Determination of aflatoxin M1 levels in raw milk samples in Gilan, Iran

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 151-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Laleh rokhi ◽  
R. Kazemi Darsanaki ◽  
M. Mohammadi ◽  
M. Hassani Kolavani ◽  
Kh. Issazadeh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Raw Milk ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Milk Samples

A survey on the occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in raw milk samples in Bafq and Bahabad, Iran

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vahid Safavizadeh ◽  
Mozhgan Mojkar
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Parasiticus ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
National Standard ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Elisa Method ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
The City

Aflatoxins are a group of mycotoxins mostly produced by the fungi called Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus parasiticus, and Aspergillus nomium. Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is the major metabolite of aflatoxin B1 and is a hepatotoxic and carcinogenic toxin. The aim of this study was to determine the level of contamination of cow's milk with aflatoxin M1 in Bafq and Bahabad. For this study, samples of raw cow's milk were collected randomly from milk collection centers around the city of Bafq and Bahabad from March to April. The determination of aflatoxin M1 levels was based on the ELISA method. Contamination was observed in 100% of milk samples. According to the results of the study, the rate of contamination with aflatoxin M1 in 43.3% of milk samples was above the acceptable level (50 ng/L) in Iranian national standard. It is concluded that further monitoring of milk production should be carried out in the spring and winter seasons.

scholarly journals Determination of Aflatoxin M1 in Raw Milk Using an HPLC-FL Method in Comparison with Commercial ELISA Kits—Application in Raw Milk Samples from Various Regions of Greece

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 46
Author(s):  
Martha Maggira ◽  
Maria Ioannidou ◽  
Ioannis Sakaridis ◽  
Georgios Samouris
Keyword(s):  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Reference Method ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Fluorescence Detector ◽  
Elisa Kit ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Of Greece

The highly toxic Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is most often detected in milk using an Enzyme-Linked-Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) for screening purposes, while High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Fluorescence Detector (HPLC-FL) is the reference method used for confirmation. The aim of the present study was the comparison between three commercially available ELISA kits and a newly developed HPLC-FL method for the determination of the AFM1 in milk samples. The developed HPLC-FL method was validated for the AFM1 and Aflatoxin M2 (AFM2), determining the accuracy, precision, linearity, decision limit, and detection capability with fairly good results. All three ELISA kits were also validated and showed equally good performance with high recovery rates. Moreover, the Limit Of Detection (LOD) and Limit Of Quantification (LOQ) values were found to be significantly lower than the Maximum Residue Limit (MRL) (50 ng kg−1). After the evaluation of all three commercial kits, the ELISA kit with the optimum performance along with the HPLC method was used for the determination of AFM1 in raw cow’s, goat’s, and sheep’s milk samples (396) obtained from producers in different regions of Greece. The evaluation of both methods showed that this ELISA kit could be considered as a faster and equally reliable alternative method to HPLC in routine analysis for the determination of AFM1 in milk.

scholarly journals Reduction of Aflatoxin M1 Levels during Ethiopian Traditional Fermented Milk (Ergo) Production

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tsige Shigute ◽  
Alemayehu P. Washe
Keyword(s):  
Incubation Time ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Fermented Milk ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Significant Difference

In this study, the reduction of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) levels during lab-scale ergo production was investigated through determination of the residual levels of AFM1 using Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay. The results showed gradual and incubation time dependent reduction of AFM1 level in the raw milk samples being fermented to ergo. The maximum reductions of 57.33 and 54.04% were recorded in AFM1 in natural and LAB inoculums initiated fermentations, respectively, in 5 days of incubation. Although a significant difference (P=0.05) in the AFM1 decrease in the two types of fermentations was recorded, such findings could vary with milk samples depending on initial load of the microorganisms as determined by hygienic conditions. However, the level of AFM1 in control (sterilized) samples showed only a 5.5% decrease during the entire period of incubation. Microbiological investigation showed increasing LAB counts with incubation time. A gradual decrease in pH of the milk samples was observed during fermentation. Considering the fact that both viable and dead bacterial cells could remove AFM1 during ergo production, the mechanism is proposed as predominantly involving noncovalent binding of the toxin with the chemical components of the bacterial cell wall.

scholarly journals Results of one-year investigations of the contamination of dairy cattle feed and raw milk with moulds and mycotoxins

2011 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 985-992
Author(s):  
M. Skrinjar ◽  
D. Jakic-Dimic ◽  
N. Blagojev ◽  
V. Soso
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Standard Method ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Cattle Feed ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
One Year ◽  
Feed Samples

The contamination of 98 dairy cattle feed samples with moulds and mycotoxins (AB1, OTA, ZEA) was investigated. The contamination of 80 raw milk samples with aflatoxin M1 was also tested. Determination of total viable counts per 1g of feed was performed using Koch's standard method. The content of AB1, OTA and ZEA in feed, as well as aflatoxin M1 in raw milk samples, was determined by VICAM fluorimetric method. Results showed that 91% of all tested samples was contaminated with moulds, and total viable mould count per gram ranged from 10 (corn silage - spring) to 4.9 x 106 per gram (dried alfalfa - winter). The isolated moulds belong to 20 genera and 72 species. Results of mycotoxicological investigations showed that 42 samples of total 98 tested, were contaminated with mycotoxins. The most frequent was OTA (24 samples, 20.00 - 210.00 ?g/kg) followed with ZEA (12 samples, 250.00 - 980.00 ?g/kg) and AB1 (3 samples, traces - 18.50 ?g/kg). Aflatoxin M1 in raw milk samples wasn?t found.

Determination of Aflatoxin M1 in Raw Milk by the ELISA Method in the Una-Sana Canton

2020 ◽  
pp. 260-267
Author(s):  
Huska Jukić ◽  
Samira Dedić ◽  
Miloš Rodić ◽  
Zlatko Jusufhodžić ◽  
Dinko Demirović
Keyword(s):  
Raw Milk ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Elisa Method

scholarly journals Simultaneous Determination of C18 Fatty Acids in Milk by GC-MS

Separations ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 118
Author(s):  
Meiqing Chen ◽  
Yangdong Zhang ◽  
Fengen Wang ◽  
Nan Zheng ◽  
Jiaqi Wang
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Uht Milk ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Accuracy And Precision ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Chromatographic Resolution ◽  
Commercial Milk

The determination of C18 fatty acids (FAs) is a key and difficult aspect in FA profiling, and a qualified method with good chromatographic separation and high sensitivity, as well as easy methylation, is required. A GC-MS method was established to simultaneously determine C18 FAs in milk. To simplify the methylation protocol for milk samples, besides a base-catalyzation methylation (50 °C for 20 min), the necessity of an additional acid-catalyzation was also studied using different temperatures (60 °C, 70 °C, 80 °C, and 90 °C) and durations (90 min and 150 min). The results showed that the chromatographic resolution was improved, although three co-eluted peaks existed. The base-catalyzation was sufficient, and an additional acid-catalyzation was not necessary. The proposed method was validated with good sensitivity, linearity, accuracy, and precision, and then applied in determining C18 FAs in 20 raw milk and 30 commercial milk samples. UHT milk presented a different profile of C18 FAs from raw milk and PAS milk samples, which indicated that excessive heating could change the profile. Overall, the proposed method is a high-throughput and competent approach for the determination of C18 FAs in milk, and which presents an improvement in chromatographic resolution and sensitivity, as well as a simplification of methylation.

scholarly journals The Occurrence of Aflatoxin M1 in Milk, soft cheese and yoghurt in Baghdad Province by Using ELISA Test

2014 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 9-16
Author(s):  
Najim Hadi Najim
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Products ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Elisa Test ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Contamination Level ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
White Cheese ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Milk And Dairy Products

     Milk and dairy products are fundamental components in the human diet and may be the principle way for entrance of Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in to the human body. All milk and dairy products samples were tested for the occurrence of AFM1 by the competitive ELISA technique. Out of 32 bovine raw milk samples that were collected from eight villages around Baghdad province, 32 samples (100 %) were contaminated with AFM1 ranging from 0.15 to 86.96ng/kg with mean value of 42.37±26.07 ng/kg, of which 17 samples were contaminated with concentrations < 50 ng/kg and 15 samples exceeded the maximum acceptable level of AFM1 in milk (50 ng/kg) imposed by the European legislation. The raw milk samples belonged to animals fed with composite and stored fodder as in Althahab Alabiadh, Radhwaniya and Fadhaliya villages had higher significantly AFM1 concentrations over all the other five villages (Grazing feed). All 32 (100%) locally produced soft white cheese samples analyzed were contaminated with AFM1 ranging from 31.84 to 89.44 ng/kg with the mean value of 59.92±17.03 ng/kg. Out of 32 locally produced yoghurt samples analyzed, 32 samples (100%) were contaminated with AFM1 ranging from 0.16 to 42.74 ng/kg with the mean value of 16.92±11.55 ng/kg. Thirty samples (100%) of the examined 30 imported UHT milk samples that were collected from different commercial companies in the province of Baghdad presented significantly  high contamination level with AFM1 that were found to range from 0.18 to 85.66 ng/kg.

Determination of Viable Bacterial Populations in Raw Milk within 20 Minutes by Using a Direct Epifluorescent Filter Technique

1997 ◽  
Vol 60 (7) ◽  
pp. 874-876 ◽  
Author(s):  
CLAUDE P. CHAMPAGNE ◽  
NANCY J. GARDNER ◽  
JULIE FONTAINE ◽  
JACQUES RICHARD
Keyword(s):  
Raw Milk ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Bacterial Populations ◽  
Filter Technique ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Standard Plate ◽  
Plate Counts ◽  
Direct Epifluorescent Filter Technique ◽  
Triton X

The results from a shortened procedure for the direct epifluorescent filter technique (DEFT) determination of viable bacterial populations in raw milk were compared to standard plate counts. Shortening the prefiltration trypsin-Triton X-100 incubation period from 10 to 3 min enabled the completion of the analysis within 20 min. The short DEFT method results had a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.81 with plate counts. With respect to precision, the average difference between values of duplicate plate count analyses was 0.16 log units; that of the short DEFT was 0.14 log units. The slopes of the regressions equations were less than 1, indicating that a direct correlation is not achieved. Short DEFT values were 0.17 log units higher than those of plate counts on milk samples containing less than 10,000 CFU/ml. For milk samples containing counts over 10,000 CFU/ml, short DEFT values averaged only 0.05 log units above plate count readings. Daily preparation of the stain appears unnecessary since acridine orange solutions stored for up to 2 days at 4°C did not produce results significantly (P &gt; 0.05) different from those obtained with fresh solutions. The short DEFT method has potential for the assessment of the bacteriological quality of raw milk in tanker deliveries.

scholarly journals Determination of Four Fluoroquinolones in Milk by Liquid Chromatography

1997 ◽  
Vol 80 (5) ◽  
pp. 982-987 ◽  
Author(s):  
José E Roybal ◽  
Allen P Pfenning ◽  
Sherri B Turnipseed ◽  
Calvin C Walker ◽  
Jeffrey A Hurlbut
Keyword(s):  
Fluorescence Detection ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Extraction Column ◽  
Isocratic Elution ◽  
Standard Curve ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Relative Standard ◽  
Liquid Chromatographic

Abstract A liquid chromatographic (LC) method with fluorescence detection is presented for the analysis of 4 fluoroquinolones; enrofloxacin (ENRO), ciprofloxacin (CIPRO), sarafloxacin (SARA), and difloxacin (DIFLX) in milk. The procedure consists of extraction of milk with acidified ethanol, isolation and retention on a cation exchange solid-phase extraction column, elution with basic methanol, and LC analysis with fluorescence detection. LC analysis is performed by isocratic elution using an acetonitrile-2% acetic acid (15 + 85) mobile phase and an Inertsil phenyl column with fluorescence detection at excitation and emission wavelengths of 278 and 450 nm, respectively. A target level of 10 ppb for each of the 4 fluoroquinolones has been established for this method. Average recovery from fortified raw milk samples (5-100 ppb each) based on a 5-point standard curve calculation was 70-90%, with relative standard deviations of &lt;15%.

scholarly journals Occurrence and Seasonal Variations of Aflatoxin M1 in Milk from Punjab, Pakistan

Toxins ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 574 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naveed Akbar ◽  
Muhammad Nasir ◽  
Naureen Naeem ◽  
Mansur-ud-Din Ahmad ◽  
Sanaullah Iqbal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
The United States ◽  
Northern Region ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Eastern Region ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
The Us ◽  
Maximum Residue Limits ◽  
Elisa Technique

The manifestation of aflatoxins in feed and food is a major issue in the world as its presence leads to some health problems. This study investigates the incidence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) contamination in raw milk samples which were collected from Punjab, Pakistan. The Cluster Random Sampling technique was used to collect 960 milk samples from five different regions, and samples were collected every month. The AFM1 level in raw milk was analyzed by the ELISA technique. The findings demonstrate that 70% of samples exceeded the United States permissible maximum residue limits (MRL 0.50 µg/L), with an overall AFM1 level that ranged from 0.3 to 1.0 µg/L. AFM1 contamination varied with the season: The highest average contamination was detected in winter (0.875 µg/L), followed by autumn (0.751 µg/L), spring (0.654 µg/L), and summer (0.455 µg/L). The Eastern region exhibited the highest average AFM1 contamination (0.705 µg/L). Milk samples from the Northern region were found to be widely contaminated, as 86.9% samples exceeded the US MRL, followed by the Eastern region, with 72.3% samples being contaminated with >0.5 µg/L AFM1. The study indicated that the raw milk supply chain was heavily contaminated. Recommendations and remedial measures need to be developed by regulatory authorities to improve the raw milk quality.

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