scholarly journals Optimization of A Two-Step Method to Synthesize Azelaic Acid from Oleic Acid

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 1249-1256
Author(s):  
Z. Masyithah ◽  
A. Ginting
Keyword(s):  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Azelaic Acid ◽  
Catalyst Concentration ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Oxidative Cleavage ◽  
Tungstic Acid ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Step Method ◽  
Substrate Molar Ratio ◽  
Central Composite

The present study deals with the oxidative cleavage of oleic acid (OA) using hydrogen peroxide and tungstic acid as a catalyst to produce azelaic acid. A two-step method has been expanded for the optimization of a new route of azelaic acid synthesis with the addition of sodium hypochlorite as the co-oxidation. The Central Composite Design (CCD) and Response Surface Methodology (RSM) were performed to optimize the production of azelaic acid. The interaction effect among catalyst concentration, substrate molar ratio and temperature were done for optimization the conversion of oleic acid. Maximum oleic acid conversion of 99.11% was reached at substrate molar ratio of 4/1 (H2O2/OA), a catalyst concentration of 1.5% (w/wOA) and temperature of 70oC. The GC analysis shows that the yield of azelaic acid is 44.54% and pelargonic acid is 34.12%. These results indicate that the proposed process show a good strategy for the synthesis of azelaic acid from oxidative cleavage of oleic acid.

Sustainable Process for Production of Azelaic Acid Through Oxidative Cleavage of Oleic Acid

2015 ◽  
Vol 92 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 1701-1707 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincenzo Benessere ◽  
Maria E. Cucciolito ◽  
Augusta De Santis ◽  
Martino Di Serio ◽  
Roberto Esposito ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Azelaic Acid ◽  
Oxidative Cleavage

scholarly journals OPTIMIZATION OF TRANSESTERIFICATION OF TRA FAT WITH KOH/y Al2O3 CATALYST USING RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY

2009 ◽  
Vol 12 (13) ◽  
pp. 69-76
Author(s):  
Huong Thi Thanh Le ◽  
Tan Viet Le ◽  
Tan Minh Phan ◽  
Hoa Thi Viet Tran
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface Methodology ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Catalyst Concentration ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Result Show ◽  
Heterogenous Catalyst ◽  
Central Composite ◽  
Al2o3 Catalyst

In this study, biodiesel was produced from fat of tra catfish by methanolysis reaction with KOH/y-A12O3 heterogenous catalyst. This research was carried out using response surface methodology (RSM) based on four-variable central composite design (CCD) with a = 1,54671. The transesterification process variables and their investigated ranges were methanol/fat molar ratio (X1: 7/1 - 9/1), catalyst concentration (X2: 5%-7%), reaction time (X3: 60 min - 120 min), and reaction temperature (X4: 55 °C - 65 °C). The result show the biodiesel yield could be reach up to 92,8 % using the following optimized reaction condition: molar ratio of methanol/fat at 8,26/1, catalyst concentration of 5,79 %, reaction time of 96 min, and reaction temperature at 59,6 °C.

scholarly journals FOUR-FACTOR RESPONSE SURFACE OPTIMIZATION OF THE ENZYMATIC SYNTHESIS OF WAX ESTER FROM PALM KERNEL OIL

2010 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin Ryantin Gunawan ◽  
Dedy Suhendra
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface Methodology ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Wax Ester ◽  
Central Composite Rotatable Design ◽  
Palm Kernel Oil ◽  
Kernel Oil ◽  
Substrate Molar Ratio ◽  
Central Composite

The synthesis of wax ester using refined, bleached and deodorized (RBD) palm kernel oil (PKO) and oley alcohol catalyzed by Lipozyme IM was carried out. Response surface methodology (RSM) based on a five-level, four-factor central composite rotatable design (CCRD) was used to evaluate the interactive effects of synthesis, of reaction time (5-20 h), temperature (20-50 oC), amount of enzyme (0.1-0.2 g) and substrate molar ratio (palm kernel oil to oleyl alcohol, 1:1-1:5) on the percentage yield of wax esters. The optimum condition conditions derived via RSM were reaction time 8.46 h, temperature 44.4 oC, amount of enzyme 0.182 g, substrate molar ratio 1 to 3.7. The actual experimental yield was 92.9 % under optimum condition, which good accordance to the maximum predicted value of 92.4 %.   Keywords: response surface methodology, central composite rotatable design, palm kernel oil, lipozyme, alcoholysis, wax ester

WO3-Polypyrrole Nanocomposite as Catalyst in Azelaic Acid Synthesis from Oleic Acid

2012 ◽  
Vol 620 ◽  
pp. 147-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khadijeh Beigom Ghoreishi ◽  
Mohd Ambar Yarmo
Keyword(s):  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Tungsten Oxide ◽  
Azelaic Acid ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Catalyst System ◽  
Ozone Generator ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Free Medium ◽  
Major Reaction ◽  
Ft Ir

Catalytic oxidation of oleic acid with ozone gas by using ozone-generator and solvent free medium in the presence of WO3-Polypyrrole (ppy) nanocomposite was studied. Azelaic acid (AA) and pelargonic acids (PA) are the major reaction products, however the percentage of AA production is significantly higher than PA. Experimental results concluded that tungsten oxide and tungten oxide on polypyrrole are suitable catalysts in terms of their selectivity and activity. Reaction is done in two steps within 90 minute, showing the reasonable promotion in selectivity to AA by using WO3-ppy catalyst system compared to reaction with WO3as catalyst. WO3-ppy nanocomposite is prepared by sonication method and characterized by FT-IR, XRD, and FESEM analysis. The products of ozonolysis are identified by GC-FID and GC-MS for measuring selectivity and reactivity as well.

scholarly journals Optimized Biodiesel Preparation from Waste Cooking Oil as a Fuel for Unmodified Diesel Engines

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Parvesh Kumar ◽  
◽  
M. Ramprasad ◽  
Sidharth ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Catalyst Concentration ◽  
Waste Cooking Oil ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Design Expert ◽  
Cooking Oil ◽  
Parameter Values ◽  
Central Composite

The continuous fluctuation in the price of crude oil in the international market during the Covid-19 situation forced all the nation to work for self-sustainability in the energy sector. This pandemic condition also teaches all to utilize available sources effectively. So to deal with dual problems the optimized conversion of waste into an energy source is the most effective solution. In the present work waste cooking oil is converted into biodiesel and the production process is optimized using the response surface methodology technique. The central composite design approach of RSM is selected for optimization in the present work which provides a better result in limited experiments. The yield of waste cooking oil biodiesel is optimized through four parameters i.e. catalyst concentration, temp., time, and alcohol to oil molar ratio. The effect of all these parameters is analyzed exhaustively with the help of design expert software. The physicochemical properties of optimized WCOB are measured and the results are compared with petrodiesel fuel and normally prepared WCOB. It is found that the yield of WCOB is increased by more than 4% while prepared with optimized parameter values. The physicochemical properties of optimized WCOB were also found better as compared to normally prepared WCOB and comparable to petrodiesel. Hence it can be concluded that the optimization of biodiesel production not only improves the yield but also improves the quality of the biodiesel.

Statistical Optimization of Synthesis of β-Methylhydrogen Itaconate

2013 ◽  
Vol 312 ◽  
pp. 341-344
Author(s):  
Jing Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface Methodology ◽  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Benzoyl Chloride ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Temperature Reaction ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Optimum Reaction ◽  
Substrate Molar Ratio ◽  
Central Composite

β-Methylhydrogen itaconate was synthesized with itaconic acid and methyl alcohol and using benzoyl chloride as catalyst. The important variables (reaction temperature, reaction time and substrate mole ratio) were optimized by Box-Behnken central composite design under response surface methodology. The statistical analysis showed that the optimum reaction conditions (temperature 58.98 °C, time 0.5 h and substrate molar ratio 3.71) led to a maximum yield (99.2%).

PEMBUATAN SURFAKTAN DARI ASAM OLEAT

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 68
Author(s):  
Puguh Setyopratomo ◽  
Edy Purwanto ◽  
H. Yefrico ◽  
H. Yefrico
Keyword(s):  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Optimum Condition ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Catalyst Concentration ◽  
Acid Number ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
Number Density ◽  
Sample Analysis ◽  
Reaction Conversion ◽  
Glycerol Mono

The synthesis of glycerol mono oleic from oleic acid and glycerol is classified as an esterification reaction. This research is aimed to study the influent of reaction temperature and catalyst concentration on reaction conversion. During the experiment the temperature of reaction mixture was varied as 110 oC, 130 oC, and 150 oC, while the catalyst concentration of 1%, 3 %, and 5% was used. The batch experiment was conducted in a glass reactor equipped with termometer, agitator, and reflux condensor. The oleic acid – glycerol mol ratio of 1 : 2 was used as a mixture feed. To maintain the reaction temperature at certain level, the oil bath was used. After the temperature of reaction mixture was reached the expected value, then H2SO4 catalyst was added to the reactor.  To measure the extent of the reaction, every 30 minutes the sample was drawn out from the reactor vessel. The sample analysis include acid number, density, and viscosity measurement. From this research the optimum condition which is the temperature of reaction of 150 oC and 1% catalyst concentration was obtained. At this optimum condition the convertion reach 86% and the analysis of other physical properties of the product show the acid number of 24.12, the density of 0.922 g/cc, and the viscosity of 118.4 cp.

scholarly journals Synthesis and Characterization of Partially Renewable Oleic Acid-Based Ionomers for Proton Exchange Membranes

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 130
Author(s):  
Carlos Corona-García ◽  
Alejandro Onchi ◽  
Arlette A. Santiago ◽  
Araceli Martínez ◽  
Daniella Esperanza Pacheco-Catalán ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Proton Conductivity ◽  
Electrochemical Impedance ◽  
Proton Exchange Membranes ◽  
Proton Exchange ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Aromatic Diamines ◽  
Chemical Structures ◽  
Long Chain

The future availability of synthetic polymers is compromised due to the continuous depletion of fossil reserves; thus, the quest for sustainable and eco-friendly specialty polymers is of the utmost importance to ensure our lifestyle. In this regard, this study reports on the use of oleic acid as a renewable source to develop new ionomers intended for proton exchange membranes. Firstly, the cross-metathesis of oleic acid was conducted to yield a renewable and unsaturated long-chain aliphatic dicarboxylic acid, which was further subjected to polycondensation reactions with two aromatic diamines, 4,4′-(hexafluoroisopropylidene)bis(p-phenyleneoxy)dianiline and 4,4′-diamino-2,2′-stilbenedisulfonic acid, as comonomers for the synthesis of a series of partially renewable aromatic-aliphatic polyamides with an increasing degree of sulfonation (DS). The polymer chemical structures were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (1H, 13C, and 19F NMR) spectroscopy, which revealed that the DS was effectively tailored by adjusting the feed molar ratio of the diamines. Next, we performed a study involving the ion exchange capacity, the water uptake, and the proton conductivity in membranes prepared from these partially renewable long-chain polyamides, along with a thorough characterization of the thermomechanical and physical properties. The highest value of the proton conductivity determined by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was found to be 1.55 mS cm−1 at 30 °C after activation of the polymer membrane.

scholarly journals Lipozyme 435-Mediated Synthesis of Xylose Oleate in Methyl Ethyl Ketone

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (11) ◽  
pp. 3317
Author(s):  
Maria Carolina Pereira Gonçalves ◽  
Jéssica Cristina Amaral ◽  
Roberto Fernandez-Lafuente ◽  
Ruy de Sousa Junior ◽  
Paulo Waldir Tardioli
Keyword(s):  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Methyl Ethyl Ketone ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Methyl Ethyl ◽  
Sugar Ester ◽  
Molar Ratios ◽  
Emulsion Capacity ◽  
Ping Pong ◽  
Commercial Sugar ◽  
Repeated Use

In this paper, we have performed the Lipozyme 435-catalyzed synthesis of xylose oleate in methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) from xylose and oleic acid. The effects of substrates’ molar ratios, reaction temperature, reaction time on esterification rates, and Lipozyme 435 reuse were studied. Results showed that an excess of oleic acid (xylose: oleic acid molar ratio of 1:5) significantly favored the reaction, yielding 98% of xylose conversion and 31% oleic acid conversion after 24 h-reaction (mainly to xylose mono- and dioleate, as confirmed by mass spectrometry). The highest Lipozyme 435 activities occurred between 55 and 70 °C. The predicted Ping Pong Bi Bi kinetic model fitted very well to the experimental data and there was no evidence of inhibitions in the range assessed. The reaction product was purified and presented an emulsion capacity close to that of a commercial sugar ester detergent. Finally, the repeated use of Lipozyme 435 showed a reduction in the reaction yields (by 48 and 19% in the xylose and oleic acid conversions, respectively), after ten 12 h-cycles.

scholarly journals Green TPUs from Prepolymer Mixtures Designed by Controlling the Chemical Structure of Flexible Segments

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (14) ◽  
pp. 7438
Author(s):  
Paulina Kasprzyk ◽  
Ewa Głowińska ◽  
Paulina Parcheta-Szwindowska ◽  
Kamila Rohde ◽  
Janusz Datta
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Melt Flow Index ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Flow Index ◽  
Step Method ◽  
Elongation At Break ◽  
Molecular Weights ◽  
Trimethylene Glycol ◽  
Hard Segments ◽  
A Chain

This study concerns green thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPU) obtained by controlling the chemical structure of flexible segments. Two types of bio-based polyether polyols—poly(trimethylene glycol)s—with average molecular weights ca. 1000 and 2700 Da were used (PO3G1000 and PO3G2700, respectively). TPUs were prepared via a two-step method. Hard segments consisted of 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanates and the bio-based 1,4-butanodiol (used as a chain extender and used to control the [NCO]/[OH] molar ratio). The impacts of the structure of flexible segments, the amount of each type of prepolymer, and the [NCO]/[OH] molar ratio on the chemical structure and selected properties of the TPUs were verified. By regulating the number of flexible segments of a given type, different selected properties of TPU materials were obtained. Thermal analysis confirmed the high thermal stability of the prepared materials and revealed that TPUs based on a higher amount of prepolymer synthesized from PO3G2700 have a tendency for cold crystallization. An increase in the amount of PO3G1000 at the flexible segments caused an increase in the tensile strength and decrease in the elongation at break. Melt flow index results demonstrated that the increase in the amount of prepolymer based on PO3G1000 resulted in TPUs favorable in terms of machining.

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