Pneumococcal disease and vaccination: recent changes to the schedule

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 118-120
Author(s):  
Helen Sisson
Keyword(s):  
Pneumococcal Disease ◽  
Pneumococcal Vaccination ◽  
Invasive Disease ◽  
Vaccination Schedule ◽  
Recent Change ◽  
Immunisation Schedule ◽  
Significant Drop ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Fundamental Part ◽  
The Uk

Vaccination against pneumococcal disease has led to a significant drop in cases in the UK. Helen Sisson provides an overview of recent changes to the vaccination schedule Vaccination to protect against infectious diseases is a fundamental part of the practice nurse's role. The immunisation schedule in the UK frequently changes and this emphasises the need for nurses to remain familiar with what the changes are, and why they have occurred. The most recent change to the pneumococcal vaccination schedule at the start of this year provides an opportunity to reflect on the significance of infection with Streptococcus pneumoniae, which can cause non-invasive or invasive disease. The introduction of routine vaccination against pneumococcal disease for children has led to a significant drop in invasive disease in the population as a whole.

scholarly journals Pneumococcal disease: emergence of serotypes 19A and 7F following conjugate pneumococcal vaccination in a Mexican hospital

2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (06) ◽  
pp. 516-520 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enrique Chacon-Cruz ◽  
Yazbeck Velazco-Mendez ◽  
Samuel Navarro-Alvarez ◽  
Rosa Maria Rivas-Landeros ◽  
Maria Luisa Volker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pneumococcal Disease ◽  
Pneumococcal Vaccination ◽  
Pleural Empyema ◽  
Invasive Disease ◽  
Vaccination Schedule ◽  
Disease Emergence ◽  
Northern Border ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Serotype Identification ◽  
Heptavalent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine

Introduction: Mexico  was  the  first  country  to  initiate  massive  vaccination  with   heptavalent  pneumococcal  conjugate  vaccine  (PCV-7)  in  children.  There  is  no  information  regarding  pneumococcal  invasive  disease  (PID)  in  children  before  and  after  implementation  of  PCV-7  in  Mexico  or elsewhere  in  Latin America. Methodology: During  October  2005 to September  2010, active  surveillance  for  pediatric  PID  was  initiated  at  Tijuana  General  Hospital. Only culture-confirmed cases from sterile  fluids  were  included in the study.  Serotype identification was also performed.  Results: Twenty-eight pediatric PID cases were confirmed. Streptococcus pneumoniae was the main  cause  of  pleural  empyema  (n = 13). It was also the  second most common cause  of  confirmed  bacterial  meningitis  (n = 10),  followed  by  Neisseria  meningitidis (n = ?),  and  the  only  cause  of  otomastoiditis  with  bacterial  isolation  (n = 5).  Vaccine-associated  serotypes  decreased  from  54%  before  PCV-7  introduction  to  the  vaccination  schedule,  to  only  5.6%  after  PCV-7  implementation. Serotypes  19A  and  7F  (47%  and  33%  respectively)  were  predominant  following  PCV-7  vaccination. Conclusions: Serotype  substitution  in  PID  is  present  in the  northern  border  of  Mexico  following  PCV-7  vaccination  in  children.

scholarly journals Epidemiology of pneumococcal infections in hospitalised adult patients in Lebanon with a highlight on non-invasive disease

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (02.1) ◽  
pp. 20S
Author(s):  
Rima Moghnieh ◽  
Lyn Awad ◽  
Dania Abdallah ◽  
Rahil Sleiman ◽  
Tamima Jisr ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hospital Mortality ◽  
Pneumococcal Disease ◽  
Clinical Success ◽  
Pneumococcal Vaccination ◽  
Invasive Disease ◽  
Vaccine Uptake ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Pneumococcal Infections ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Wide Range

Introduction: Streptococcus pneumoniae causes a wide range of infections classified as invasive and non-invasive pneumococcal disease (non-IPD). Methodology: We retrospectively reviewed over a decade the clinical course and outcome of 103 adult subjects infected with S. pneumoniae. Results: The majority of the subjects (92%) were eligible for pneumococcal vaccination, however none were vaccinated. Most of the infective strains caused non-IPD (64%), with CAP being the leading primary infection (49%). Clinical success was achieved in 71% of the cases and microbiological success in 94% of the cases with available documented follow-up cultures. Yet, 19% of the subjects developed superinfections caused by extensive-drug resistant bacteria with the predominance of ventilator-associated pneumonia (13%). Total in-hospital mortality reached 27% and S. pneumoniae infection attributed mortality was 20%. Using multivariate logistic regression, kidney disease and septic shock were independent risk factors for mortality [Odd’s Ratio (OR) = 14.96 (2.34–95.45), p = 0.004; OR = 5.09 (1.33–19.51), p = 0.02, respectively]. On comparing outcome between subjects with IPD and those with non-IPD, death attributed to S. pneumoniae infection was found to be significantly higher in subjects with IPD (23%, p = 0.023). Nevertheless, clinical success and total in-hospital mortality rates were not statistically different between the two groups (p = 0.056, p = 0.174, respectively). Conclusion: S. pneumoniae remains a pathogen causing considerable mortality. In adults, non-IPD should be considered of comparable importance as IPD. Increasing pneumococcal vaccine awareness at the healthcare professional and patient levels is essential for increasing vaccine uptake, thus decreasing the incidence, severity and sequelea of pneumococcal disease.

Serotype incidence and antibiotic susceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae causing invasive disease in Scotland, 1999–2002

2005 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 327-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
B C Denham ◽  
S C Clarke
Keyword(s):  
Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Pneumococcal Disease ◽  
Invasive Disease ◽  
Reference Laboratory ◽  
Conjugate Vaccines ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Susceptibility Patterns

Pneumococcal disease remains an important cause of invasive and non-invasive disease in Scotland and elsewhere. The Scottish Meningococcus and Pneumococcus Reference Laboratory receives isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae from diagnostic laboratories around Scotland. Here, the serogroups/types and antibiotic-susceptibility patterns of invasive isolates received between 1999 and 2002 are described. There were a total of 1741 invasive isolates received, the most common serogroups/types being 14 (19.8 %), 9 (10.2 %), 6 (8.3 %), 19 (7.9 %), 23 (7.9 %), 4 (6.5 %), 8 (6.4 %), 3 (5.7 %), 1 (3.8 %), 7 (3.8 %) and 18 (3.4 %). Importantly, serotypes 7 and 8 are not represented in the 7-, 9- and 11-valent pneumococcal conjugate polysaccharide vaccines. There were 67 (3.8 %) isolates considered penicillin non-susceptible, although no penicillin resistance (MIC ⩾ 0.002 mg ml−1) was recorded. One hundred and ninety-four (11.1 %) isolates, predominantly of serotype 14, were resistant to erythromycin, and 12 (0.7 %) were resistant to ciprofloxacin. This information provides an important dataset that will prove essential prior to and during the implementation of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines in the UK.

scholarly journals Non-invasive pneumococcal disease and antimicrobial resistance: vaccine implications

2002 ◽  
Vol 128 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. H. KYAW ◽  
S. CLARKE ◽  
I. G. JONES ◽  
H. CAMPBELL
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Clinical Isolate ◽  
Invasive Pneumococcal Disease ◽  
Pneumococcal Disease ◽  
Laboratory Data ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Invasive Disease ◽  
Polysaccharide Vaccine ◽  
Conjugate Vaccines ◽  
Non Invasive

We reviewed laboratory data on non-invasive pneumococcal isolates reported from all diagnostic laboratories in Scotland during the period 1988–99. Of 4491 isolates from hospitalized patients, 654 (64·7%) were from sputum, 79 (7·8%) from the nasopharynx and 278 (27·5%) from other superficial sites. The serogroups included in the 23-valent polysaccharide vaccine caused 96–9% of all non-invasive disease in all age groups. The 7-, 9-, and 11-valent conjugated vaccine serogroups were responsible for 87–94%, 85–93%, 74–81% and 75–84% of non-invasive disease respectively in age groups <2 years, [les ]5 years, [ges ]65 years and all ages. The coverage of non-susceptible penicillin and erythromycin non-invasive isolates was >99% and >95% with the 23-valent polysaccharide and 7–11-valent conjugate vaccines respectively. The eight most common serogroups were 23, 9, 6, 19, 14, 3, 15 and 11 (in descending order). The serogroups associated with antimicrobial resistance in non-invasive disease were similar to those found in invasive disease. The finding of a similar serogroup distribution in both invasive and non-invasive disease (regardless of the site of clinical isolate), is consistent with serogroups colonizing non-sterile sites and having the potential to invade. The availability of conjugated vaccines reinforces the importance of systematic surveillance to determine accurately and regularly the coverage of pneumococcal serogroups and types causing both invasive and non-invasive disease.

scholarly journals Effect of childhood pneumococcal conjugate vaccination on invasive disease in older adults of 10 European countries: implications for adult vaccination

Thorax ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 74 (5) ◽  
pp. 473-482 ◽  
Author(s):  
Germaine Hanquet ◽  
Pavla Krizova ◽  
Palle Valentiner-Branth ◽  
Shamez N Ladhani ◽  
J Pekka Nuorti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Pneumococcal Disease ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Pneumococcal Vaccination ◽  
Invasive Disease ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Childhood Vaccination ◽  
Rate Ratios

BackgroundPneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) have the potential to prevent pneumococcal disease through direct and indirect protection. This multicentre European study estimated the indirect effects of 5-year childhood PCV10 and/or PCV13 programmes on invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in older adults across 13 sites in 10 European countries, to support decision-making on pneumococcal vaccination policies.MethodsFor each site we calculated IPD incidence rate ratios (IRR) in people aged ≥65 years by serotype for each PCV10/13 year (2011–2015) compared with 2009 (pre-PCV10/13). We calculated pooled IRR and 95% CI using random-effects meta-analysis and PCV10/13 effect as (1 − IRR)*100.ResultsAfter five PCV10/13 years, the incidence of IPD caused by all types, PCV7 and additional PCV13 serotypes declined 9% (95% CI −4% to 19%), 77% (95% CI 67% to 84%) and 38% (95% CI 19% to 53%), respectively, while the incidence of non-PCV13 serotypes increased 63% (95% CI 39% to 91%). The incidence of serotypes included in PCV13 and not in PCV10 decreased 37% (95% CI 22% to 50%) in six PCV13 sites and increased by 50% (95% CI −8% to 146%) in the four sites using PCV10 (alone or with PCV13). In 2015, PCV13 serotypes represented 20–29% and 32–53% of IPD cases in PCV13 and PCV10 sites, respectively.ConclusionOverall IPD incidence in older adults decreased moderately after five childhood PCV10/13 years in 13 European sites. Large declines in PCV10/13 serotype IPD, due to the indirect effect of childhood vaccination, were countered by increases in non-PCV13 IPD, but these declines varied according to the childhood vaccine used. Decision-making on pneumococcal vaccination for older adults must consider the indirect effects of childhood PCV programmes. Sustained monitoring of IPD epidemiology is imperative.

scholarly journals Socio-economic demands and challenges for non-invasive disease diagnosis through a portable breathalyzer by the incorporation of 2D nanosheets and SMO nanocomposites

RSC Advances ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (35) ◽  
pp. 21216-21234
Author(s):  
Ramji Kalidoss ◽  
Radhakrishnan Kothalam ◽  
A. Manikandan ◽  
Saravana Kumar Jaganathan ◽  
Anish Khan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breath Analysis ◽  
Disease Diagnosis ◽  
Invasive Disease ◽  
Research Community ◽  
Clinical Diagnostics ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Technological Developments ◽  
2D Nanosheets

Breath analysis for non-invasive clinical diagnostics and treatment progression has penetrated the research community owing to the technological developments in novel sensing nanomaterials.

“Talk in Tamil!” – Does Sri Lankan Tamil onward migration from Europe influence Tamil language maintenance in the UK?

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (269) ◽  
pp. 123-149
Author(s):  
Lavanya Sankaran
Keyword(s):  
Heritage Language ◽  
Language Maintenance ◽  
Recent Change ◽  
Sri Lankan ◽  
Mobility Patterns ◽  
European Languages ◽  
Onward Migration ◽  
Migratory Patterns ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Uk

Abstract This article uses the “communicative repertoire” conceptual framework to investigate the evolving linguistic practices in the Sri Lankan Tamil (SLT) diaspora, looking specifically at how changing mobility patterns have had an influence on heritage language use. Drawing on fieldwork undertaken with 42 participants of diverse migration trajectories in London, the study finds that onward migration has important implications for Tamil language maintenance and use in the UK, and for the introduction of European languages into the community. It argues that Tamil practices can only be fully understood if we consider them within the context of participants' communicative repertoires. Further, the definition of Tamil needs to be expanded to include different varieties, registers and styles that have been shaped by onward migration. As the trend of multiple migrations is becoming increasingly common in globalization processes, studying the recent change in SLT migratory patterns is also crucial to gaining insight into the diversities and transnational links that exist within and across diaspora communities respectively.

scholarly journals Invasive pneumococcal disease: epidemiology in children and adults prior to implementation of the conjugate vaccine in the Oxfordshire region, England

2008 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 480-487 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dona Foster ◽  
Kyle Knox ◽  
A. S. Walker ◽  
D. T. Griffiths ◽  
Hazel Moore ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Pneumococcal Disease ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Polysaccharide Vaccine ◽  
Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine ◽  
Matched Case ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Matched Case Control Study ◽  
Control Study

A 10-year invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) enhanced surveillance project in the Oxfordshire region of the UK between 1996 and 2005 identified a total of 2691 Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates from all ages that provided a comprehensive description of pneumococcal epidemiology. All isolates were serotyped and those from children under 5 years of age were genotyped and a matched case–control study using adults hospitalized between 1995 and 2000 was performed to estimate the effectiveness of the pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in the local population. Fifty-one serotypes were isolated, with different age distributions. The overall incidence of IPD was 9.2 cases per 100 000 population per annum [95 % confidence interval (CI), 8.6–9.9] and that of meningitis was 0.7 per 100 000 population per annum (95 % CI 0.5–0.9). After adjusting for age, serotype 1 was found to be less likely to be associated with meningitis versus other IPD, compared with the most common serotype 14, whereas serotype 12F was more likely to cause meningitis than other IPD. There were significant temporal changes in IPD incidence of four serotypes, with decreases in serotypes 1, 12F and 14 and increases in serotype 8. A possible novel variant (from serotype 6A to 6B) was found using multilocus sequence typing analysis. From the matched case–control study of adults, the pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine effectiveness was estimated to be 43 % (2–68 %), which did not change significantly after adjustment for pre-existing co-morbidities. The data provide a baseline against which the impact of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine introduced in the UK in 2006 could be measured.

scholarly journals Coeliac disease and invasive pneumococcal disease: a population-based cohort study

2017 ◽  
Vol 145 (6) ◽  
pp. 1203-1209 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. RÖCKERT TJERNBERG ◽  
J. BONNEDAHL ◽  
M. INGHAMMAR ◽  
A. EGESTEN ◽  
G. KAHLMETER ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Coeliac Disease ◽  
Invasive Pneumococcal Disease ◽  
Pneumococcal Disease ◽  
Cox Regression ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Pneumococcal Vaccination ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Severe Infections

SUMMARYSevere infections are recognized complications of coeliac disease (CD). In the present study we aimed to examine whether individuals with CD are at increased risk of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD). To do so, we performed a population-based cohort study including 29 012 individuals with biopsy-proven CD identified through biopsy reports from all pathology departments in Sweden. Each individual with CD was matched with up to five controls (n = 144 257). IPD events were identified through regional and national microbiological databases, including the National Surveillance System for Infectious Diseases. We used Cox regression analyses to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) for diagnosed IPD. A total of 207 individuals had a record of IPD whereas 45/29 012 had CD (0·15%) and 162/144 257 were controls (0·11%). This corresponded to a 46% increased risk for IPD [HR 1·46, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1·05–2·03]. The risk estimate was similar after adjustment for socioeconomic status, educational level and comorbidities, but then failed to attain statistical significance (adjusted HR 1·40, 95% CI 0·99–1·97). Nonetheless, our study shows a trend towards an increased risk for IPD in CD patients. The findings support results seen in earlier research and taking that into consideration individuals with CD may be considered for pneumococcal vaccination.

Abstract 2853: The Prevalence of Ion Channel Disorders in Victims of Sudden Adult Death Syndrome

Circulation ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 116 (suppl_16) ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnes C Chlebinska ◽  
Sandeep Basavarajaiah ◽  
Ann O’Sullivan ◽  
Sanjay Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Ion Channel ◽  
Stress Testing ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Provocation Test ◽  
Exercise Stress ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Scan ◽  
Cardiac Evaluation ◽  
The Uk

Objectives: Sudden adult death syndrome (SADS) accounts for at least 4% of all sudden cardiac deaths in the United Kingdom and is often attributed to an ion channel disorder. The precise prevalence of and hence efficacy of effectiveness for screening for ion channel disorders utilising non-invasive cardiac tests in first degree relatives of victims of SADS is unknown. The aim of this study was to identify the prevalence of ion channel disorders in victims of SADS. Methods: Between March 2006 and March 2007, 17 families of victims of SADS were evaluated in a tertiary inherited cardiac clinic. A total of 46 individuals underwent 12-lead ECG, echocardiography, exercise stress testing, 24 hour Holter and, when applicable, an Ajmaline provocation test and/or cardiac magnetic resonance scan. Results: All family members had a structurally normal heart. An ion channel disorder was identified in 7 out of 17 (41%) families. Of these, 5 (71%) families exhibited the Brugada phenotype and 2 families manifested the long QT syndrome phenotype. A total of 11 of 46 (24%) asymptomatic family members were identified with an ion channel disorder. Conclusions: Non-invasive cardiac evaluation of first-degree family members of victims of SADS in a tertiary inherited cardiac diseases clinic suggests that ion channel disorders, particularly Brugada’s syndrome, account for at least 40% of all SADS deaths in the UK.

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