and luminaires, in which these light sources are taken into consideration, contains a new technique of determining classes of energy efficiency and new, higher classes are added. The article has carried out a comparison of calculations of the energy efficiency classes in accordance with GOST P 54993 and with Regulation #874/2012/EU, and it is found out that a calculation using GOST P 54993 gives underrated energy efficiency classes. This can lead to interdiction of export for certain light sources and luminaires, can discredit Russian domestic manufacturer light sources and does not correspond to the rules of the World Trade Organization (WTO).

DEVELOPMENT TRENDS AND PROSPECTS OF ECONOMIC AND TRADE COOPERATION BETWEEN CHINA AND UKRAINE

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 (6) ◽  
pp. 3-12
Author(s):  
Zhang DONGYANG ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Free Trade ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Cooperation ◽  
Free Trade Zone ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Economic Downturn ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Association Agreement ◽  
The Eu

The status and prospects of development of trade and economic relations between Ukraine and China are considered. It is proved that bilateral cooperation in the trade and economic sphere has made significant progress. In 2012–2017, China was the second largest trading partner of Ukraine after Russia. However, the problem of imbalance in imports and exports between Ukraine and China has not yet been resolved. In addition, the scale and number of projects in which Ukraine attracts Chinese investment is much less than investments from European countries and the United States. It is justified that trade and economic cooperation between Ukraine and China is at a new historical stage. On the one hand, Ukraine signed the Association Agreement with the European Union, and on January 1, 2016, the rules of the free trade zone between Ukraine and the EU entered into force. This helps to accelerate the integration of Ukrainian economy into European one. On the other hand, the global economic downturn requires the introduction of innovations in the model of cooperation. The Chinese initiative “One belt is one way” is one of the variants of the innovation model of cooperation. Its significance is to unite the Asia-Pacific region with the EU in order to join the Eurasian Economic Union, create a new space and opportunities for development and achieve prosperity with the Eurasian countries. All this forms unprecedented opportunities for development of bilateral economic and trade relations. It seems that to fully open the potential of Ukrainian economy and expand bilateral trade and economic cooperation, it is necessary to take into account such proposals as the establishment of the Sino-Ukrainian industrial park, the promotion of cooperation in the field of electronic commerce, the formation of the Sino-Ukrainian free trade zone and enhanced interaction within multilateral mechanisms (for example, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization and the interaction of China and the countries of Central and Eastern Europe in the 16 + 1 format).

The Central Asian Economies in the Twenty-First Century

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Pomfret
Keyword(s):  
Migrant Workers ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
The United States ◽  
Kyrgyz Republic ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
Asian Economies ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
External Powers

This book analyzes the Central Asian economies of Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan, from their buffeting by the commodity boom of the early 2000s to its collapse in 2014. The book examines the countries' relations with external powers and the possibilities for development offered by infrastructure projects as well as rail links between China and Europe. The transition of these nations from centrally planned to market-based economic systems was essentially complete by the early 2000s, when the region experienced a massive increase in world prices for energy and mineral exports. This raised incomes in the main oil and gas exporters, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan; brought more benefits to the most populous country, Uzbekistan; and left the poorest countries, the Kyrgyz Republic and Tajikistan, dependent on remittances from migrant workers in oil-rich Russia and Kazakhstan. The book considers the enhanced role of the Central Asian nations in the global economy and their varied ties to China, the European Union, Russia, and the United States. With improved infrastructure and connectivity between China and Europe (reflected in regular rail freight services since 2011 and China's announcement of its Belt and Road Initiative in 2013), relaxation of UN sanctions against Iran in 2016, and the change in Uzbekistan's presidency in late 2016, a window of opportunity appears to have opened for Central Asian countries to achieve more sustainable economic futures.

Russian Federation and the United States of America: geostrategic directions to manage the Ukrainian crisis

2019 ◽  
pp. 123
Author(s):  
Attarid Awadh Abdulhameed
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
European Union ◽  
National Security ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
The United States ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Ukrainian Crisis ◽  
Zero Sum

Ukrainia Remains of huge importance to Russian Strategy because of its Strategic importance. For being a privileged Postion in new Eurasia, without its existence there would be no logical resons for eastward Expansion by European Powers.  As well as in Connection with the progress of Ukrainian is no less important for the USA (VSD, NDI, CIA, or pentagon) and the European Union with all organs, and this is announced by John Kerry. There has always ben Russian Fear and Fear of any move by NATO or USA in the area that it poses a threat to  Russians national Security and its independent role and in funence  on its forces especially the Navy Forces. There for, the Crisis manyement was not Zero sum game, there are gains and offset losses, but Russia does not accept this and want a Zero Sun game because the USA. And European exteance is a Foot hold in Regin Which Russian sees as a threat to its national security and want to monopolize control in the strategic Qirim.

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