Evaluation of High Application Rates of Chemical Conditioners

1994 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 753-757
Author(s):  
E. D. Lowe ◽  
D. R. Buckmaster
Keyword(s):  
Application Rates ◽  
High Application

scholarly journals Biotic, Edaphic, and Cultural Factors Associated with Strawberry Black Root Rot in New York

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 86-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine B. Wing ◽  
Marvin P. Pritts ◽  
Wayne F. Wilcox
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Field Survey ◽  
Cultural Factors ◽  
Black Root Rot ◽  
Fine Soil ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Root Health ◽  
High Application

Blackening and decay of roots in association with plant stunting are common in perennial strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa Duch.) plantings worldwide; this syndrome is commonly referred to as black root rot (BRR), although its causal agent(s) are not well characterized. We conducted a New York field survey that measured many physical and cultural factors in healthy and diseased fields to identify those most strongly associated with BRR. Factors significantly correlated with BRR symptoms were soil compaction, fine soil texture, absence of raised beds, high application rates of the herbicide terbacil, advanced age of planting, nonuse of the fungicide metalaxyl, and cumulative years of strawberry monoculture. Populations of Pratylenchus spp. were not associated with poor root health. The data suggest that most factors that compromise root growth may predispose strawberry plants to infection by site-specific BRR pathogens. Chemical names used: 3-tert-butyl-5-chloro-6-methyluracil (terbacil); N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-N-(methoxyacetyl) alanine methyl ester (metalaxyl).

scholarly journals GROWTH ENHANCEMENT OF PHOTINIA × FRASERI WITH FOLIAR APPLICATIONS OF GROWTH REGULATORS

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 1125b-1125
Author(s):  
Allen D. Owings ◽  
Steven E. Newman
Keyword(s):  
Growth Regulators ◽  
Growth Habit ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growth Enhancement ◽  
Lateral Branching ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Meristematic Region ◽  
One Year ◽  
High Application

The action of foliar-applied uniconazole, paclobutrazol, dikegulac-sodium, ancymidol, 6-BA, GA4+7, and 6-BA + GA4+7 On container–grown Photinia × fraseri was studied over a one year period. Vegetative growth habit was evaluated at three month intervals. Shoot dry weight and histological examination of stern anatomy in the apical meristematic region was conducted at experiment termination.Several plant growth regulators, primarily uniconazole, 6-BA, 6-BA + GA4+7, and dikegulac-sodium, stimulated lateral branching. Linear increases in lateral branching occurred as application rates increased. High application rates of uniconazole and paclobutrazol created an asymmetrical growth habit and decreased dry weight accumulation.

scholarly journals 474 High Application Rates of Reclaimed Water Benefit Citrus Growth and Production

HortScience ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 475E-476
Author(s):  
Larry R. Parsons ◽  
T. Adair Wheaton ◽  
William S. Castle
Keyword(s):  
Reclaimed Water ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Total Soluble Solids ◽  
Irrigation Rate ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Color Score ◽  
Cleopatra Mandarin ◽  
Swingle Citrumelo ◽  
High Application

Citrus trees in an experimental planting responded well to high application rates of reclaimed water. Irrigation treatments included annual applications of 400 mm of well water and 400, 1250, and 2500 mm of reclaimed water. The effects of these irrigation treatments on two citrus cultivars (`Hamlin' orange and `Orlando' tangelo) combined with four rootstocks were compared. Growth and fruit production were better at the higher irrigation rates. The concentration of soluble solids in juice was diluted at the highest irrigation rate, but total soluble solids per hectare increased due to the greater fruit production. Average soluble solids/ha production was >15% higher at the 2500-mm rate than the 400-mm reclaimed water rate. While fruit soluble solids were usually lowered by higher irrigation, the reduction in fruit soluble solids observed on three of the rootstocks did not occur in trees on Carrizo citrange. Trees on Cleopatra mandarin grew similarly at the different irrigation rates, but canopy volume of trees on Swingle citrumelo was significantly smaller at the 400 mm rate than at the 2500 mm rate. Fruit peel color score was lower but juice color score was higher at the highest irrigation rate. Weed pressure increased with increasing irrigation rate, but was controllable. Both juice and fruit soluble solids were higher on Swingle citrumelo and lower on Cleopatra mandarin rootstock. Total soluble solids/ha, solids/acid ratio, and juice color were higher on Swingle rootstock. Reclaimed water, once believed to be a disposal problem in Florida, can be an acceptable source of irrigation water for citrus on well drained soils at rates up to twice the annual rainfall.

scholarly journals Mortality Rate of House Flies (Diptera: Muscidae) Exposed to Insecticidal Granular Fly Baits Containing Indoxacarb, Dinotefuran, or Cyantraniliprole

2019 ◽  
Vol 112 (5) ◽  
pp. 2474-2481 ◽  
Author(s):  
Levi K Zahn ◽  
David L Cox ◽  
Alec C Gerry
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Management Program ◽  
House Fly ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Similar Amount ◽  
House Flies ◽  
Post Exposure ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
High Application

Abstract The mortality rate of a field population of house fly (Musca domestica L.) was determined for a granular fly bait containing the active ingredient indoxacarb, which was compared to two commercially available granular fly baits containing either dinotefuran or cyantraniliprole. Indoxacarb was applied at three different application rates 0.498, 0.986, and 1.972 g/m2 (low, medium, and high). Time to 50% mortality was fastest for dinotefuran (5.7 h) and slowest for the low application rate of indoxacarb (10.3 h). Time to 90% mortality was fastest for the high application rate of indoxacarb (27.7 h) and slowest for dinotefuran (51.0 h) and cyantraniliprole (45.9 h). Among the three indoxacarb application rates, the high rate reached both 50 and 90% fly mortality significantly faster than the low rate. The medium rate did not significantly differ from either the high or low application rates. Dinotefuran bait produced greater fly mortality than all other treatments at 30-min post-exposure, with mortality for remaining baits exceeding controls by 3- to 6-h post-exposure. All insecticidal baits produced similar fly mortality by 6-h post-exposure and >94% fly mortality by 96-h post-exposure, indicating that each may be effective in a fly management program. Flies consumed a similar amount of the indoxacarb (regardless of application rate) and dinotefuran baits, but consumed less of the cyantraniliprole bait, suggesting a feeding irritancy or toxicity effect manifested during consumption. Nevertheless, flies consumed enough cyantraniliprole bait to cause mortality similar to other baits by 6-h post-exposure.

Effects of some phenylamide herbicides and their degradation products on soil nitrification

1970 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. 567-571 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. T. Corke ◽  
F. R. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Degradation Products ◽  
Soil Nitrification ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Nitrification Process ◽  
Oxidation Of No ◽  
High Application

The effects on nitrification as studied by soil perfusion techniques of the herbicides 3′, 4′-dichloro-propionanilide (propanil), 3-(3, 4-dichlorophenyl)-1, 1-dimethylurea (diuron), 3-(3, 4-dichlorophenyl)-1-methoxy-1-methylurea (linuron), and the compounds 3-(3, 4-dichlorophenyl)-1-methylurea (DMU), 3, 4-dichlorophenylurea (DU), 3, 4-dichloroaniline (3, 4-DCA), and 3, 3′,4, 4′-tetrachloroazobenzene (TCAB) are reported. Propanil at a concentration of 100 μg/g of soil resulted in marked retardation of the nitrification process for about 2 months. High application rates of linuron, diuron, DU, and TCAB were required to inhibit nitrification. Among the degradation products, 3, 4-DCA inhibited the oxidation of NH4-N to NO2-N, but was inactive against the organisms oxidizing NO2-N to NO3-N. DMU inhibited the oxidation of NO2-N to NO3-N by Nitrobacter spp., resulting in accumulations of NO2-N in soil from NH4-N. Moreover, the presence of DMU could be detected within 1 month after application of either linuron or diuron to soil by the changes in normal nitrification patterns. The significance of antimicrobial activity of the herbicides and degradation products is discussed.

scholarly journals High Application Rates of Reclaimed Water Benefit Citrus Tree Growth and Fruit Production

HortScience ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 36 (7) ◽  
pp. 1273-1277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence R. Parsons ◽  
T. Adair Wheaton ◽  
William S. Castle
Keyword(s):  
Citrus Sinensis ◽  
Reclaimed Water ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Poncirus Trifoliata ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Irrigation Rate ◽  
Carrizo Citrange ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Color Score ◽  
High Application

Conversion of wastewater to reclaimed water for crop irrigation conserves water and is an effective way to handle a growing urban problem: the disposal of wastewater. Water Conserv II is a large reclaimed water project developed by Orlando and Orange County, Fla., that presently irrigates ≈1900 ha of citrus. The project includes a research component to evaluate the response of citrus to irrigation using reclaimed water. Citrus trees in an experimental planting responded well to very high application rates of reclaimed water. Irrigation treatments included annual applications of 400 mm of well water, and 400, 1250, and 2500 mm of reclaimed water. The 2500-mm rate is excessive, and since disposal was of interest, this rate was used to determine if citrus could tolerate such high rates of irrigation. The effects of these treatments were compared on `Hamlin' orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb.] and `Orlando' tangelo (C. paradisi Macf. × C. reticulata Blanco) combined with four rootstocks: Carrizo citrange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb. × Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.], Cleopatra mandarin (C. reticulata Blanco), sour orange (C. aurantium L.), and Swingle citrumelo (C. paradisi × P. trifoliata). Growth and fruit production were greatest at the highest irrigation rate. Concentration of soluble solids in the juice was usually lowered by the highest irrigation rate, but total soluble solids per hectare were 15.5% higher compared to the 400-mm rate, due to the greater fruit production. While fruit soluble solids were usually lowered by higher irrigation, the reduction in fruit soluble solids observed on three of the rootstocks did not occur in trees on Carrizo citrange. Fruit peel color score was lower but juice color score was higher at the highest irrigation rate. Crop efficiency (fruit production per unit of canopy volume) was usually lower at the 2500-mm rate and declined as trees grew older. Weed cover increased with increasing irrigation rate, but was controllable. Irrigation with high rates of reclaimed water provided a satisfactory disposal method for treated effluent, benefited growth and production of citrus, and eliminated the need for other sources of irrigation water. Reclaimed water, once believed to be a disposal problem in Florida, is now considered to be one way to meet irrigation demands.

Soluble and slow-release nitrogen fertilizer effects on grass forage, as influenced by rate and placement

1971 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 397-404 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. E. Allen ◽  
G. L. Terman ◽  
C. M. Hunt
Keyword(s):  
Slow Release ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Activity Index ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Urea Formaldehyde ◽  
N Recovery ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Coated Urea ◽  
High Application

SUMMARYSoluble ammonium nitrate (AN) and urea were compared with slow-release oxamide and sulphur-coated urea (SCU) as N sources for clipped annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) or common bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon) in four greenhouse experiments. Mixed and surface applications of a wide range of N rates were evaluated for 9 to 14 cuttings of grass forage. Both granular oxamide and SCU exhibited slow-release N properties, especially when surface-applied. Uptake distribution of N with high application rates of AN and urea tended to resemble that with the slow-release sources. Slow-release properties of oxamide and SCU were accentuated at high application rates. Lower N recovery from surface-applied urea than from AN indicated volatilization loss of urea N. Volatilization loss also occurred with oxamide, but low N recovery from oxamide and SCU resulted largely from incomplete dissolution of the granules during the 18- to 34-week experimental periods. Very low N recovery was obtained from urea formaldehyde having an activity index of 42.

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