scholarly journals Conceptual Design of a Low - Cost Linear Actuator for Variable Span Wing Application

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-76
Author(s):  
Aynul HOSSAIN
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Design ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Linear Actuator ◽  
Morphing Wing ◽  
Development Costs ◽  
Variable Span ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Effective Design ◽  
Selection Of

Aerospace actuators can be found throughout modern commercial and experimental aircraft, as well as in military and space exploration. The aerospace industry is not only growing, but also rapidly changing and the demand for aerospace actuators is permanently increasing. Linear actuator is able to push, pull, and hold objects in a way that our bodies cannot. Additionally, electrically powered technology provides more sophisticated control options. Linear actuator drive many different functions that are essential to safe and efficient aircraft operation. Manufacturers and hobbyists alike are always on the hunt for new ways to automate functions while keeping development costs low. Providing cost-effective linear solutions for aerospace application is one of the biggest challenge. This research will provide a cost-effective actuator conceptual design for variable span morphing wing UAV. The cost-effective design will be presented along with the application-based selection of linear actuators for morphing wing UAV.

Janus – A New Approach to Air Combat Pilot Training

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 (4) ◽  
pp. 7-22
Author(s):  
Georges Bridel ◽  
Zdobyslaw Goraj ◽  
Lukasz Kiszkowiak ◽  
Jean-Georges Brévot ◽  
Jean-Pierre Devaux ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Training System ◽  
Embedded Sensors ◽  
Pilot Training ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Combat Aircraft ◽  
Air Combat ◽  
The Cost

Abstract Advanced jet training still relies on old concepts and solutions that are no longer efficient when considering the current and forthcoming changes in air combat. The cost of those old solutions to develop and maintain combat pilot skills are important, adding even more constraints to the training limitations. The requirement of having a trainer aircraft able to perform also light combat aircraft operational mission is adding unnecessary complexity and cost without any real operational advantages to air combat mission training. Thanks to emerging technologies, the JANUS project will study the feasibility of a brand-new concept of agile manoeuvrable training aircraft and an integrated training system, able to provide a live, virtual and constructive environment. The JANUS concept is based on a lightweight, low-cost, high energy aircraft associated to a ground based Integrated Training System providing simulated and emulated signals, simulated and real opponents, combined with real-time feedback on pilot’s physiological characteristics: traditionally embedded sensors are replaced with emulated signals, simulated opponents are proposed to the pilot, enabling out of sight engagement. JANUS is also providing new cost effective and more realistic solutions for “Red air aircraft” missions, organised in so-called “Aggressor Squadrons”.

scholarly journals Design Considerations and Selection of Cost-Effective Switched Reluctance Drive for Radiator Cooling Fans

Electronics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 917
Author(s):  
Ickjin Son ◽  
Grace Firsta Lukman ◽  
Mazahir Hussain Shah ◽  
Kwang-Il Jeong ◽  
Jin-Woo Ahn
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Magnetic Characteristics ◽  
Switched Reluctance Motors ◽  
Switched Reluctance ◽  
Design Considerations ◽  
Cooling Fan ◽  
Cooling Fans ◽  
Power Switches ◽  
Selection Of

Switched reluctance motors (SRMs) are simple in structure, easy to manufacture, magnet-less, brushless, and highly robust compared to other AC motors which makes them a good option for applications that operate in harsh environment. However, the motor has non-linear magnetic characteristics, and it comes with various pole-phase combinations and circuit topologies that causes many difficulties in deciding on which type to choose. In this paper, the viability of SRM as a low-cost, rugged machine for vehicle radiator cooling fan is considered. First, necessary design considerations are presented, then three commonly use types of SRM are analyzed: A 3-phase 6/4, 3-phase 12/8, and a 4-phase 8/6 to find their static and dynamic characteristics so the most suitable type can be selected. Simulation results show that the 8/6 SRM produces the highest efficiency with less phase current which reduces the converter burden. However, with asymmetric half bridge converter, eight power switches are required for 8/6 SRM and thus put a burden on the overall drive cost. As a solution, the Miller converter with only six switches for four phase SRM. To verify the proposed idea, the 8/6 SRM was manufactured and tested. The results show that Miller converter can be used for the proposed SRM with slightly reduced efficiency at 80.4%.

Price structures for electricity supply and potential consequences for building services systems

2021 ◽  
pp. 014362442199081
Author(s):  
Roger Hitchin
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effective ◽  
Building Design ◽  
Electricity Supply ◽  
Cooling Systems ◽  
Price Structure ◽  
Heating And Cooling ◽  
Future System ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Supply Systems ◽  
Effective Design

Policies to reduce carbon emissions are leading to substantial changes in the demand for electricity and to the structure of electricity supply systems, which will alter the cost structure of electricity supply. This can be expected to result in corresponding changes to the price structure faced by customers. This note is an initial exploration of how possible new price structures may impact on HVAC system and building design and use. Changes in the price structure of electricity supply (separately from changes in price levels) can significantly affect the cost-effective design and operation of building services systems; especially of heating and cooling systems. The nature and implications of these changes can have important implications for future system design and operation.

scholarly journals Growth and biochemical composition of Chlorella vulgaris in different growth media

2013 ◽  
Vol 85 (4) ◽  
pp. 1427-1438 ◽  
Author(s):  
MATHIAS A. CHIA ◽  
ANA T. LOMBARDI ◽  
MARIA DA GRACA G. MELAO
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Production ◽  
Chlorella Vulgaris ◽  
Biochemical Composition ◽  
Physiological Response ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Growth Media ◽  
Continuous Cultures ◽  
The Cost

The need for clean and low-cost algae production demands for investigations on algal physiological response under different growth conditions. In this research, we investigated the growth, biomass production and biochemical composition of Chlorella vulgaris using semi-continuous cultures employing three growth media (LC Oligo, Chu 10 and WC media). The highest cell density was obtained in LC Oligo, while the lowest in Chu medium. Chlorophyll a, carbohydrate and protein concentrations and yield were highest in Chu and LC Oligo media. Lipid class analysis showed that hydrocarbons (HC), sterol esthers (SE), free fatty acids (FFA), aliphatic alcohols (ALC), acetone mobile polar lipids (AMPL) and phospholipids (PL) concentrations and yields were highest in the Chu medium. Triglyceride (TAG) and sterol (ST) concentrations were highest in the LC Oligo medium. The results suggested that for cost effective cultivation, LC Oligo medium is the best choice among those studied, as it saved the cost of buying vitamins and EDTA associated with the other growth media, while at the same time resulted in the best growth performance and biomass production.

scholarly journals Protection of computers from side electromagnetic radiation during monitor images formation

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 377-385
Author(s):  
Volodymyr M. Lucenko ◽  
Dmytro O. Progonov
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Radiation ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Switching Speed ◽  
Cost Effective Approach ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
Confidential Data ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Communication Lines

Reliable protection of confidential data processed in critical information infrastructure elements of public institutions and private organizations is topical task today. Of particular interest are methods to prevent the leakage of confidential data by localizing informative (dangerous) signals that both carry an informative component, and have a signal level higher than predefined threshold. The increase in signal energy from personal computers is caused by increasing of its transistors switching speed. Modern passive shielding methods for secured computers, similar to the well-known program TEMPEST, require either costly and large shielding units or technological simplification by using of low-cost fragmentary shielding of computer’s individual elements. Therefore, localization of side electromagnetic radiation produced by personal computer is needed. The paper presents a cost-effective approach to reducing the level of computer’s electromagnetic radiation by passive method. The radiation are localized and measured by its estimation on personal computer’s elements, namely unshielded communication lines between video processor and a monitor, fragments of electric tracks on motherboards, etc. During experiments authors used ad-hoc miniature electric (ball antenna) and magnetic (Hall sensor) antennas connected to selective voltmeters. This approach significantly reduces the cost of equipment and measurements as well as requirements to analytics’ qualification for improving computer’s protection. Also, the alternative approach for computer protection is proposed. The approach is based on image content protection by distorting the image on the monitor instead of reducing electromagnetic radiation caused by signals from the monitor. The protection includes image scrambling using Arnold transform that randomly “shuffle” the lines in each frame.

An Active Low Cost Mesh Networking Indoor Tracking System

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean Carlin ◽  
Kevin Curran
Keyword(s):  
Tracking System ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Unique Contribution ◽  
Scalable Vector Graphics ◽  
Web Technologies ◽  
Working Environments ◽  
System A ◽  
The Cost

Indoor radio frequency tracking systems are generally quite expensive and can vary in accuracy due to interference, equipment quality or other environmental factors. Due to these limiting factors of the technology, many businesses today find it hard to justify investing in RFID tracking technologies to improve the safety, efficiency and security of their working environments. The aim of this project was to provide a budget RFID tracking system that was capable of tracking a person or object through an indoor environment. To minimize the cost of the RFID tracking system, the components of the system were built from existing electronic equipment and hardware. The software was also written to minimize licensing and support fees allowing a cost effective budget RFID tracking system to be developed. The tracking system consists of a tag, reader nodes and a PC reader which utilize synapse RF 100 engines with python scripts embedded on to the chips. The tracking system software operates through a web portal utilizing web technologies such as HTML, JavaScript and PHP to allow the tags location to be represented on a two dimensional map using scalable vector graphics. During development of the system a new trilateration algorithm was developed and used convert the signals received from the tag to a virtual position on the map correlating to the actual physical position of the tag. A unique contribution of this system is the low cost of building which we estimate as less than £200 UK sterling for a five node system.

scholarly journals Self-managed, computerised word finding therapy as an add-on to usual care for chronic aphasia post-stroke: An economic evaluation

2020 ◽  
pp. 026921552097534
Author(s):  
Nicholas R Latimer ◽  
Arjun Bhadhuri ◽  
Abu O Alshreef ◽  
Rebecca Palmer ◽  
Elizabeth Cross ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Usual Care ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Life Time ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Quality Adjusted Life Year ◽  
Post Stroke ◽  
Word Finding ◽  
The Cost

Objective: To examine the cost-effectiveness of self-managed computerised word finding therapy as an add-on to usual care for people with aphasia post-stroke. Design: Cost-effectiveness modelling over a life-time period, taking a UK National Health Service (NHS) and personal social service perspective. Setting: Based on the Big CACTUS randomised controlled trial, conducted in 21 UK NHS speech and language therapy departments. Participants: Big CACTUS included 278 people with long-standing aphasia post-stroke. Interventions: Computerised word finding therapy plus usual care; usual care alone; usual care plus attention control. Main measures: Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICER) were calculated, comparing the cost per quality adjusted life year (QALY) gained for each intervention. Credible intervals (CrI) for costs and QALYs, and probabilities of cost-effectiveness, were obtained using probabilistic sensitivity analysis. Subgroup and scenario analyses investigated cost-effectiveness in different subsets of the population, and the sensitivity of results to key model inputs. Results: Adding computerised word finding therapy to usual care had an ICER of £42,686 per QALY gained compared with usual care alone (incremental QALY gain: 0.02 per patient (95% CrI: −0.05 to 0.10); incremental costs: £732.73 per patient (95% CrI: £674.23 to £798.05)). ICERs for subgroups with mild or moderate word finding difficulties were £22,371 and £21,262 per QALY gained respectively. Conclusion: Computerised word finding therapy represents a low cost add-on to usual care, but QALY gains and estimates of cost-effectiveness are uncertain. Computerised therapy is more likely to be cost-effective for people with mild or moderate, as opposed to severe, word finding difficulties.

Development of Calibration Equipment for Geodetic Angle Measurement Instruments

2015 ◽  
Vol 220-221 ◽  
pp. 396-400
Author(s):  
Lauryna Šiaudinytė ◽  
Deividas Sabaitis ◽  
Domantas Bručas ◽  
Gintaras Dmitrijev
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Angle Measurement ◽  
Measurement Instruments ◽  
Measurement Systems ◽  
Complex Processes ◽  
Cost Effective Alternative ◽  
Reducing Costs ◽  
The Cost

Production of high precision circular scales is a complicated process requiring expensive equipment and complex processes to achieve. Precision angle measurement equipment tends to be very expensive and therefore not accessible to all in need. Simplification of production of such devices can lead to reducing costs of angle measurement systems ensuring easier accessibility. A new method of producing precision circular scales using low cost mass production can reduce the costs of these devices drastically. Therefore, utilising a common CD technology as the basis for such scales is analysed. This paper deals with the analysis of the newest laser cutting method for plastic circular scales. Preliminary results of manufacturing such scales are presented in the paper as well as measurements of the grating of the scale were performed. The quality of different scales manufactured using different laser types is analysed in the study. The cost – effective alternative of manufacturing circular scales is discussed in the paper.

Theory and Manufacturing Processes of Solar Nanoantenna Electromagnetic Collectors

2010 ◽  
Vol 132 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
D. K. Kotter ◽  
S. D. Novack ◽  
W. D. Slafer ◽  
P. J. Pinhero
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Optical Antenna ◽  
Technological Barriers ◽  
Large Scale Manufacture ◽  
Future Work ◽  
Optical Behavior ◽  
Effective Proof ◽  
Selection Of

The research described in this paper explores a new and efficient approach for producing electricity from the abundant energy of the sun, using nanoantenna (nantenna) electromagnetic collectors (NECs). NEC devices target midinfrared wavelengths, where conventional photovoltaic (PV) solar cells are inefficient and where there is an abundance of solar energy. The initial concept of designing NECs was based on scaling of radio frequency antenna theory to the infrared and visible regions. This approach initially proved unsuccessful because the optical behavior of materials in the terahertz (THz) region was overlooked and, in addition, economical nanofabrication methods were not previously available to produce the optical antenna elements. This paper demonstrates progress in addressing significant technological barriers including: (1) development of frequency-dependent modeling of double-feedpoint square spiral nantenna elements, (2) selection of materials with proper THz properties, and (3) development of novel manufacturing methods that could potentially enable economical large-scale manufacturing. We have shown that nantennas can collect infrared energy and induce THz currents and we have also developed cost-effective proof-of-concept fabrication techniques for the large-scale manufacture of simple square-loop nantenna arrays. Future work is planned to embed rectifiers into the double-feedpoint antenna structures. This work represents an important first step toward the ultimate realization of a low-cost device that will collect as well as convert this radiation into electricity. This could lead to a broadband, high conversion efficiency low-cost solution to complement conventional PV devices.

Optimization of a Tire Traction Model for Antilock Brake System Simulations

1995 ◽  
Vol 117 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Wagner
Keyword(s):  
Computer Aided Design ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Shear Forces ◽  
Data Simulation ◽  
Antilock Brake System ◽  
Road Surfaces ◽  
System Variables ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Aided Design ◽  
Selection Of

The cost effective design of antilock brake systems for automobiles requires the use of computer aided design and analysis techniques, as well as traditional invehicle testing. An important consideration in the simulation of the vehicle and brake dynamics is the generation of the shear forces and aligning torques at the tire/road interface. Frequently, experimental tire data gathered over a limited number of road surfaces is extrapolated to test antilock brake systems on a variety of roads. However, this approach may lead to problems in correlating the simulated system performance with actual vehicle tests. In this study, nonlinear programming strategies are applied to an analytical tire model to facilitate the selection of system variables. The formulation of an optimization problem to determine these variables permits the generation of shear forces which correspond fairly well with the empirical data. Simulation results are presented and discussed for five road surfaces to indicate the overall performance of this technique.

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