Mechanical Properties of Switchgrass and Miscanthus

2017 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 581-590 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bo Liu ◽  
A. Bulent Koc
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Shear Strength ◽  
Modeling And Simulation ◽  
Transverse Direction ◽  
Simulation Models ◽  
Longitudinal Direction ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Energy Crops ◽  
Maturity Stage ◽  
Physical Systems

Abstract. The mechanical properties of energy crops in the longitudinal and transverse directions are necessary for modeling and simulation of biomass stems. Modeling of biomass stems would help in analyzing the interactions between processing equipment and biomass material before building physical systems. While some of the mechanical properties of switchgrass and miscanthus stems are available in the literature, these properties are not complete for modeling and simulation of these materials. Therefore, the objective of this research was to determine the mechanical properties of switchgrass and miscanthus stems by using compressive, tensile, and shearing tests in the longitudinal and transverse directions. Tensile, compressive, and shear strengths and modulus of elasticity of switchgrass and miscanthus tended to decrease with decreasing stem diameter in both the longitudinal and transverse directions. Tensile and compressive strengths of the first internode of switchgrass were 178.0 and 27.3 MPa in the longitudinal direction and 0.7 and 4.1 MPa in the transverse direction. Shear strength for the first internode of switchgrass was 2.2 and 21.1 MPa in the longitudinal and transverse directions. Tensile and compressive strengths of the first internode of miscanthus were 373.1 and 56.9 MPa in the longitudinal direction and 1.8 and 6.3 MPa in the transverse direction. Shear strength for the first internode of miscanthus was 94.4 and 8.7 MPa in the transverse and longitudinal directions. The experimental data collected in this research would be useful for the development of simulation models for investigating the interactions between shearing tools and energy crops and in designing harvest and particle reduction equipment. Further research would be useful for determining the effects of moisture content, growth conditions, and maturity stage on the mechanical properties of these crops. Keywords: Biofuel, Compressive strength, Miscanthus, Shear strength, Switchgrass, Tensile strength.

scholarly journals Assessment of the Spatial Distribution of Mechanical Properties of the Tissue of Anterior Abdominal Wall at Maximum Functional Load

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 175-181
Author(s):  
R. B. Lysenko ◽  
◽  
V. I. Lіakhovskyi ◽  
V. R. Lysenko
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Abdominal Wall ◽  
Transverse Direction ◽  
Anterior Abdominal Wall ◽  
Longitudinal Direction ◽  
Main Group ◽  
Treatment Center ◽  
Control Group ◽  
White Line

The purpose of the study was to investigate the changes in the mechanical properties of the anterior abdominal wall at maximum functional loads. Materials and methods. The study was conducted on 112 volunteers aged 18 to 49 years old who were examined and treated in the surgical department of the Medical Diagnostic and Treatment Center "Medion" Poltava for the period from June 2020 to May 2021. There were 60 women (53.6 %), and 52 (46.4%) men. Volunteers were divided into 2 groups: the main group (n=58), which underwent the analysis of movement and deformation changes of the anterior abdominal wall during maximal abdominal inflation during the examination, and the control group (n=54), which were operated laparoscopically due to the schedule. Results and discussion. The results of the study showed the following changes in the mechanical properties of the tissues of the anterior abdominal wall: the average deformation in the longitudinal direction was 6% in the main group and 12% in the control one; deformations in the transverse direction were 3% in the main group and 8% in the control group; deformation in the longitudinal direction exceeded the deformation in the transverse by 38-54% (on average by 46%); the area of the anterior abdominal wall in the main group increased by 10%, and in the control one – by 22% (on average by 16%). During the studies, the anterior abdominal wall underwent greater stresses in the transverse orientation than in the longitudinal one (anisotropy coefficient ~2). The Young's modulus of anterior abdominal wall in the sagittal plane is defined as 23.5±2.6 kPa, while in the transverse – 42.5±7.0 kPa. The mechanical properties of human anterior abdominal wall tissues differed along and across the white line of the abdomen: the modulus of elasticity of anterior abdominal wall tissues, with the same force of impact, in the longitudinal direction is less than the transverse average of 44% (p >0.05). That is, the longitudinal stiffness of the anterior abdominal wall is lower than the transverse one. The maximum strength of the anterior abdominal wall is across the white line of the abdomen, and the greatest elasticity – along. The anterior abdominal wall in women showed increased elasticity compared to men, while the stiffness of the anterior abdominal wall tissue in men in both directions was statistically significantly higher than in women (p >0.05). Conclusion. Reconstruction of the spatial distribution of the mechanical properties of anterior abdominal wall tissues according to the nature of their deformation at maximum functional loads provides an additional opportunity to assess the biomechanics of anterior abdominal wall. The mechanical properties of the musculo-aponeurotic structures of anterior abdominal wall in humans differ in the longitudinal and transverse directions. They have the greatest elasticity in the longitudinal direction, and the maximum rigidity and strength in the transverse direction. The strength of the anterior abdominal wall tissue in men is higher, and the elasticity is less than in women. Changes in the mechanical anisotropic characteristics of anterior abdominal wall tissues at maximum functional loads should be taken into account when performing the anterior abdominal wall alloplasty technique

Mechanical and Swelling Behavior of Double Networked Natural Rubber Cured Using a New Binary Accelerator System

2007 ◽  
Vol 80 (5) ◽  
pp. 809-819 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. V. Marykutty ◽  
G. Mathew ◽  
Sabu Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Transverse Direction ◽  
Tensile Elongation ◽  
Longitudinal Direction ◽  
Chain Orientation ◽  
Swelling Studies ◽  
Natural Rubber Vulcanizates ◽  
Double Networks ◽  
Accelerator System

Abstract The concept of double networks, which impart chain orientation to elastomers, is a rather new idea. Double networks were induced in natural rubber vulcanizates cured with different accelerator systems. Double networked natural rubber with different extensions cured with N-cyclohexyl benzothiazyl sulphenamide (CBS) and 1-phenyl 5-ortho -tolyl 2,4 dithiobiuret was studied and the effect of extension on the mechanical properties and swelling was analyzed. The extent of chain orientation was analyzed through anisotropic swelling studies. The modulus, tensile strength and tear strength showed an increase with increased residual extension ratio. The effect was more predominant in the longitudinal direction than in the transverse direction. The ultimate tensile elongation showed a slight deterioration. It was revealed that the formation of double networks with higher residual extension ratios restricted the entry of the solvent. Based on the studies it was concluded that residual extension has a profound effect in determining the final properties of vulcanizates.

Mechanical Properties of VGCF/PP Nanocomposites by Extrusion and Compression Process

2007 ◽  
Vol 334-335 ◽  
pp. 829-832
Author(s):  
Joon Hyung Byun ◽  
Kyeong Sik Min ◽  
Yeun Ho Yu ◽  
Moon Kwang Um ◽  
Sang Kwan Lee
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Volume Content ◽  
Transverse Direction ◽  
Flexural Modulus ◽  
Tensile Modulus ◽  
Fiber Surface ◽  
Longitudinal Direction ◽  
Flexural Properties ◽  
Mechanical Mixing ◽  
Compression Process

This study describes a method of good dispersion and alignment of VGCFs, and examines the effect of nanofiber content on the mechanical properties of nanocomposites. The dispersion of nanofibers was carried out by solution blending, mechanical mixing, and sonication. Levels of 4% – 31% volume content of VGCFs were mixed with polypropylene (PP) powder, and then were melt-mixed using a twin-screw extruder. For the further alignment of fibers, extruded rods were stacked in the mold cavity for the compression molding. In the case of 31% volume content, tensile modulus and strength improved by 100% and 40%, and the flexural modulus and strength increased by 120% and 25%, respectively. The shear modulus showed 65% increase, but the strength dropped sharply by 40%. In the transverse direction, the tensile, flexural, and shear strength decreased as more fibers were added. The matrix modification by maleic anhydride (MAPP) increased the tensile and flexural properties of VGCF/PP by 20% - 30% in the longitudinal direction, and 40% - 250% increase in the transverse direction. The fiber surface treatment by plasma improved tensile and flexural properties of untreated VGCF/PP (18 % vol) composites by 10% - 30% in the longitudinal direction, but strength in the transverse direction decreased by 30% - 40%.

scholarly journals Evaluation of anisotropy of mechanical properties of carbon steel flat products

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 1007-1018
Author(s):  
Tatiana Osipok ◽  
◽  
Semen Zaides ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Fracture Surface ◽  
Tensile Testing ◽  
Transverse Direction ◽  
Longitudinal Direction ◽  
Structural Heterogeneity ◽  
Uniaxial Tensile ◽  
Uniaxial Tensile Testing ◽  
Metallic Inclusions ◽  
Anisotropy Of Mechanical Properties

The purpose of the article is to establish experimentally the effect of material inhomogeneity on the characteristics of strength ( σ в, σ 0.2) and plasticity (δ) on example of a rolled steel sheet. Uniaxial tensile testing was carried out on flat samples of hot-rolled sheet made of St3 alloy cut in three directions relative to rolling: along, across and at the angle of 450. The heterogeneity of structure was established by studying the fracture surface of the destroyed samples after tensile testing. A metallographic research and micromechanical testing (measurement of microhardness) of sections parallel to the fracture surface were carried out as well. The uniaxial tensile testing of flat samples resulted in obtaining the values of the characteristics of strength ( σ в, σ 0.2) and plasticity (δ). The analysis of fracture patterns, microstructure and microhardness values of the material allowed to reveal the structural heterogeneity caused by the presence of fibrousness and a banded ferrite-pearlite structure oriented along the deformation direction. The formation reason of the latter was the presence of oriented non-metallic inclusions - elongated plastic sulfides. The study determined that the material under investigation features the anisotropy of mechanical properties and structural heterogeneity. The values of the ultimate strength ( σ в) and yield strength ( σ 0.2) decrease from the longitudinal direction to the transverse direction (relative to the rolling direction) and vice versa (from the transverse to longitudinal direction) in the first case probably due to the influence of non-metallic inclusions (plastic sulfides) and, as a result, the banded ferrite-pearlite structure; in the second case due to the influence of fiber direction. The values of the relative elongation (δ) decrease from the longitudinal direction to the direction at an angle of 450 and then increase to the transverse direction as a result of different hardening of the material during plastic deformation. This is proved by the obtained microhardness values of the investigated sections and the values of the maximum applied loads during the tensile test. The obtained values are obviously the result of the influence of fiber orientation relative to the existing maximum tensile stresses.

The Anisotropic Cutting Behavior of Free-Machining Steels

1975 ◽  
Vol 97 (3) ◽  
pp. 1094-1104 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. R. Poirier ◽  
A. P. Kieras
Keyword(s):  
Shear Strength ◽  
Transverse Direction ◽  
Tensile Ductility ◽  
Longitudinal Direction ◽  
Shear Zones ◽  
Inclusion Content ◽  
Specimen Axis ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Cutting Behavior

A determination of the anisotropy in the shear strength during machining of a group of free-machining steels including 1117, 11L17, and 1215 and a plain steel, 1018, is presented. The three free-machining steels are anisotropic in the as-received condition, but the nonfree-machining steel is not anisotropic. In terms of the extremes, 1018 steel has a shear strength of about 34,000 psi when cut in both the longitudinal and transverse directions, whereas 1215 has a shear strength of about 40,000 psi when cut in the longitudinal direction but only 24,000 psi when cut in the transverse direction. By fully annealing the free-machining steels, the anisotropy is reduced in 11L17 and 1215 and is eliminated in 1117. Examinations of the shear zones in stopped-chip specimens show that the free-machining additives form inclusions and that, in the shear zone during machining, long sharp cracks emanate from the tips of the deformed inclusions or there is a separation of material at the matrix-inclusion interface. No such voids or microcracks form in the plain steel containing only impurity levels of sulfur (1018). Since tensile ductility depends on inclusion content and the orientation of inclusions relative to the specimen axis, and the same is true for the shear strength during machining, then, as expected, there is a relationship between the two for all the steels at the same strength level of 50,000 psi; the effective shear strength during machining decreases with decreasing tensile ductility.

scholarly journals EFFECT OF CHROMIUM COATINGS ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF Zr1Nb FUEL CLADDINGS IN LONGITUDINAL AND TRANSVERSE DIRECTIONS

2019 ◽  
pp. 142-146
Author(s):  
V.А. Belous ◽  
V.N. Voyevodin ◽  
S.V. Gozhenko ◽  
Y.А. Krainyuk ◽  
А.S. Kuprin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Test Temperature ◽  
Transverse Direction ◽  
Longitudinal Direction ◽  
Tensile Fracture ◽  
Preliminary Deformation ◽  
Test Portion ◽  
Similar Shape ◽  
Ring Sample ◽  
Temperature Deposition

This study was aimed at investigating the chromium coating effect on the mechanical properties of Zr1Nb fuel claddings in the case of a tensile fracture in longitudinal and transverse directions at temperatures of 20 and 350 °С. Tests were carried out using the samples of a similar shape, namely, with an equal test portion length that is important for comparison of results. The obtained results have shown that at a test temperature of 20 °С the mechanical properties of initial samples are higher in the longitudinal direction than in the transverse direction. The ductility is slightly higher at T = 350 °С in the longitudinal direction, and σ0.2 and σв are practically equal. The preliminary deformation of ring samples increases their ductility from 23 to 34% independently on the test temperature. Deposition of the chromium coatings on the samples leads to the slight increase of mechanical properties in the transverse direction and decrease of σ0.2 with unchanged σв and δ% in the longitudinal direction at the room test temperature, and at 350 °С it practically do not change the properties of coated samples in both the directions except the ring sample ductility decrease.

ALUMINUM 220

Alloy Digest ◽  
1962 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Shear Strength ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
Casting Alloy ◽  
Aluminum Casting ◽  
Aluminum Casting Alloy ◽  
Temperature Performance ◽  
Aluminum Company

Abstract ALUMINUM 220 is a 10% magnesium-aluminum casting alloy having the highest combination of mechanical properties, corrosion resistance and machinability. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, elasticity, tensile properties, and compressive and shear strength as well as fatigue. It also includes information on high temperature performance and corrosion resistance as well as casting, heat treating, machining, and joining. Filing Code: Al-112. Producer or source: Aluminum Company of America.

ALUMINUM 2011

Alloy Digest ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 27 (12) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Shear Strength ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Copper Alloy ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
Temperature Performance ◽  
Screw Machine ◽  
Aluminum Copper Alloy

Abstract ALUMINUM 2011 is an age-hardenable aluminum-copper alloy to which lead and bismuth are added to make it a free-machining alloy. It has good mechanical properties and was designed primarily for the manufacture of screw-machine products. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, elasticity, tensile properties, and shear strength as well as fatigue. It also includes information on high temperature performance and corrosion resistance as well as forming, heat treating, machining, and joining. Filing Code: Al-32. Producer or source: Various aluminum companies. Originally published October 1955, revised December 1978.

AISI 1141

Alloy Digest ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Transverse Direction ◽  
Longitudinal Direction ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
Automatic Machine ◽  
Steel Mills ◽  
Light Duty ◽  
High Production ◽  
Ball Joints ◽  
Machining Characteristics

Abstract AISI 1141 is a resulfurized carbon steel containing nominally 1.50% manganese and 0.08-0.13% sulfur to give it free-machining characteristics. It has relatively low hardenability. Its ductility and toughness are fairly good in the longitudinal direction but tend to be low in the transverse direction. It is highly recommended for high-production automatic-machine products. Among its many uses are screws, bolts, ball joints, spindles and light-duty gears. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, and tensile properties. It also includes information on forming, heat treating, machining, joining, and surface treatment. Filing Code: CS-93. Producer or source: Carbon steel mills.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document