scholarly journals Trends in Health-Based Drinking Water Violations for Total Coliform Bacteria in the United States

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Sharma ◽  
A. Lyon-Colbert
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
The United States ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Total Coliform Bacteria

scholarly journals Household stored water quality in an intermittent water supply network in Panama

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 298-308
Author(s):  
Carlos I. Gonzalez ◽  
John Erickson ◽  
Karina A. Chavarría ◽  
Kara L. Nelson ◽  
Amador Goodridge
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Drinking Water Supply ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Total Coliform Bacteria

Abstract Safe water storage is critical to preserve water quality, especially when intermittent piped drinking water supply creates a need for household storage. This study characterized household storage practices and stored water quality in 94 households (N = 94) among four peri-urban neighborhoods in Arraiján, Panama with varying degrees of supply intermittency. We found that 18 (19.1%) households stored drinking water in unsafe containers. Forty-four (47%) samples of household stored drinking water had residual chlorine levels <0.2 mg/L. While 33 (35.1%) samples were positive for total coliform bacteria, only 23 (24.4%) had >10 most probable number (MPN)/100 mL total coliform bacteria. Eight (44%) samples were positive for Escherichia coli, whereas only one (1.3%) sample from the safe containers was positive. Twenty-nine (30.9%) samples had >500 MPN/mL heterotrophic plate count bacteria. These findings suggest that longer supply interruptions were associated with longer storage times and lower chlorine residual, which were associated with higher concentrations of indicator bacteria. This is one of the first studies in the Central-American region to show an association between the lack of turnover (replacement with fresh water) and greater contamination during household water storage. Thus, when drinking water supply is not completely continuous and household storage is required, decreasing the time between supply periods can facilitate safer water storage. Public awareness and education are also recommended to increase hygiene practices during water collection and storage.

scholarly journals Evaluation of X-GAL-MUG Test for the Detection of Total Coliform Bacteria and Escherichia coli in Drinking Water.

1996 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 63-67
Author(s):  
Hiroshi NAKAYAMA ◽  
Kazumi HORIKAWA ◽  
Takeshi USHIO ◽  
Tastuoki MASTUNAGA ◽  
Masatoshi YAIRI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Total Coliform Bacteria

scholarly journals Assessment of microbial contamination of drinking water with total coliform bacteria and Escherichia coli in the Bitola region

2019 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 23-32
Author(s):  
Marta Nedelkova ◽  
Angela Delova ◽  
Tanja Petreska Ivanovska ◽  
Zoran Zhivikj ◽  
Lidija Petrushevska-Tozi
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Quality And Safety ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Total Coliform Bacteria

The aim of this paper is to analyze the presence of Escherichia coli (E. coli) and total coliform bacteria (CB) in the drinking water of urban and rural areas of the Bitola region, as indicators for water quality and safety. All water in urban area is chlorinated, while at the same time the water in rural areas is non-chlorinated. The samples were analyzed according to the international standard method of membrane filtration MKC EN ISO 9308-1:2015. In all examined samples of drinking water in urban area, presence of E. coli and CB was not detected as a result of the disinfection of the water. On contrary, in all tested samples of the water from the rural water supply, presence of E. coli and CB was confirmed. Significant increase in coliform bacterial counts probably weather-related was found in the period from April to September. In addition, in the third quarter including July, August, and September, in many measurements, E. coli as an indicator of faecal contamination was identified in drinking water. In accordance with these findings and in order to provide safe drinking water, it is necessary to modernize the water supply for the population in rural areas, to disinfect permanently the drinking water and to apply regular laboratory controls which are a basic pre-condition. Otherwise, inappropriate management of the water systems can cause serious decrease in the quality and safety of the drinking water associated with an increased risk of appearance of the infectious diseases in people and hydric epidemic. Key words: drinking water, Escherichia coli, coliform bacteria, membrane filtration

scholarly journals Comparative Analysis of Water Quality Disparities in the United States in Relation to Heavy Metals and Biological Contaminants

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 967
Author(s):  
Kaleh Karim ◽  
Sujata Guha ◽  
Ryan Beni
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
The United States ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Water Contaminants ◽  
Biological Contaminants ◽  
Household Incomes

Drinking water quality can be compromised by heavy metals, such as copper and lead. If consumed raw, water can pose a health burden to the general population. In this study, the roles of heavy metals and biological contaminants have been explored in determining the quality of drinking water available to consumers of various socioeconomic backgrounds in the United States. In an effort to gain an understanding of possible social disparities in drinking water, a quantitative analysis was conducted to examine whether vulnerable populations are disproportionately impacted by drinking water contaminants. Our data indicated that states with middle-average household incomes were statistically more susceptible to higher levels of lead in drinking water. The states with higher-average household incomes demonstrated lower copper levels compared to those with lower incomes, although a direct correlation was not present. No statistical significance was observed in the total coliform and turbidity levels in correlation to the average household incomes. In general, more violations in water quality were prevalent in middle-income states when compared to the states with lower-average household incomes.

Pengaruh Suhu Penyimpanan terhadap Organoleptik, Derajat Keasaman dan Pertumbuhan Bakteri Coliform pada Susu Pasteurisasi

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agustina Arianita Cahyaningtyas ◽  
Wiwik Pudjiastuti ◽  
Ilham Ramdhan
Keyword(s):  
Storage Temperature ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Pasteurized Milk ◽  
Initial Analysis ◽  
Total Plate Count ◽  
Plate Count Method ◽  
Pathogenic Microbes ◽  
Total Coliform Bacteria

One attempt to reduce the number of pathogenic microbes in milk is through the pasteurization process. This research aims to determine the effect of storage temperature on the organoleptic, acidity (pH) and growth of coliform bacteria in pasteurized milk. Pasteurized milk is stored at the varies of temperature  4°C (observed for 14 days), 10°C-15°C (observed for 14 days) and 25°C-27°C (observed for 22 hours), as well as also conducted an initial analysis pasteurized milk. The parameters were observed among other organoleptic (smell, taste, color, texture), pH and total coliform bacteria. Testing acidity using pH paper, while the growth of coliform bacteria testing done using Total Plate Count method based on ISO 2897 in 2008. The results of this study indicate that storage at 4°C for 14 days, organoleptic pasteurized milk is still good until the day ke- 8, pH progressively decreases, and the growth of coliform bacteria obtained the highest score of 3100x101 CFU / ml. Storage at 10°C-15°C for 14 days, organoleptic pasteurized milk is still good until the 6th day, the pH progressively decreases, and the growth of coliform bacteria obtained the highest score of 5729x101 CFU / ml. Storage at 25°C-27°C for 22 days, organoleptic pasteurized milk is still good until the 9th, pH progressively decreases, and the growth of coliform bacteria obtained the highest score of 4.3 x106 CFU / ml.ABSTRAKSalah satu usaha untuk mengurangi jumlah mikroba patogen pada susu adalah melalui proses pasteurisasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh suhu penyimpanan terhadap organoleptik, derajat keasaman (pH) dan pertumbuhan bakteri Coliform pada susu pasteurisasi. Susu pasteurisasi disimpan pada suhu yang bervariasi yaitu suhu 4°C (diamati selama 14 hari), suhu 10°C-15°C (diamati selama 14 hari) dan suhu 25°C-27°C (diamati selama 22 jam), serta dilakukan pula analisa awal susu pasteurisasi. Parameter yang diamati antara lain organoleptik (bau, rasa, warna, tekstur), pH dan jumlah bakteri Coliform. Pengujian derajat keasaman menggunakan kertas pH, sedangkan pengujian pertumbuhan bakteri Coliform dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode Total Plate Count berdasarkan SNI 2897 Tahun 2008. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa penyimpanan pada suhu 4°C selama 14 hari, organoleptik susu pasteurisasi masih baik sampai dengan hari ke-8, pH semakin lama semakin menurun, dan pertumbuhan bakteri Coliform didapatkan nilai tertinggi sebesar 3100x101 Cfu/ml. Penyimpanan pada suhu 10°C-15°C selama 14 hari, organoleptik susu pasteurisasi masih baik sampai hari ke-6, pH semakin lama semakin menurun, dan pertumbuhan bakteri Coliform didapatkan nilai tertinggi sebesar 5729x101 Cfu/ml. Penyimpanan pada suhu 25°C-27°C selama 22 hari, organoleptik susu pasteurisasi masih baik sampai jam ke-9, pH semakin lama semakin menurun, dan pertumbuhan bakteri Coliform didapatkan nilai tertinggi sebesar 4,3 x106 Cfu/ml.Kata kunci : bakteri coliform, derajat keasaman, suhu penyimpanan, organoleptik, susu pasteurisasi

The Empire of Disgust

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Sexual Orientation ◽  
Change Point ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
The United States ◽  
Political Life ◽  
Swimming Pools ◽  
Economic Class ◽  
Group Resistance

All known societies exclude and stigmatize one or more minority groups. Frequently these exclusions are underwritten with a rhetoric of disgust: people of a certain group, it is alleged, are filthy, hyper-animal, or not fit to share such facilities as drinking water, food, and public swimming pools with the ‘clean’ and ‘fully human’ majority. But exclusions vary in their scope and also in the specific disgust-ideologies underlying them. In this volume, interdisciplinary scholars from the United States and India present a detailed comparative study of the varieties of prejudice and stigma that pervade contemporary social and political life: prejudice along the axes of caste, race, gender, age, sexual orientation, transgender, disability, religion, and economic class. In examining these forms of stigma and their intersections, the authors present theoretically pluralistic and empirically sensitive accounts that both explain group-based stigma and suggest ways forward. These forward-looking remedies, including group resistance to subordination as well as institutional and legal change, point the way towards a public culture that is informed by our diverse histories of discrimination and therefore equipped to eliminate stigma in all of its multifaceted forms.

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