Examining the Association Between Age and Tractor Driving Performance Measures Using a High-Fidelity Tractor Driving Simulator

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 159-175
Author(s):  
Kayla Faust ◽  
Carri Casteel ◽  
Daniel V. McGehee ◽  
Corinne Peek-Asa ◽  
Diane Rohlman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Response Time ◽  
Driving Simulator ◽  
Small Sample Size ◽  
Driving Performance ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
List Type ◽  
Medical Diagnoses ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Farm Equipment ◽  
The Impact

Highlights This study uses a new tractor driving simulator to examine the impact of age on perception response time in an emergency braking situation. The results demonstrate increased risk for crash among older farm equipment operators. Abstract. Transportation-related incidents are the leading cause of occupational fatalities for all industries in the U.S. In the agriculture industry, where tractor-related incidents are the leading cause of occupational fatality, fatal crashes occur more frequently among senior farm equipment operators (FEOs) than younger FEOs. This study examined the association between age and driving performance among FEOs using a simulated driving environment. We demonstrated that older FEOs have longer perception response times when encountering an incurring semi-truck during a simulated drive than younger FEOs. These results persisted when adjusted for selected medical diagnoses and medications, tractor generation, and tractor horsepower. However, due to the small sample size and limitations of the tractor driving simulator, its use for event perception response time research is questionable. The tractor driving simulator used in this study may be better suited for distracted driving studies and studies comparing the ways in which FEOs drive passenger vehicles compared to tractors. Keywords: Driving simulation, Perception response time, Senior drivers, Tractor.

Design for Simulator Performance Evaluations of Driving with Vision Impairments and Visual Aids

2005 ◽  
Vol 1937 (1) ◽  
pp. 128-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Peli ◽  
A. R. Bowers ◽  
A. J. Mandel ◽  
K. Higgins ◽  
R. B. Goldstein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Field ◽  
Vision Loss ◽  
Driving Simulator ◽  
Small Sample Size ◽  
Visual Field Loss ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Visual Aids ◽  
Pilot Studies ◽  
Strong Basis ◽  
The Impact

Driving simulator technology provides a safe method for evaluating the impact of vision loss on different components of the driving task and the potential efficacy of visual aids intended to compensate for a particular type of vision loss. Most previous investigations have used general driving scenarios. It is proposed here that scenarios with different task requirements be designed specifically to address the condition under investigation. As an example, the design of driving scenarios and tasks that are specific for the evaluation of one type of visual field loss, homonymous hemianopia, is described. Results of pilot studies show that even with a small sample size, the design is sufficiently sensitive to differentiate individuals with hemianopic visual field loss from control drivers. These results suggest that careful design of test situations, measurements, and analyses provides a strong basis for investigations of driving performance of individuals with specific types of vision impairment and could be used to evaluate the efficacy of low-vision driving aids.

52 Drug therapy for delirium in terminally ill adults: a cochrane systematic review

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 379.2-380
Author(s):  
A Finucane ◽  
L Jones ◽  
B Leurent ◽  
E Sampson ◽  
P Stone ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Therapy ◽  
Adverse Events ◽  
Small Sample Size ◽  
Cochrane Review ◽  
Terminally Ill ◽  
Outcome Data ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
List Type ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Ill Adults

IntroductionDelirium is a complex neuropsychiatric syndrome common in palliative care occurring in up to 88% of patients in the weeks or hours preceding death. Our Cochrane review on drug therapy for delirium in 2012 identified one trial (Candy et al. 2012). New trials have been conducted and an updated review is now recognised as a Cochrane priority.AimTo evaluate the evidence from randomised controlled trials (RCTs) examining the effectiveness and safety of drug therapies to treat delirium in adults with a terminal illness.MethodsWe searched for RCTs comparing any drug treatment with any other treatment for delirium in terminally ill adults. Primary outcomes included delirium symptoms at 24 hours and between 24–48 hours; and adverse events. Risk of bias assessment was conducted; we assessed overall quality of evidence using GRADE.ResultsWe retrieved 9431 citations. Four studies were included in the final review. All trials were vulnerable to bias most commonly due to small sample size or incomplete outcome data. Figures 1 and 2 illustrate the mean difference between trial arms at 24 hours and between 24–48 hours respectively. Three studies reported adverse events revealing mixed results.Abstract 52 Figure 1Abstract 52 Figure 2ConclusionThis review identified four trials. It found low quality evidence examining the impact of drug therapy on delirium symptoms and adverse events in terminally ill adults. Results for each comparison were based on single studies. Undertaking trials on delirium in this patient group is methodologically complex. Only one study compared drug therapy with placebo. This limited our ability to answer our review questions.Reference. Candy B, Jackson KC, Jones L, Leurent B, Tookman A, King M. Drug therapy for delirium in terminally ill adult patients. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews2012;(11). Art. No. CD004770. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004770.pub2

An influence of social isolation on the level of physical activity as well as on well-being and mental state of people during the coronavirus COVID-19 pandemic

2019 ◽  
Vol 129 (4) ◽  
pp. 127-131
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Parfin ◽  
Krystian Wdowiak ◽  
Marzena Furtak-Niczyporuk ◽  
Jolanta Herda
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Social Isolation ◽  
Small Sample Size ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Population Group ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Subjective Well Being ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
The Impact

AbstractIntroduction. The COVID-19 is the name of an infectious disease caused by a new strain of coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2). It was first diagnosed in December 2019 in patients in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China. The symptoms are dominated by features of respiratory tract infections, in some patients with a very severe course leading to respiratory failure and, in extreme cases to death. Due to the spread of the infection worldwide, the WHO declared a pandemic in March 2020.Aim. An investigation of the impact of social isolation introduced due to the coronavirus pandemic on selected aspects of life. The researchers focused on observing changes in habits related to physical activity and their connections with people’s subjective well-being and emotional state.Material and methods. The study was carried out within the international project of the group „IRG on COVID and exercise”. The research tool was a standardized questionnaire.Results. Based on the data collected and the analysis of the percentage results, it can be observed that the overwhelming majority of people taking up physical activity reported a better mood during the pandemic. However, statistical tests do not confirm these relationships due to the small sample size.Conclusions. Isolation favours physical activity. Future, in-depth studies, by enlarging the population group, are necessary to confirm the above observations.

scholarly journals The Role of Dopamine Receptor D2 in Bridging the Intention-Behavior Gap in Sport Participation

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 2379
Author(s):  
Seiyeong Park ◽  
Junhye Kwon ◽  
Chiyoung Ahn ◽  
Hae-Sung Cho ◽  
Hyo Youl Moon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
University Students ◽  
Dopamine Receptor ◽  
Sport Participation ◽  
Small Sample Size ◽  
Behavioral Model ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Male Students ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Dopamine Receptor D2 ◽  
The Impact

Previous studies have identified that a behavior can occur through the strongest predictor intention, but there is a gap between intention and behavior. Dopamine receptor D2 (DRD2) is known to account for a variance in sporting behaviors in human and animal subjects. However, the relationship between DRD2 and sport participation has been poorly studied, and the limited available reports are inconsistent. The present study was performed to examine the impact of DRD2 on sport participation among Korean university students based on the integrated behavioral model (IBM). Data were collected from enrolled university students in Seoul (N = 45). Participants answered survey questions first, and then they gave investigators their hair to provide DNA information (i.e., the A1 allele of DRD2). DRD2 had a significant effect on sport participation, but only in male students. Male students who carried the A1 allele of DRD2 significantly participated in 105.10 min more sporting activities than male students who did not. Moreover, the effect of intention on sport participation was significantly decreased when considering DRD2. Despite the small sample size, the results of this study could be a preliminary case for a larger study and indicate the direction of future research. Our results suggest that DRD2 may have played an important role as the “actual skill” shown in the IBM.

scholarly journals The incidence and prevalence of cardiovascular diseases in gout: a systematic review and meta-analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Cox ◽  
Sonal Gupta ◽  
Sizheng Steven Zhao ◽  
David M. Hughes
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Small Sample Size ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Increased Risk

AbstractThe aims of this systematic review and meta-analysis were to describe prevalence of cardiovascular disease in gout, compare these results with non-gout controls and consider whether there were differences according to geography. PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science were systematically searched for studies reporting prevalence of any cardiovascular disease in a gout population. Studies with non-representative sampling, where a cohort had been used in another study, small sample size (< 100) and where gout could not be distinguished from other rheumatic conditions were excluded, as were reviews, editorials and comments. Where possible meta-analysis was performed using random-effect models. Twenty-six studies comprising 949,773 gout patients were included in the review. Pooled prevalence estimates were calculated for five cardiovascular diseases: myocardial infarction (2.8%; 95% confidence interval (CI)s 1.6, 5.0), heart failure (8.7%; 95% CI 2.9, 23.8), venous thromboembolism (2.1%; 95% CI 1.2, 3.4), cerebrovascular accident (4.3%; 95% CI 1.8, 9.7) and hypertension (63.9%; 95% CI 24.5, 90.6). Sixteen studies reported comparisons with non-gout controls, illustrating an increased risk in the gout group across all cardiovascular diseases. There were no identifiable reliable patterns when analysing the results by country. Cardiovascular diseases are more prevalent in patients with gout and should prompt vigilance from clinicians to the need to assess and stratify cardiovascular risk. Future research is needed to investigate the link between gout, hyperuricaemia and increased cardiovascular risk and also to establish a more thorough picture of prevalence for less common cardiovascular diseases.

scholarly journals Mediterranean Diet and Lifestyle Habits during Pregnancy: Is There an Association with Small for Gestational Age Infants? An Italian Single Centre Experience

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 1941
Author(s):  
Rachele De Giuseppe ◽  
Manuela Bocchi ◽  
Silvia Maffoni ◽  
Elsa Del Bo ◽  
Federica Manzoni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gestational Diabetes ◽  
Mediterranean Diet ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Small For Gestational Age ◽  
Small Sample Size ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Lifestyle Habits ◽  
Increased Risk

Background. The small-for-gestational-age (SGA) in infants is related to an increased risk of developing Non-Communicable Diseases later in life. The Mediterranean diet (MD) is related to lower odds of being SGA. The study explored retrospectively the association between SGA, maternal MD adherence, lifestyle habits and other SGA risk factors during pregnancy. Methods. One hundred women (16–44 years) with a pregnancy at term were enrolled. Demographic data, parity, pre-gestational BMI, gestational weight gain, pregnancy-related diseases, and type of delivery were collected. The MD adherence (MEDI-LITE score ≥ 9), physical activity level, and smoking/alcohol consumption were registered. SGA neonates were diagnosed according to the neonatal growth curves. Results. Women were divided into “SGA group” vs. “non-SGA group”. The MD was adopted by 71% of women and its adherence was higher in the “non-SGA group” (p = 0.02). The prevalence of pregnancy-related diseases (gestational diabetes/pregnancy-induced hypertension) was higher in the “SGA group” (p = 0.01). The logistic regression showed that pregnancy-related diseases were the only independent risk factor for SGA. Conclusions. MD may indirectly reduce the risk of SGA since it prevents and exerts a positive effect on pregnancy-related diseases (e.g., gestational diabetes and hypertension). The small sample size of women in the SGA group of the study imposes a major limitation to the results and conclusions of this research, suggesting however that it is worthy of further investigation.

Combination of AST to ALT and neutrophils to lymphocytes ratios as predictors of locally advanced disease in patients with bladder cancer subjected to radical cystectomy: Results from a single-institutional series

2021 ◽  
pp. 039156032110351
Author(s):  
Alessandro Uleri ◽  
Rodolfo Hurle ◽  
Roberto Contieri ◽  
Pietro Diana ◽  
Nicolòmaria Buffi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bladder Cancer ◽  
Radical Cystectomy ◽  
Advanced Disease ◽  
Independent Predictor ◽  
Small Sample Size ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Locally Advanced ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Locally Advanced Disease ◽  
Increased Risk

Background: Bladder cancer (BC) staging is challenging. There is an important need for available and affordable predictors to assess, in combination with imaging, the presence of locally-advanced disease. Objective: To determine the role of the De Ritis ratio (DRR) and neutrophils to lymphocytes ratio (NLR) in the prediction of locally-advanced disease defined as the presence of extravescical extension (pT ⩾ 3) and/or lymph node metastases (LNM) in patients with BC treated with radical cystectomy (RC). Methods: We retrospectively analyzed clinical and pathological data of 139 consecutive patients who underwent RC at our institution. Logistic regression models (LRMs) were fitted to test the above-mentioned outcomes. Results: A total of 139 consecutive patients underwent RC at our institution. Eighty-six (61.9%) patients had a locally-advanced disease. NLR (2.53 and 3.07; p = 0.005) and DRR (1 and 1.17; p = 0.01) were significantly higher in patients with locally-advanced disease as compared to organ-confined disease. In multivariable LRMs, an increasing DRR was an independent predictor of locally-advanced disease (OR = 3.91; 95% CI: 1.282–11.916; p = 0.017). Similarly, an increasing NLR was independently related to presence of locally-advanced disease (OR = 1.28; 95% CI: 1.027–1.591; p = 0.028). In univariate LRMs, patients with DRR > 1.21 had a higher risk of locally advanced disease (OR = 2.83; 95% CI: 1.312–6.128; p = 0.008). Similarly, in patients with NLR > 3.47 there was an increased risk of locally advanced disease (OR = 3.02; 95% CI: 1.374–6.651; p = 0.006). In multivariable LRMs, a DRR > 1.21 was an independent predictor of locally advanced disease (OR = 2.66; 95% CI: 1.12–6.35; p = 0.027). Similarly, an NLR > 3.47 was independently related to presence of locally advanced disease (OR = 2.24; 95% CI: 0.95–5.25; p = 0.065). No other covariates such as gender, BMI, neoadjuvant chemotherapy or diabetes reached statistical significance. The AUC of the multivariate LRM to assess the risk of locally advanced disease was 0.707 (95% CI: 0.623–0.795). Limitations include the retrospective nature of the study and the relatively small sample size.

scholarly journals The impact of postbariatric hypoglycemia on driving performance – a randomized, single‐blind, two‐period crossover study in a driving simulator

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vera Lehmann ◽  
Afroditi Tripyla ◽  
David Herzig ◽  
Jasmin Meier ◽  
Nicolas Banholzer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crossover Study ◽  
Driving Simulator ◽  
Driving Performance ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Single Blind

Nipple Confusion

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 92 (2) ◽  
pp. 300-301
Author(s):  
DOREN FREDRICKSON
Keyword(s):  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Statistical Power ◽  
White Women ◽  
Small Sample Size ◽  
False Negative ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Bottle Feeding ◽  
Feeding Duration ◽  
Breast Feed ◽  
The Impact

To the Editor.— I wish to comment on the study reported by Cronenwett et al,1 which was a fascinating prospective study among married white women who planned to breast-feed. Women were randomly selected to perform either exdusive breast-feeding or partial breast-feeding with bottled human milk supplements to determine the impact of infant temperament and limited bottle-feeding on breast-feeding duration. The authors admit that small sample size and lack of statistical power make a false-negative possible.

The impact of vestibular symptoms and electronystagmography results on recovery from sudden sensorineural hearing loss

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gaelle Vofo ◽  
Marrigje Aagje de Jong ◽  
Michal Kaufman ◽  
Julia Meyler ◽  
Ron Eliashar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Sensorineural Hearing Loss ◽  
Small Sample Size ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss ◽  
Sensorineural Hearing ◽  
Caloric Test ◽  
Routine Identification ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Caloric Tests

Abstract Objectives Idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL) represents a frequently encountered otological entity, of various types and severity, with an array of associated symptoms including vertigo. This is a devastating life-changing condition with a blurry prognosis. The objective of this study was to determine the clinical association of vestibular impairment by electronystagmography (ENG) and caloric tests, and their ability to predict prognosis. Methods An observational, crossectional study was carried out amongst patients admitted with SSNHL. Each consenting patient had an audiometry test performed on admission as well as ENG and caloric tests. Treatment included oral steroids and carbogen with intratympanic steroids used only as salvage treatment. Follow-up was completed after 6 months when hearing gains were evaluated. Finally, an association was sought between the rate of recovery and ENG and caloric test results. Results Of 35 patients included, marked recovery was seen in patients without vertigo when compared to those with vertigo (p=0.003). A statistically significant association was found between the presence of vertigo and hearing deterioration (p=0.008). More so, normal electronystagmography results were associated with marked recovery (p=0.04). Conclusions The vestibular end organs are both subjectively and objectively affected in SSNHL as demonstrated by the abnormal ENG and caloric tests in our study despite the small sample size. Concomitant vestibular involvement carries poorer prognosis and routine identification may help foresee the recovery of patients with SSNHL and as such, aid in patient counseling. ENG and caloric tests are easily available and may be recommended for all patients with SSNHL.

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