Effects of Moisture Content and Compaction Pressure on Bulk Density of Rye

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 491-494
Author(s):  
Jonathan Chiputula ◽  
Emmanuel Ajayi ◽  
Ray Bucklin ◽  
Ann R Blount
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Compaction Pressure ◽  
Applied Pressure ◽  
Grain Storage ◽  
List Type ◽  
Moisture Contents ◽  
Storage Structures ◽  
Square Box

HighlightsRye grain compaction was measured for three different moisture contents (8%, 12%, and 16% wet basis) at five different compaction pressures (7, 14, 34, and 55 kPa)Bulk densities were found to be statistically significantly dependent (p < 0.0001) on both the moisture content and applied pressure.Compacted bulk densities increased with increasing applied pressure for all moisture contents.Abstract. Bulk density of agricultural grains is needed to determine the quantity of grain in storage structures and to calculate grain pressures. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of moisture content and applied pressure on bulk density of rye grain at moisture contents and pressures typical of those seen in storage structures. Rye compaction was measured for three moisture contents (8%, 12%, and 16% wet basis) at four compaction pressures (7, 14, 34, and 55 kPa) using a square box (based on the design used by Thompson and Ross, 1983). Data from the compaction tests were used to calculate the bulk densities for the three moisture contents and four compaction pressures. The bulk densities were found to be significantly dependent (p <0.0001) both on moisture contents and the pressure applied. Bulk densities varied with increasing moisture content as has been observed in similar studies for rye and other agricultural grains such as wheat and soybeans. These results provide guidance for estimating bulk density of rye in bins and other storage structures. Keywords: Grain compaction, Grain storage, Kernel rearrangement, Kernel elasticity.

Effect of Moisture Content on Coefficients of Friction between Triticale and Galvanized Steel

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 599-602 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan P. Chiputula ◽  
Ray A. Bucklin ◽  
Ann R. Blount
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Galvanized Steel ◽  
Grain Storage ◽  
Moisture Contents ◽  
Effect Of Moisture ◽  
Storage Structures ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Storage Bins

Abstract. Grain physical properties such as coefficients of friction are required to design harvesting, cleaning, and handing equipment, and storage structures. The objective of this study was to measure coefficients of friction between triticale grain and galvanized steel at grain pressures and velocities typical of those seen when filling and emptying storage bins and hoppers. Coefficients of friction were measured using an apparatus consisting of a box with openings so that a galvanized steel blade could be pulled through a sample of grain. The forces required to pulling the blades through the grain were measured for three different moisture contents [8%, 12%, and 16% wet basis(wb)] and three different normal pressures (6.9, 10.3, and 13.8 kPa). The velocity of the blade being pulled through grain was kept constant at 50 mm/min for all pressures and moisture contents. Keywords: Grain bin, Grain pressure, Grain storage.Coefficients of friction were found to be statistically significantly dependent (p <0.0001) on moisture contents of triticale grain and were not statistically significantly influenced (p=0.149) by normal pressures. Coefficients of friction increased with increasing moisture content as has been observed in similar studies for grains including corn, wheat and soybeans. These results provide guidance for selecting physical properties for design of storage structures for triticale. Keywords: Grain bin, Grain pressure, Grain storage.

Microwave Nondestructive Sensing of Moisture Content and Water Activity of Almonds

2021 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 1373-1379
Author(s):  
Samir Trabelsi
Keyword(s):  
Dielectric Constant ◽  
Dielectric Properties ◽  
Dielectric Loss ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Water Activity ◽  
Free Space ◽  
Loss Factor ◽  
Dielectric Loss Factor ◽  
List Type

HighlightsMoisture and water activity were determined nondestructively and in real time from measurement of dielectric properties.Moisture and water activity calibration equations were established in terms of the dielectric properties.Situations in which bulk density was known or unknown were considered.SEC ranged from 0.41% to 0.68% for moisture and from 0.02 to 0.04 for water activity.Abstract. A method for rapid and nondestructive determination of moisture content and water activity of granular and particulate materials was developed. The method relies on measurement of the dielectric constant and dielectric loss factor at a single microwave frequency. For the purpose of illustration, the method was applied to predicting the moisture content and water activity of almond kernels. A free-space transmission technique was used for accurate measurement of the dielectric properties. Samples of Bute Padre almond kernels with moisture content ranging from 4.8% to 16.5%, wet basis (w.b.), and water activity ranging from 0.50 to 0.93 were loaded into a Styrofoam sample holder and placed between two horn-lens antennas connected to a vector network analyzer. The dielectric properties were calculated from measurement of the attenuation and phase shift at 8 GHz and 25°C. The dielectric properties increased linearly with moisture content, while they showed an exponential increase with water activity. Situations in which the bulk density was known and unknown were considered. Linear and exponential growth regressions provided equations correlating the dielectric properties with moisture content and water activity with coefficients of determination (r2) higher than 0.96. Analytical expressions of moisture content and water activity in terms of the dielectric properties measured at 8 GHz and 25°C are provided. The standard error of calibration (SEC) was calculated for each calibration equation. Results show that moisture content can be predicted with SECs ranging from 0.41% to 0.68% (w.b.) and water activity with SECs ranging from 0.02 to 0.04 for almond kernel samples with water activity ranging from 0.5 to 0.9 and moisture contents ranging from 4.8% to 16.5% (w.b.). Keywords: Bulk density, Dielectric constant, Dielectric loss factor, Free-space measurements, Loss tangent, Microwave frequencies, Moisture content, Water activity.

scholarly journals Draft Requirement of Two Animal - Drawn Institute for Agricultural Research (IAR) Weeders

2020 ◽  
pp. 14-20
Author(s):  
Y. A. Unguwanrimi ◽  
A. M. Sada ◽  
G. N. Ugama ◽  
H. S. Garuba ◽  
A. Ugoani
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Experimental Plot ◽  
Moisture Contents ◽  
Loam Soil

Draft requirements of two animal – drawn (IAR) weeders operating on loam soil were determined in the study. The implements include a straddle row weeder and an emcot attached rotary weeder evaluated under the same soil conditions, using a pair of white Fulani breed of oxen. The animal draft requirement was first estimated from the animal ergonomics measurements. Using area of 0.054 hectare as experimental plot for each implement the draft requirement of each implement was investigated after taking soil samples for soil moisture content and bulk density determinations. The implements tested showed variation in their average draft requirement. The straddle row weeder had the highest value of 338.15 N respectively while the emcot attached rotary weeder had the lowest value of 188.12 N with 47.03%, respectively. The average soil moisture contents and bulk density were 13.0% and 1.46%/cm3, respectively.

Optimization of lupine (Lupinus albus L.) composition, feed moisture content and barrel temperatures for best quality maize based extruded snack food

2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (5) ◽  
pp. 853-869 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammed Adem ◽  
Sadik J.A. ◽  
Admasu Worku ◽  
Satheesh Neela
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Water Solubility ◽  
Expansion Ratio ◽  
Absorption Index ◽  
Snack Food ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Moisture Contents ◽  
Feed Moisture

Purpose This paper aims to optimize feed moisture contents, barrel temperatures, blending ratios of maize and lupine for processing of protein-rich best quality extruded product using a twin-screw extruder. Design/methodology/approach A three-factor three-level response surface methodology by Box-Behnken Design was applied to evaluate the effect of selected processing conditions of blending ratios of lupine (10-20 per cent), barrel temperatures (120°C-150°C) and feed moisture content (14-18 per cent) on functional, nutritional and sensory characteristics of produced snack food. Findings The results of functional properties such as radial expansion ratio, bulk density, water absorption index, water solubility index observed as 0.71-1.2, 0.33-0.92 g/cc, 4.4-6.4 per cent and 10.2-15.1 per cent, respectively. The snack food showed the moisture 5.6-7.2 per cent, protein 8.1-18.1 per cent, fiber 1.6-2.7 per cent, ash 1.6-2.2 per cent and carbohydrate 64.8-81.4 per cent. The independent variables (lupine blending ratio, barrel temperature and feed moisture content) posed significant effects on expansion ration (p = 0.0030), bulk density (p = 0.0026), water absorption index (p = 0.0075) and water-solubility index (p = 0.0116). Higher blending ratio of lupine was increase in the bulk density and water solubility index, but decrease in expansion ratio and water absorption index of snack food. Higher feed moisture content was led to a reduction in expansion ratio and water-soluble index of snack food. Whereas, higher feed moisture contents was lead to rise in bulk density and water absorption index. Fiber (p = 0.0145), ash (p = 0.0343) and carbohydrate (p = 0.0001) contents were significantly depended on blending ratio. Blending of lupine 15.06 per cent, barrel temperature of 150 °C and feed moisture content of 14.0 per cent produced the snack food with desirability value of 72.8 per cent. Originality/value Protein malnutrition is one of the major problems in child development in under developed countries including Ethiopia. Maize is a top producer in the country but least appreciated for cost. Lupine is one of the undervalued produce consumed in Ethiopia after boiling. Still data on the utilization of maize and lupine in the extruded snack preparation was very limited. Optimization of moisture and barrel temperatures for this snack was not reported clearly yet.

Effects of Blending Dairy Manure Compost and Canola Meal on Pellet Quality and Nutrient Concentrations

2021 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 353-363
Author(s):  
Femi P. Alege ◽  
Gilbert J. Miito ◽  
Lisa W. DeVetter ◽  
Haiying Tao ◽  
Pius M. Ndegwa
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Dairy Manure ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Canola Meal ◽  
List Type ◽  
Nutrient Contents ◽  
Unit Density ◽  
And Storage

HighlightsNutrient contents and unit density were positively correlated with canola meal blending ratio.Pellet durability, bulk density, and length were inversely correlated with canola meal blending ratio.Pellets produced from compost and 20% canola meal blend were 67% denser than the compost.Pelleting dairy manure and canola meal blends improved nutrient transport and storage.Abstract. The potential for adverse environmental impacts from excess manure nutrients generated in regions with large concentrations of animal production is enormous and real. The goal of this research was to investigate ways of alleviating such threats via pelleting and blending of excess dairy manure nutrients to enhance their value, utilization, transport, and storage. In this study, composted dairy manure was blended with canola meal in ratios ranging from 0% to 40% canola meal prior to pelleting. The pre-pelleting moisture content was set at 21% (wet basis) and an 8 mm diameter die was selected for pelleting, based on previous studies. The effect of canola blending ratio was evaluated against moisture content, unit and bulk densities, recovery, durability, and nutrient concentrations (total nitrogen and phosphate) of the resulting pellets. Results indicated positive correlations between the blending ratio and pellet recovery (r = 0.83), moisture content (r = 0.75), unit density (r = 0.74), total nitrogen (r = 0.99), and phosphate (r = 0.87). In contrast, inverse correlations were observed between the blending ratio and pellet durability (r = -0.93), bulk density (r = -0.99), and length (r = -0.76). No significant differences were observed between the blending ratio and all these parameters for blending ratios of 0% to 15%. However, data indicated significant differences between pellet durability and recovery at blending ratios above 20%. Overall, this study showed that blending dairy manure with up to 15% canola meal significantly (p < 001) improved the nutrient value, storage, and transport. Keywords: Blending, Dairy manure, Durability, Environmental pollution, Pelleting.

scholarly journals Propagation probability and spread rates of self-sustained smouldering fires under controlled moisture content and bulk density conditions

2016 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 456 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nuria Prat-Guitart ◽  
Guillermo Rein ◽  
Rory M. Hadden ◽  
Claire M. Belcher ◽  
Jon M. Yearsley
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Infrared Camera ◽  
Fire Spread ◽  
Spread Rate ◽  
Critical Moisture Content ◽  
Moisture Contents ◽  
Milled Peat ◽  
Critical Moisture ◽  
Smouldering Combustion

The consumption of large areas of peat during wildfires is due to self-sustained smouldering fronts that can remain active for weeks. We studied the effect of peat moisture content and bulk density on the horizontal propagation of smouldering fire in laboratory-scale experiments. We used milled peat with moisture contents between 25 and 250% (mass of water per mass of dry peat) and bulk densities between 50 and 150 kg m–3. An infrared camera monitored ignition, spread and extinction of each smouldering combustion front. Peats with a bulk density below 75 kg m–3 and a moisture content below 150% self-sustained smouldering propagation for more than 12 cm. Peat with a bulk density of 150 kg m–3 could self-sustain smouldering propagation up to a critical moisture content of 115%. A linear model estimated that increasing both moisture content and bulk density significantly reduced the median fire spread rate (which ranged between 1 and 5 cm h–1). Moisture content had a stronger effect size on the spread rate than bulk density. However, the effect of bulk density on spread rate depends upon the moisture content, with the largest effect of bulk density at low moisture contents.

Modeling Cotton Module Builder and Loader to Enhance Biomass Testing

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 911-928
Author(s):  
Alvin. R Womac ◽  
Erin  E. Byers ◽  
Kimberly  G. Thomas ◽  
Boone   Hillenbrand ◽  
Andrew   Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Normal Stress ◽  
Dimensional Analysis ◽  
Biological Material ◽  
Physical Models ◽  
List Type ◽  
Normal Stresses ◽  
Seed Cotton ◽  
Commercial Unit

HighlightsPhysical models of module builder and module loader were developed to enhance biomass testing with reduced mass and volume of biomass.Models used dimensional analysis, Pi Terms, and engineering factors and emphasis on reduced module upsetting and disturbance.Some engineering terms such as tamping face pressure and velocity, and particle size were not scaled to reduce biological-material distortions.Switchgrass bulk density at 8% wet basis for prototype and model were 115 and 80 kg m-3, respectively.Abstract. The objective was to design and implement separate models of a first-generation cotton module builder and a module loader that facilitated tamping quasi-confined biomass and the minimal disturbances of modules during emptying from the builder and during loader operations including unloading. The 122-cm long model, compared to 978-cm long prototype, reduced the mass of module contents required for testing from 6188 to 44 kg, or by a factor of 141:1. The tamping process was emphasized with constant tamper pressure of 76.6 kPa applied to module contents for prototype and model. Consistent properties such as SG characteristic length were also held constant among module sizes to reduce the complications of introducing un-anticipated biological-material distortions. Similarities in design aspects beyond dimensional analysis were emphasized to reduce inadvertent module upset and disturbance. Hydraulics ensured uniform tamping and lifting. An efficient module box for the model resembled the prototype-scale commercial unit with z-shaped ribs and upward-tapered module sides. Seed cotton [8% moisture wet basis (w.b.)] bulk densities for prototype and model were 166 and 107 kg m-3, respectively. Bulk densities for switchgrass (8% w.b.) prototype and model were 115 and 81 kg m-3, respectively. Reduced bulk density of models was attributed to essentially no external confinement stresses being applied to modules at rest resulting in only self-imposed confinement stresses due to module content over-burden. However, unconfined modules may have a role in handling biomass for reduced distances. Also related to minimizing module upsetting, module loading emphasized the counter-motions of advancing the loader versus the conveyor motion in the opposite direction, all driven with an electric motor. Module stability during loading was attributed to a self-imposed normal stress of module weight acting downward onto a horizontal plane of the module. The fixed loading angle of 15° and material bulk properties were held constant between prototype and model. Dependent variable for the module loader was normal stress for module stability. Normal stresses resulting from seed cotton at 8% moisture content (wet basis) were 4.754 and 0.637 kPa, respectively. Normal stresses for chopped SG at 8% moisture content (wet basis) were 3.302 and 0.484 kPa, respectively. Biomass modules would not be as stable as cotton modules based on normal stress, and due to lack of intermeshing cotton fibers. Results of loading and unloading a dozen SG model modules resulted in one module failure due to upset, and that was attributed to a 2-layer fill versus 3-layer fill for that one module. Keywords:

scholarly journals Quality of second-crop corn according to the period between harvest and drying

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (11) ◽  
pp. 803-808
Author(s):  
José C. de Andrade ◽  
André L. D. Goneli ◽  
Cesar P. Hartmann Filho ◽  
Thalita M. S. de Azambuja ◽  
Valdenise C. Barboza
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Grain Quality ◽  
Moisture Contents ◽  
Temporary Storage ◽  
The One ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Corn Grains

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the quality of second-crop corn harvested with different moisture contents as a function of time before drying. The corn grains were harvested with moisture content of 28.5, 22.4, 21 and 19%, and submitted to a temporary storage for ten days, simulating the time between harvesting and drying. Quality was subsequently evaluated every two days, based on the commercial classification of the grains, sanity test and dry bulk density. The results showed that: the increase in moisture content at harvest affects the physical and sanitary quality of second-crop corn, and this effect is aggravated over time; the moisture content of 19% is the one that least affects grain quality during the ten days of temporary storage.

scholarly journals Determination of physical properties of crambe fruits during drying

2014 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 972-979 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas N. Gonçalves ◽  
Osvaldo Resende ◽  
Lílian M. Costa ◽  
Mariana C. Prado
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Initial Moisture Content ◽  
Volumetric Shrinkage ◽  
True Density ◽  
Design Data ◽  
Intergranular Porosity ◽  
Moisture Contents ◽  
Randomized Design

The Knowledge of the physical properties of agricultural products has great importance for the construction and operation of equipment for drying and storage, to achieve increased efficiency in post-harvest operations. The aim was to determine and analyze the physical properties of crambe fruits during drying at different temperatures. Crambe fruits with an initial moisture content of 0.36 (decimal d.b.) which was reduced by drying at 37.0; 58.8 and 83.5 ºC and relative humidity of 29.4; 11.2 and 3.2%, respectively, to 0.09 ± 1 (decimal d.b.). At different levels of moisture contents (0.36; 0.31; 0.26; 0.21; 0.17; 0.13 and 0.09 decimal d.b.), was evaluated the intergranular porosity, the bulk density, the true density as well as the volumetric shrinkage and the fruit mass. The study was installed by the factorial 3 x 7, and three drying temperatures and seven moisture contents in a randomized design. Data were analyzed using regression. The bulk density and the true density decreases along the drying process; the volumetric shrinkage and the mass increased with lower moisture content and the intergranular porosity decreased sharply with the increasing drying temperature.

Physical Properties of Finola® Hemp Seeds: Clean and Containing Dockages

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 1017-1026 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fuji Jian ◽  
Sam Yavari ◽  
Ramasamy Boopathy Narendran ◽  
Digvir S. Jayas
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Galvanized Steel ◽  
Angle Of Repose ◽  
True Density ◽  
Average Surface ◽  
Moisture Contents ◽  
Length Width ◽  
Average Surface Area

Abstract.Physical properties of hemp seeds (, L., cultivar Finola®) with 5%, 10%, and 15% foreign materials and dockages (FMD) at 9%, 12%, and 15% moisture contents (wet basis) were measured. The measured and determined physical properties include physical dimensions (length, width, thickness, kernel volume, sphericity, and average surface area), density (bulk and true density), porosity, weight of 1000 kernels, filling and empting angles of repose, and coefficients of friction on surfaces of plywood, galvanized steel, steel-troweled concrete, and wood-floated concrete. The mean value of the length, width, and thickness of the 50 kernels had a linear relationship with the increase of moisture content; however, this was not true for individual kernels. Bulk density of seeds at any FMD level decreased linearly or quadratically with the moisture content increase, while the true density had an opposite trend. Increasing FMD significantly increased the bulk density at any moisture content, and there were variations for the true density. There were gaps between the seed coat and cotyledon, and these gaps became smaller or disappeared when the seed moisture content was increased. This phenomenon resulted in the same average surface area, same volume, and exponential increase in porosity to 58.5% with the increase of moisture content. Increased FMD significantly decreased the porosity at any moisture content. Emptying angle of repose increased with the increase of moisture contents and percentage of FMD. Higher variability was observed in the filling angle of repose than in the emptying angle of repose. The coefficient of friction was the largest against wood-floated and steel-troweled concrete, followed by galvanized steel, and the smallest was against the plywood surface. Keywords: Angle of repose, Density, Foreign material and dockage (FMD), Friction against structural surface, Hemp seed, Physical dimensions.

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