Plant Growth Regulatory Effects of Chicken Litter Extract

Transcription factors are key molecules in the regulation of gene expression in all organisms. The transcription factor LEAFY COTYLEDON 2 (LEC2), which belongs to the DNA-binding protein family, contains a B3 domain. The transcription factor is involved in the regulation of important plant biological processes such as embryogenesis, somatic embryo formation, seed storage protein synthesis, fatty acid metabolism, and other important biological processes. Recent studies have shown that LEC2 regulates the formation of lateral roots and influences the embryonic resetting of the parental vernalization state. The orthologs of LEC2 and their regulatory effects have also been identified in some crops; however, their regulatory mechanism requires further investigation. Here, we summarize the most recent findings concerning the effects of LEC2 on plant growth and seed development. In addition, we discuss the potential molecular mechanisms of the action of the LEC2 gene during plant development.

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Applications of Cytokinins in Horticultural Fruit Crops: Trends and Future Prospects

Biomolecules ◽

10.3390/biom10091222 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (9) ◽

pp. 1222

Author(s):

Adeyemi O. Aremu ◽

Olaniyi A. Fawole ◽

Nokwanda P. Makunga ◽

Nqobile A. Masondo ◽

Mack Moyo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Plant Growth ◽

Biological Effects ◽

Crop Improvement ◽

Fruit Production ◽

Fruit Crops ◽

In Planta ◽

Crop Species ◽

Genetic Mechanisms ◽

Regulatory Effects ◽

Postharvest Management

Cytokinins (CKs) are a chemically diverse class of plant growth regulators, exhibiting wide-ranging actions on plant growth and development, hence their exploitation in agriculture for crop improvement and management. Their coordinated regulatory effects and cross-talk interactions with other phytohormones and signaling networks are highly sophisticated, eliciting and controlling varied biological processes at the cellular to organismal levels. In this review, we briefly introduce the mode of action and general molecular biological effects of naturally occurring CKs before highlighting the great variability in the response of fruit crops to CK-based innovations. We present a comprehensive compilation of research linked to the application of CKs in non-model crop species in different phases of fruit production and management. By doing so, it is clear that the effects of CKs on fruit set, development, maturation, and ripening are not necessarily generic, even for cultivars within the same species, illustrating the magnitude of yet unknown intricate biochemical and genetic mechanisms regulating these processes in different fruit crops. Current approaches using genomic-to-metabolomic analysis are providing new insights into the in planta mechanisms of CKs, pinpointing the underlying CK-derived actions that may serve as potential targets for improving crop-specific traits and the development of new solutions for the preharvest and postharvest management of fruit crops. Where information is available, CK molecular biology is discussed in the context of its present and future implications in the applications of CKs to fruits of horticultural significance.

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Comparative analysis of the SPL gene family in five Rosaceae species: Fragaria vesca, Malus domestica, Prunus persica, Rubus occidentalis, and Pyrus pyrifolia

Open Life Sciences ◽

10.1515/biol-2021-0020 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. 160-171

Author(s):

Xuwen Jiang ◽

Peng Chen ◽

Xiaowen Zhang ◽

Qizhi Liu ◽

Heqin Li

Keyword(s):

Plant Growth ◽

Malus Domestica ◽

Posttranscriptional Regulation ◽

Prunus Persica ◽

Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽

Pyrus Pyrifolia ◽

Fragaria Vesca ◽

Rubus Occidentalis ◽

Squamosa Promoter Binding Protein ◽

Regulatory Effects

Abstract SQUAMOSA promoter-binding protein-like (SPL) transcription factors are very important for the plant growth and development. Here 15 RoSPLs were identified in Rubus occidentalis. The conserved domains and motifs, phylogenetic relationships, posttranscriptional regulation, and physiological function of the 92 SPL family genes in Fragaria vesca, Malus domestica, Prunus persica, R. occidentalis, and Pyrus pyrifolia were analyzed. Sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis showed the SPL proteins had sequence conservation, some FvSPLs could be lost or developed, and there was a closer relationship between M. domestica and P. pyrifolia, F. vesca and R. occidentalis, respectively. Genes with similar motifs clustering together in the same group had their functional redundancy. Based on the function of SPLs in Arabidopsis thaliana, these SPLs could be involved in vegetative transition from juvenile to adult, morphological change in the reproductive phase, anthocyanin biosynthesis, and defense stress. Forty-eight SPLs had complementary sequences of miR156, of which nine PrpSPLs in P. persica and eight RoSPLs in R. occidentalis as the potential targets of miR156 were reported for the first time, suggesting the conservative regulatory effects of miR156 and indicating the roles of miR156-SPL modules in plant growth, development, and defense response. It provides a basic understanding of SPLs in Rosaceae plants.

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Auxin and Cytokinin Interplay during Leaf Morphogenesis and Phyllotaxy

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants10081732 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (8) ◽

pp. 1732

Author(s):

Sajid Hussain ◽

Satyabrata Nanda ◽

Junhua Zhang ◽

Muhammad Ishaq Asif Rehmani ◽

Muhammad Suleman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Plant Growth ◽

Root Growth ◽

Plant Development ◽

Growth And Development ◽

Leaf Growth ◽

Tight Control ◽

Leaf Morphogenesis ◽

Developmental Processes ◽

Development And Differentiation ◽

Regulatory Effects

Auxins (IAA) and cytokinins (CKs) are the most influential phytohormones, having multifaceted roles in plants. They are key regulators of plant growth and developmental processes. Additionally, their interplay exerts tight control on plant development and differentiation. Although several reviews have been published detailing the auxin-cytokinin interplay in controlling root growth and differentiation, their roles in the shoot, particularly in leaf morphogenesis are largely unexplored. Recent reports have provided new insights on the roles of these two hormones and their interplay on leaf growth and development. In this review, we focus on the effect of auxins, CKs, and their interactions in regulating leaf morphogenesis. Additionally, the regulatory effects of the auxins and CKs interplay on the phyllotaxy of plants are discussed.

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Effects of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers on Marigold Growth and Flowering

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.45.9.1373 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 45 (9) ◽

pp. 1373-1377 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Guihong Bi ◽

William B. Evans ◽

James M. Spiers ◽

Anthony L. Witcher

Keyword(s):

Plant Growth ◽

Organic Fertilizer ◽

Growth Index ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Organic Fertilizers ◽

Tagetes Patula ◽

Fertilizer Rate ◽

Shoot Dry Weight ◽

Chicken Litter ◽

Fertilizer Rates

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the growth and flowering responses of greenhouse-grown French marigold (Tagetes patula L. ‘Janie Deep Orange’) to two non-composted broiler chicken litter-based organic fertilizers, 4-2-2 and 3-3-3, and one commonly used synthetic controlled-release fertilizer, 14-14-14. In both experiments, fertilizer 4-2-2 was applied at four rates of 1%, 2%, 4%, and 6% (by volume); 3-3-3 was applied at four rates of 1.34%, 2.67%, 5.34%, and 8.0% (by volume); and 14-14-14 was applied at rates of 0.99, 1.98, 3.96, and 5.94 kg·m−3. In general, substrate containing different rates and types of fertilizers had a pH within the recommended range of 5.0 to 6.5. Electrical conductivity (EC) was similar among substrates containing different rates of 14-14-14; however, EC increased with increasing fertilizer rate for substrates containing 4-2-2 and 3-3-3. Substrate EC within each treatment was generally higher earlier in the experiment. For the fertilizer rates used in these two experiments, increasing 14-14-14 fertilizer rate increased plant growth and flowering performance. However, low to intermediate rates of 4-2-2 and 3-3-3 in general produced the highest plant growth index, shoot dry weight, number of flowers per plant, total flower dry weight, and root rating. Plants grown at high rates of 4-2-2 and 3-3-3 showed symptoms associated with excessive fertilization. Plant tissue nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) concentrations increased linearly or quadratically with increasing fertilizer rates for all three fertilizers. In general, plants receiving 4-2-2 and 3-3-3 had higher concentrations of N, P, and K than plants receiving 14-14-14. Results from this study indicated that broiler litter-based 4-2-2 and 3-3-3 have the potential to be used as organic fertilizer sources for container production of marigolds in greenhouses. However, growers need to be cautious with the rate applied. Because different crops may respond differently to these natural fertilizers, it is important for growers to test any new fertilizers before incorporating them into their production practices.

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Chicken Litter Soil Amendment Effects on Soilborne Microbes and Meloidogyne incognita on Cotton

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis.2000.84.12.1275 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 84 (12) ◽

pp. 1275-1281 ◽

Cited By ~ 41

Author(s):

C. Riegel ◽

J. P. Noe

Keyword(s):

Plant Growth ◽

Meloidogyne Incognita ◽

Soil Amendment ◽

Field Soil ◽

Soil Organisms ◽

Population Densities ◽

Linear Relationships ◽

Chicken Litter ◽

Soil Bacterial ◽

Amended Soil

The effects of chicken litter incorporated 28, 14, and 0 days before planting on Meloidogyne incognita in cotton and soil organisms were determined in the greenhouse. Treatments consisted of field soil amended with litter at rates of 0, 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, and 1% by weight. At 45 and 90 days after planting, numbers of M. incognita decreased as rates of litter increased. Microbivorous nematode densities increased as litter rates increased only in the first experiment. Plant growth increased as litter rates increased, regardless of when the litter was incorporated, or the presence or absence of M. incognita. Bacterial and fungal CFU fluctuated during both experiments, but generally had positive linear relationships with litter rate. Population densities of M. incognita decreased with increasing bacterial and fungal counts in amended soil. Bacterial genera identified from the litter-amended soil included Arthrobacter, Bacillus, Cellulomonas, Mi-crococcus, Pseudomonas, and Rhodococcus.

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Mechanisms of ethylene biosynthesis and response in plants

Essays in Biochemistry ◽

10.1042/bse0580061 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 58 ◽

pp. 61-70 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Paul B. Larsen

Keyword(s):

Plant Growth ◽

Growth And Development ◽

Ethylene Biosynthesis ◽

Unsaturated Hydrocarbon ◽

Flower Senescence ◽

Detailed Knowledge ◽

Plant Growth And Development ◽

Step Process ◽

Ethylene Response ◽

Ethylene Signalling

Ethylene is the simplest unsaturated hydrocarbon, yet it has profound effects on plant growth and development, including many agriculturally important phenomena. Analysis of the mechanisms underlying ethylene biosynthesis and signalling have resulted in the elucidation of multistep mechanisms which at first glance appear simple, but in fact represent several levels of control to tightly regulate the level of production and response. Ethylene biosynthesis represents a two-step process that is regulated at both the transcriptional and post-translational levels, thus enabling plants to control the amount of ethylene produced with regard to promotion of responses such as climacteric flower senescence and fruit ripening. Ethylene production subsequently results in activation of the ethylene response, as ethylene accumulation will trigger the ethylene signalling pathway to activate ethylene-dependent transcription for promotion of the response and for resetting the pathway. A more detailed knowledge of the mechanisms underlying biosynthesis and the ethylene response will ultimately enable new approaches to be developed for control of the initiation and progression of ethylene-dependent developmental processes, many of which are of horticultural significance.

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The Role of Zinc in Thyroid Hormones Metabolism

International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research ◽

10.1024/0300-9831/a000262 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 89 (1-2) ◽

pp. 80-88 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Juliana Soares Severo ◽

Jennifer Beatriz Silva Morais ◽

Taynáh Emannuelle Coelho de Freitas ◽

Ana Letícia Pereira Andrade ◽

Mayara Monte Feitosa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Thyroid Hormones ◽

Scientific Evidence ◽

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽

Zinc Transporters ◽

Serum Concentrations ◽

Metabolic Adaptations ◽

Serum T3 ◽

Regulatory Effects ◽

Shed Light

Abstract. Thyroid hormones play an important role in body homeostasis by facilitating metabolism of lipids and glucose, regulating metabolic adaptations, responding to changes in energy intake, and controlling thermogenesis. Proper metabolism and action of these hormones requires the participation of various nutrients. Among them is zinc, whose interaction with thyroid hormones is complex. It is known to regulate both the synthesis and mechanism of action of these hormones. In the present review, we aim to shed light on the regulatory effects of zinc on thyroid hormones. Scientific evidence shows that zinc plays a key role in the metabolism of thyroid hormones, specifically by regulating deiodinases enzymes activity, thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) synthesis, as well as by modulating the structures of essential transcription factors involved in the synthesis of thyroid hormones. Serum concentrations of zinc also appear to influence the levels of serum T3, T4 and TSH. In addition, studies have shown that Zinc transporters (ZnTs) are present in the hypothalamus, pituitary and thyroid, but their functions remain unknown. Therefore, it is important to further investigate the roles of zinc in regulation of thyroid hormones metabolism, and their importance in the treatment of several diseases associated with thyroid gland dysfunction.

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Episodic whole plant growth patterns in Ligustrum

Physiologia Plantarum ◽

10.1034/j.1399-3054.1993.890106.x ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 89 (1) ◽

pp. 33-39 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jeff S. Kuehny ◽

Mary C. Halbrooks

Keyword(s):

Plant Growth ◽

Growth Patterns ◽

Whole Plant

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