Effects of some phenylamide herbicides and their degradation products on soil nitrification

1970 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. 567-571 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. T. Corke ◽  
F. R. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Degradation Products ◽  
Soil Nitrification ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Nitrification Process ◽  
Oxidation Of No ◽  
High Application

The effects on nitrification as studied by soil perfusion techniques of the herbicides 3′, 4′-dichloro-propionanilide (propanil), 3-(3, 4-dichlorophenyl)-1, 1-dimethylurea (diuron), 3-(3, 4-dichlorophenyl)-1-methoxy-1-methylurea (linuron), and the compounds 3-(3, 4-dichlorophenyl)-1-methylurea (DMU), 3, 4-dichlorophenylurea (DU), 3, 4-dichloroaniline (3, 4-DCA), and 3, 3′,4, 4′-tetrachloroazobenzene (TCAB) are reported. Propanil at a concentration of 100 μg/g of soil resulted in marked retardation of the nitrification process for about 2 months. High application rates of linuron, diuron, DU, and TCAB were required to inhibit nitrification. Among the degradation products, 3, 4-DCA inhibited the oxidation of NH4-N to NO2-N, but was inactive against the organisms oxidizing NO2-N to NO3-N. DMU inhibited the oxidation of NO2-N to NO3-N by Nitrobacter spp., resulting in accumulations of NO2-N in soil from NH4-N. Moreover, the presence of DMU could be detected within 1 month after application of either linuron or diuron to soil by the changes in normal nitrification patterns. The significance of antimicrobial activity of the herbicides and degradation products is discussed.

Evaluation of High Application Rates of Chemical Conditioners

1994 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 753-757
Author(s):  
E. D. Lowe ◽  
D. R. Buckmaster
Keyword(s):  
Application Rates ◽  
High Application

scholarly journals Biotic, Edaphic, and Cultural Factors Associated with Strawberry Black Root Rot in New York

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 86-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine B. Wing ◽  
Marvin P. Pritts ◽  
Wayne F. Wilcox
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Field Survey ◽  
Cultural Factors ◽  
Black Root Rot ◽  
Fine Soil ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Root Health ◽  
High Application

Blackening and decay of roots in association with plant stunting are common in perennial strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa Duch.) plantings worldwide; this syndrome is commonly referred to as black root rot (BRR), although its causal agent(s) are not well characterized. We conducted a New York field survey that measured many physical and cultural factors in healthy and diseased fields to identify those most strongly associated with BRR. Factors significantly correlated with BRR symptoms were soil compaction, fine soil texture, absence of raised beds, high application rates of the herbicide terbacil, advanced age of planting, nonuse of the fungicide metalaxyl, and cumulative years of strawberry monoculture. Populations of Pratylenchus spp. were not associated with poor root health. The data suggest that most factors that compromise root growth may predispose strawberry plants to infection by site-specific BRR pathogens. Chemical names used: 3-tert-butyl-5-chloro-6-methyluracil (terbacil); N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-N-(methoxyacetyl) alanine methyl ester (metalaxyl).

scholarly journals GROWTH ENHANCEMENT OF PHOTINIA × FRASERI WITH FOLIAR APPLICATIONS OF GROWTH REGULATORS

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 1125b-1125
Author(s):  
Allen D. Owings ◽  
Steven E. Newman
Keyword(s):  
Growth Regulators ◽  
Growth Habit ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growth Enhancement ◽  
Lateral Branching ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Meristematic Region ◽  
One Year ◽  
High Application

The action of foliar-applied uniconazole, paclobutrazol, dikegulac-sodium, ancymidol, 6-BA, GA4+7, and 6-BA + GA4+7 On container–grown Photinia × fraseri was studied over a one year period. Vegetative growth habit was evaluated at three month intervals. Shoot dry weight and histological examination of stern anatomy in the apical meristematic region was conducted at experiment termination.Several plant growth regulators, primarily uniconazole, 6-BA, 6-BA + GA4+7, and dikegulac-sodium, stimulated lateral branching. Linear increases in lateral branching occurred as application rates increased. High application rates of uniconazole and paclobutrazol created an asymmetrical growth habit and decreased dry weight accumulation.

scholarly journals 474 High Application Rates of Reclaimed Water Benefit Citrus Growth and Production

HortScience ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 475E-476
Author(s):  
Larry R. Parsons ◽  
T. Adair Wheaton ◽  
William S. Castle
Keyword(s):  
Reclaimed Water ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Total Soluble Solids ◽  
Irrigation Rate ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Color Score ◽  
Cleopatra Mandarin ◽  
Swingle Citrumelo ◽  
High Application

Citrus trees in an experimental planting responded well to high application rates of reclaimed water. Irrigation treatments included annual applications of 400 mm of well water and 400, 1250, and 2500 mm of reclaimed water. The effects of these irrigation treatments on two citrus cultivars (`Hamlin' orange and `Orlando' tangelo) combined with four rootstocks were compared. Growth and fruit production were better at the higher irrigation rates. The concentration of soluble solids in juice was diluted at the highest irrigation rate, but total soluble solids per hectare increased due to the greater fruit production. Average soluble solids/ha production was >15% higher at the 2500-mm rate than the 400-mm reclaimed water rate. While fruit soluble solids were usually lowered by higher irrigation, the reduction in fruit soluble solids observed on three of the rootstocks did not occur in trees on Carrizo citrange. Trees on Cleopatra mandarin grew similarly at the different irrigation rates, but canopy volume of trees on Swingle citrumelo was significantly smaller at the 400 mm rate than at the 2500 mm rate. Fruit peel color score was lower but juice color score was higher at the highest irrigation rate. Weed pressure increased with increasing irrigation rate, but was controllable. Both juice and fruit soluble solids were higher on Swingle citrumelo and lower on Cleopatra mandarin rootstock. Total soluble solids/ha, solids/acid ratio, and juice color were higher on Swingle rootstock. Reclaimed water, once believed to be a disposal problem in Florida, can be an acceptable source of irrigation water for citrus on well drained soils at rates up to twice the annual rainfall.

scholarly journals Mortality Rate of House Flies (Diptera: Muscidae) Exposed to Insecticidal Granular Fly Baits Containing Indoxacarb, Dinotefuran, or Cyantraniliprole

2019 ◽  
Vol 112 (5) ◽  
pp. 2474-2481 ◽  
Author(s):  
Levi K Zahn ◽  
David L Cox ◽  
Alec C Gerry
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Management Program ◽  
House Fly ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Similar Amount ◽  
House Flies ◽  
Post Exposure ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
High Application

Abstract The mortality rate of a field population of house fly (Musca domestica L.) was determined for a granular fly bait containing the active ingredient indoxacarb, which was compared to two commercially available granular fly baits containing either dinotefuran or cyantraniliprole. Indoxacarb was applied at three different application rates 0.498, 0.986, and 1.972 g/m2 (low, medium, and high). Time to 50% mortality was fastest for dinotefuran (5.7 h) and slowest for the low application rate of indoxacarb (10.3 h). Time to 90% mortality was fastest for the high application rate of indoxacarb (27.7 h) and slowest for dinotefuran (51.0 h) and cyantraniliprole (45.9 h). Among the three indoxacarb application rates, the high rate reached both 50 and 90% fly mortality significantly faster than the low rate. The medium rate did not significantly differ from either the high or low application rates. Dinotefuran bait produced greater fly mortality than all other treatments at 30-min post-exposure, with mortality for remaining baits exceeding controls by 3- to 6-h post-exposure. All insecticidal baits produced similar fly mortality by 6-h post-exposure and >94% fly mortality by 96-h post-exposure, indicating that each may be effective in a fly management program. Flies consumed a similar amount of the indoxacarb (regardless of application rate) and dinotefuran baits, but consumed less of the cyantraniliprole bait, suggesting a feeding irritancy or toxicity effect manifested during consumption. Nevertheless, flies consumed enough cyantraniliprole bait to cause mortality similar to other baits by 6-h post-exposure.

scholarly journals Soil Nitrification Potential Influences the Performance of Nitrification Inhibitors DCD and DMPP in Cropped and Non-Cropped Soils

Agronomy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 599
Author(s):  
Hussnain Mukhtar ◽  
Yu-Pin Lin
Keyword(s):  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Major Influence ◽  
Nitrification Inhibitors ◽  
Soil Nitrification ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Nitrification Potential ◽  
Edaphic Conditions ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Great Consideration

The application of nitrification inhibitors (NIs) shows promise in prolonging the ammonium presence in soil with beneficial effects for agriculture ecosystems and climate change mitigation. Although the inhibitory effect (IE) of NIs has been studied in the presence of various environmental and edaphic conditions, little is known about the effect of soil nitrification potential (NP) on the effectiveness of NIs. Here, laboratory-scale experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of the variation in soil NP rates, among land-use type and temperature, on the performance of two nitrification inhibitors, dicyandiamide (DCD) and 3,4-dimethypyrazole phosphate (DMPP), at four NI application rates imposed upon eight cropland and non-cropland soils. We found that the IE of DCD and DMPP were organized according to soil NP rates. Nevertheless, NP was lower in non-cropped soil than in cropped systems, and DMPP-based inhibition was higher than DCD. The IE of both NIs decreased with NP and the amount of NI required to achieve an IE ≈ 50%, was significantly reduced for soils that exhibited the lowest NP rates, especially for DMPP. However, the temperature did not appear to have a major influence on IE of both DCD and DMPP, demonstrating the potential of NIs to inhibit nitrification for a wider temperature range, dependent on the NI application rate. Our findings provide evidence that change in soil NP rate has important influences on the efficacy of NI which required great consideration for N-fertilizer optimization with the application of nitrification inhibitors.

scholarly journals Deposition and Transformation of Nitrogen after Soil Fumigation with Ethanedinitrile

HortScience ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 55 (12) ◽  
pp. 2023-2027
Author(s):  
Mary C. Stevens ◽  
Rui Yang ◽  
Joshua H. Freeman
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Degradation Products ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Soil Fumigation ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Plant Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
N Source ◽  
Nitrification Process ◽  
Inhibition Of Nitrification ◽  
Raised Bed

A novel methyl bromide alternative, ethanedinitrile (EDN), has been reported to be efficacious against soil-borne pathogens, weeds, and plant-parasitic nematodes. Degradation products of EDN include NH4+and NH3, but it is currently unknown at what quantities these degradation products are being released into the soil at a given use rate of EDN. To address this issue, field studies were performed using the raised-bed plasticulture system. Deposition of NH4+ and NO3− in top 0–15-, 15–30-, and 30–45-cm soils were evaluated 3 weeks after fumigation with EDN applied at 336, 448, and 560 kg·ha−1. Change of pH and transformation of NH4+ to NO3− in top 0–15- and 15–30-cm soils were tracked weekly after fumigation with EDN at 448 kg·ha−1 for 10 weeks. This study found that fumigation with EDN significantly increased soil pH of the top 0–15-cm soil and soil NH4+ in top 0–15- and 15–30-cm soils, but soil NO3− was unaffected. Nitrification process in top 0–15-cm soil was inhibited by fumigation with EDN for at least 7 weeks. These results indicate that N deposited by fumigation with EDN could be an important preplant N source for crop production, and the inhibition of nitrification could help mitigate nitrate leaching. This study provides helpful information for quantification of N deposited from fumigation with EDN.

scholarly journals Model Analytical Development for Physical, Chemical, and Biological Characterization ofMomordica charantiaVegetable Drug

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deysiane Oliveira Brandão ◽  
Geovani Pereira Guimarães ◽  
Ravely Lucena Santos ◽  
Fernando José de Lima Ramos Júnior ◽  
Karla Monik Alves da Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Analytical Methods ◽  
Degradation Products ◽  
Particle Surface ◽  
Momordica Charantia ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Semiarid Region ◽  
Particle Sizes ◽  
Particle Surface Area

Momordica charantiais a species cultivated throughout the world and widely used in folk medicine, and its medicinal benefits are well documented, especially its pharmacological properties, including antimicrobial activities. Analytical methods have been used to aid in the characterization of compounds derived from plant drug extracts and their products. This paper developed a methodological model to evaluate the integrity of the vegetable drugM. charantiain different particle sizes, using different analytical methods.M. charantiawas collected in the semiarid region of Paraíba, Brazil. The herbal medicine raw material derived from the leaves and fruits in different particle sizes was analyzed using thermoanalytical techniques as thermogravimetry (TG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA), pyrolysis coupled to gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (PYR-GC/MS), and nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), in addition to the determination of antimicrobial activity. The different particle surface area among the samples was differentiated by the techniques. DTA and TG were used for assessing thermal and kinetic parameters and PYR-GC/MS was used for degradation products chromatographic identification through the pyrograms. The infusions obtained from the fruit and leaves ofMomordica charantiapresented antimicrobial activity.

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